Field Application and Evaluation of the ACGIH Lifting TLV<sup>®</sup>

(1)

@ T + $ ~ A J ~ ~ ) X ]

d]15+ zl]33~(2005@12+) J Korean !hc &cup Environ Hyg 2005;15(3);176182

S4q-$.q3 $I4 itllE34ls q A J . 3 -

ACGIH Lifting T L V ~ 3% ## 3 ³³⁷⁾

1 . 4

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3 4 s 471 q$ _{+ 4 6 1}

f

+biz 53, q 4 q q

$j7]

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National Institute for Occupational Safety 611 1]

@

3

7 31 (recommended and Health(NI0SH) 611

^{A j}

5 1981 'cl o11 weight)g

35)7]

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@

$571 2 4

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Tel : 055-320-3676, Fax : 055-325-2471, E-mail : [email protected])

74

3

$

4 9

f

the R e v i d Lifting Equation &E)

01

1991 olJ

%il,FE

q %

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(NIOSH, 1994).

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q*Jsq +%421, +qq>1,

+ w

^{5 7 4}

^4, w od.54

+ ,

(2)

~ l $ j $ j q E d ] + ,

$ 3 6 1

g q g

3

4 .iiF q 3

3

7 41 (Recommended Weight Limits, RWLs)S 38 51-41 ?!

q. RWLs? f 6-14 qqEdol1A-l 4 4 -1-z

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q " d l b ( 41s 36-1 8A17,F)W q q

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571

83 & S O ]

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$7)3]x] $2 gaq y41g q ~1 3q.

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21

+(Lifting Indices, LIs

)?

3 4 I 2 q ! + Z ? 9417F 3 3 7 4 l S 9 H s f z + 5 ) 2 x ] g

L + E + ~ $

323 LIs7F l ! L q

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954 71%

3 6 1

% + 3 o ) 3 g-qz 1 2 q q+

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99 8S-4611 fl?, 3% f 45)2 3

P GI+Eq 23irFqlAlAj

571

x,F"d

39 ^3%-

^$-1%0]

$+ ^3OS.

944 9q. L E 2 117Fx1 41@ z d

4 1 s 375l-3 SL~H4423 3 % q 44j-9 $!7(3+d], 1997; M t 3 4 , 2001; Dempsey et al., 2001; Richard

&

Marklin

,

1999; Thomas et al., 1998 ; Tnomas et al., 1999; Waters et al., 1993;

Waten

et

al., 1998)

7F

3.9-q ~4854 4qs7t 93qq 9q3 g + ⁹

q. 5 8 1 , s 5 q - L 1 4 2 + q 3

^{A J 3}

3 4 7 ) 92 322 qq4 g q ( q 3 4 , 2001, Watersetal., 1993).

3 P , A m e r i c a n c a l f i i o f G o ~ M w t d Hygmas(ACGIH, 2005 1 olJ Aj +

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571

q q q 1 ksqclq£ q q 8 3 q4

2 q71 "?go1 &JlLqx] 22q-3

$ q x ] 2 E71 qod Z8011 4 3

⁷¹

5 9 Lifting Threshold Limit Valuesa (LfigTLVs@)S 2002g611 494-3

3

200005~611

01 713%

jIq3]3';f.

LiftingTLVs2

g71

q q h)7,F, E71

35, $32 2 $4 q q g q ( + ] % l ) ql q%H Z j 3 g q .

571

35 2

^A]

a611 qq 394 q£q E71 q q

(mfrequent lifting frequency), 5

q 5

71

q 9 (intermediate lifting frequency), 2P 9Eq 2 7 1 q q

(frequent lifting frequency )%

71

2 0

2

3 7Hq 71292 7 A d q 3 ,

7_F 712

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LFf4 3 127H4 %?4gq03 7 ggq.

^A)-$p$#P 571

q q q 3

5 2

^A17,F611

llq 3)qq 7 1 5 3 5 s

33 +g 23471 +q92 q z j . +

4gq611 t 7 j ' i i q q+!

⁵⁷¹

q q E

$611 qqq2 ^TLvsg 7gq. 9,

%%$& + $23 #%3]3, g g

S71

qJ+, 8 % @ 4 A j 30" o1461lAj

q"d1 o 1 7 q x 1 2 apq 3 q A j 4

*3q.

LiTungTLVs2 LEq]

111~1

h)-$q?

@+7F 4 3 , +g g +Zqq31q 3

% 8q3 + X ] ! L q 2 $i!q61] 71&3i

q

²⁷¹

q q % %7)3q. 1 q ~ 2 agqq g%ql"j "1% "1

nH+

P

43 323 q q q q

²

4 q 4 611 q q A j 5 7;1%61 2Q'i;Fdi. q q A j

g q j 7 q q+ 441 3%

^g71

q

q+FOg Liftmg TLVs4 LEq]

4 3 zj

7)

Z j q S

2

313 Lifting TLvsq 351 45% 42 q gq.

Table 1. Factors mean and range of the 45 lifting tasks

38)q ^{e A F S} 4 ~ l s ) F d q .

⁰¹

%+ *%I q q + 3 4

S71

+qq

u l r - ^{L A L}

2 x 1 9 9317) 7 4 s ?%%

+25)3

9 2 3 , 38 AJ+l 771q1

rrFq 9

7Hq

9 ~ j G 414 3-32 ^7,F

9 q q x 1 9 ;Zdgq23

^g⁷¹

q q q

o l F 4 x 1 3 2 2 q .

q% h)q% oF37)q + ^{9 7 2}

~ 1 1 4 , ~ q gq, , +q g 71%

5 0 1

2 3 , *%I W$+? 34 zs~F7F q " d k h h z 3 5 3 3 q 92q.

4 3 ++q 7 4 1 2 q95Fq

^{0 1 5}

+ 5 kg ol%bolx 7 F 3 301 +#q2 7 4 1 s 55 +qg q+12s g71

3p?j3, E71 4 " d £ 7 ) q+ 23

42 44 ~ l a q ( l 9 1 0 q ~1'i;F).

2 7 4 , xIirH34 2 2% %8611Aj 2A17,F o]%Pol@Aj g5j 0.5-24 4

r q

^{5 7 1}

q g o 1 2 3 015 j ~ l ~ q @

qygq q-Aj"11."122Ala q'$q@

Aj 352 5g611 1 4 3 5 ,

3

4) 9%

A)-$3)71

3 Yqq-$-

^{3 4 7 )}

GI?%% 8 S q 7 1 44 ^f

²²

5 4 A j $ @ 3 ) 3 q .

4" 1"34dP 4 4

^ZA)?!

58744

5 7 )

q g 5 LE S 7 3 A j g

7F7F

-37F%?! 4 9 ( A 1 @ 3 9 14

Lifting TLVs E 7 Z A j 2 3J7F7) -37)

$@ q q $,LiftingTLVsq]Aj 8 4 3 3 q Z d o l ] A j 2 qqs q-$9

$

35 13714 q y % flpJ@ 457H

q

⁵⁷¹

q'&% 97 q q 2 3 4%

5F3di. 457H

571

q q q 79 $+

4 B'E 9 Table1611 q+ll

2q. "$2 341q 77-11? 17.8 kg, ?j 'E

⁶⁾

%A4 2 39.3 cmo1

2 . 3fi

L E 3

g 7 ]

q q & g7)*71

Load weight

O<g>

H*(cm) V ' (cm) Dt(rm> FB "0

Mean 17.8 38.3 71.9 39.3 0.5 1.4

(Range) (5.2

i

35.2) (15 + ⁶⁸⁾ ⁽⁵

ⁱ

¹³⁵⁾ ^{(2+ 135)} ^(0.2

^-t

³⁾ ^(0.17 + ³⁾

'Horizontal location 'Verb'cal location 'Verhcal bavel distance, %eqJency,'Lifthgduratim

(3)

c2 384 741

,

+sj . $44 31,

' a qs, E71 gs, q q A ] a ,

B ~ F P

&%0] qjq 5% %3eJ +

⁰¹^g

4 g.41

7 \ 3 3

5jX.I;Al q- L I S qs3F

%q(NIOSH, 1994).

LiftingTLvsql 4 @

g71

q g g

7)-2

ACGlH7F 41

@

*Jq ^(ACGIH ^,

2005)41 qq 4 ~ ] * % 0 4

³

43 P w3 ^{Q q .}

1 . a (task duration)

01

37 2

A 1 3

01'i;F(<2 q . p / g )

552

2

213

% 3 3 0 2 ~ ] a / g ) f l + x ] g 2 3 @

q. +$la+ ^@ 2 z f ) 7 F

-J

q"d +SJ%)+ 3 "13%

q .

2. @ 2 5 5 4 7 ) 1

A13611 + Z 8 3 ) 2 g71

~ + ( n u m b e r o f W / h o u r ) ~ ~ j 5

71 $

S.(lifting firequency

)

S 2 8 B q . 3. 2 B a qq~]aq $571 Y E q )

4%8)2 TWstableg @ q @ q . 4. +j7] A l q g q ] 92 $4 q%]

4

^{7 1 3 3}

+ q g q g B d @ q . 5. 2% ",F+q ( q S o F q )AFolq + " , F ~ + E ]

g71

A l q g q ] 92 %

A ) q q + ~ O , F % ~ / F Z ] ~ 4 4 s q3g 2 z d + q g q % 4 8 B q .

6. tHaF 4Od4 Z71 $EQF q q

~ 1 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 3 E l TLVstable41 Aj 9 3 % +q g q 4 +g?jqq 483-3 TLVs(q4 :kg ) P B 3 9 q . 7.

%icy]$

56-1 q 4 4 4 $2

^BJ

q$ *9x)7] 3 8 0 1 7)+?4qg( 8

$81

-12 ~4kq7-l) ^p+), ~ l q 4

41441 %*4$

AF%%)acl 4

93141 Aj 6 3 8 l S *L+@q. f 7llq

$3 715

9s qgq-qq TLVs

s 2q.

o)s+ @o) =@ TLVs

a03

441 43314 Y 4 1 S q2 5.X43317Al /IZVs)$ 393)gil LEql 1]q ³ 38 LIsq

7%%)71

914 L~TLv\Z 3 33FSddi.

0 ) s

Sys

5 7 )

q q 3 j 7 ) ~ ] 4

7 I-31 5, 01% $ ? T ( A l " d +

3 4 ) q - 1 X ~ A ) ( E ? -13719)Ql

L k ( E 2 L ~ L V S ) ~ 9 95fl1,

?- $74 +401 f 7F4 E7l qtl g7) ~ 7 4 3% 441-$$%

B l j i ! 3 ) 2

390s ~ \ q @ q l ~ j 73 &!++%

7 \ 4 2 u l a S ) % q .

g 97 r#+Jg LiftingTLVsg g71

3\71

q?-l-i;H Q B r q l 4 1 3 347) 3

23 32s 93q2 9% L E S

71

$052

+k%q.

+ ~ J y p ~ l q q 'FW 337F23 gi 3 4

3)01"11

q @ %SZ]149 4%

p

pared

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01

3)q 2 4 4

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)

9 Sigma Plot 2002 (Wiidows version) Z$

I-\

%%)%q.

III.3 q

I

.

gily7l1 g 3 1 ^XI + zz

H l l

T

71x1 %I71 57$ 4-8-4-acl 7

@

45

7H

g 7 ] q$jq\ di]3 RRWLS 2

TLVs2 Fig. 1 4 @ q . 374 q g s 41

q3l-iI2 (T&N0.23,29, 2 4 5 ) TLV

7F

RWLsgdi 2 i;Fg W%r;f. 9 013 9

@

4 s 474 qg(TaskN0.

1,3,4 9 3 5 ) q -)+ TLVs7) RWLsX

q 93 341

++!dSjl 0 1 2

4744 q u E f + q 4 4 7 F 30crn018l-01

2,

g7jq gq92 + q s q ⁷⁾ q 46114 q7H A)61, q " d 5 2 0 . 5 q , -7,F$jh18P l h ) a

P)~.!?ZM~

TLVs 4 1 ~ j k 71%

^g717)

^$p z a o ]

71

qg6-11 RWrs

Qi$ 3$$9 3 ) o ) g

2 013 $ q ( q q RWLs=23kg, q q =

TLVs32kg). 01 4 s ?jsc"oFflAj 4%

A l o l l E

2 4 4 f

6-10)

@ q .

Fig. 2 2 $571 q q ^611Aj qgg3

" 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 43 42 44 46 Lifting task no.

Fig. 1. Distribution of RWLs and TLVs of the

45

lifting tasks.

lo Lls 1

Fig. 2.

u 0 2 4 6 8 10121416182022242628303234363843424446 Lifting task no.

Distribution of Lls and Llnvs of the

45

lifting tasks.

(4)

E

4q% q?!!

44 Aj$!

A)Qgq

ACGIH Lifting TLVaq

YJ, 4% 2

g7) 179

9+ 441 %41?711Z K V s z 4% $91 g 7 F $ q + 3% 94 ^{$ q .} ¹

^.

LEPt Lifthg TLVsoll 219 3 7 1

~ ( L I T L V ~ ) 4 RRWL~S 4 % ~ ( L I S ) g 221

^BIZ

4 2 X LImvs7) LIs q]

H]

4 49-42

z %++% 9 + ^9q. LImvs7F LIsX

q ",'a1 LFP- qq+k 45715 3 8 4

(84.4%),

f

HJqq x]+7) +g3 e

$j+k 37H(6.7%), g ~ j 3$@ 34 201 q q 4 0 3 LITLvs7) LISXq

3

151 LFP- ."?-$5 37HflkkNo.23,29, $ 45)(8.9%)7F 32q.

Table 2 5 3 7 ] % ( % 4 ) 1 L I s q L I T L V S ~ 2 3 5 s g 361q. LIsq 3

-$-

f 3

> 1 - 2 % 4 4 2E;i)il 32

4(51%), LInvsq 3% x.5

-

1 %q

Oil ez ^2ES)il 9 2 q ( 5 3 % ) . Table241Aj 2501 $41 4571 Z7]

q q 5 LIs7) 1 s %i$;i)+ ."?-go]

34 71(75.6%) 013 2 s %i+s\k q q 01 1171(24.4%)%q.

@Ql,

LInvs7F 1

g 24s)k ."?-@I 227H (48.9

%)

01

³

3. f 0 1 &tZtZtYl 2 Zl ?I

F A 4

L l

4571 eqq q$ RWLsi$ TLVs7,F

q $)%A] + ( r ) 2 0.80 013 92 4 g 4 4 4 s y

=

1 . 6 4 ~ -3.67(y=TLVs, x=RWLs, f=0.64, ~(0.001)

01

3 ~ ) .

¹

iiq

3

L I s 4 LITLvs 7,Fq

-)pa;cl]

$2

0.82013 + g p 1 a q P y

=

0.953~

^-

0.19(y=kvS, x=U, ?=0.67, p(O.OOl)%

q . $@, q s q+3-24 q q 4 3 4

L ~ V S ~ ) 1.5~1 ;ZIZ 3fi 4

-$

371 qq(No.23,29 2 4 5 ) s ;F11q

@

+Lqgyg qgoz 7 3 99;cll +? 0.922 3~3401 gQ3 4 g q ⁷⁾ 4 s y

=

0.734~ + m ( y =LITLvs, x=LI, f S . 8 5 , p(O.OOl)%q.

Iv. il 3

Table 3

q) ^Aj $?

5 01 LE 4 Lifting TLVs? + % ~ C Z 7Fq 593 $+

9 Z7] q ~ , +sj.+zq;FJtJ 2 ^q q.lh17,Fg pg;iix 3 x 1 9 L E 2

7i42-z 61-ti-7-14, 95, ",'qAl?!,

~15% qr 2 A]+ %q 9

7$@+7) 347)71 dFq LiftingTLh'

"11 H I 4 t z x l - q -l;"dag q 3 01 $Od@q. +g

^.^;l

c;lq?jiiq? L E q

39-5

^{+ X I S}

74344 s c j % ~ l @ 3 $ 9 + ^{3 1} ^Lifting

TLVs?

+ 4 7 )

019 O J q 2 . 3 XA]-F!

q(NIOSH, 1994 ; ACGIH, 2005).

3 $734 41q $?501 Jml q ?!

$37747)

Lifting TLVsq q @ i;hFX

q q151 4%J 44403-

g71

xl +5 Z151 LF%q. q W j LE7F

'."la L1t '0'7g TxF Fig. 3. Regression analysis between of Lls and L~TLVS of the 42 IPting

gq ^O,t 0.8~1

_f

i;F 341% tasks(The d a t a o f 3 tasks w i t h extremely higher L ~ T L V S are n o t

342 31'17) .%%q. '1 q @ 3q included. The regression equation is y

=

0 . 7 3 4 ~

⁺

0.0365, r2=0.85, k LiftingTLVs5 LEol] 3377-11 p<O.OOl).

7F 3711 3 3 4 q qtF4 4%

^£7)

Table 2. Distribution of Lls and L~TLVS of the 45 lifting tasks

Total no. LIs* LI-nv,

⁺

of lifting

tasks

50.5 11 >1-2 >2-3 >3 50.5 50.5-1 >1-2 >2-3 >3

'Uftirig lrxlex o f k e LE, t ~ i f t h g Index o f the Lifting TLVs

(5)

LiflhgTLvsgq

El

K \ A ~ ] ~ ) X gqis'k

X 989 7 ] % $ P 9 f 9q.

61pF

2 0 1

LE7F Lifting T L V s g q r;l $Jqli;Fq q442.g LIs7F LITLVS 2r;F 2 w1LF ^37H qOd4 3 9 3d ^3. LInvs7) LTsX.q 6$ 1.5~1

4 s 341 q g q .

61

37Fzl qOdS

TaskNo.23,No.29 N0.453012r;F.

2 3 3

571

q+ z3S +q g q o ]

qr/H q, 9s5 9% 3 4 , q g A 1 7 , F

s ^{1 ~ 1 3} n l + g q q o l % q . 29@

=71 c

"?-?AS f q g %+ ?I7J61 8 r,

9 ~ 7 )

g% 0.534 olar,

3s 2 4 8 6]*4 q g o ] $ q . 4 5 3

571

.7?-0d E9 fZIgq61 q7/H 4, 9225 g g 0.24 8ES 3s2 3

Table 3. Factors hcluded in the lifting equation and lifting TLVs

Factors I Lifhng Equation I LiftingTLVs

Horizontal location(H) Horizontal location HM=25/H(H=25-63cm)

Horizontal zone 1) close: 0 - 3 b 2) Mddle: 3e60cm 3) Far: 60-8Ocm

Vertical location(V)

- Vertical location VM

=

1-(0.003

x

IV-751)

(Ocml V

1

175cm) VM

=

O(V>175cm)

- Vertical zone 1) High: 132-183cm 2) Chest: 81-132cm 3)

Low:

D81cm 4) Floor: G3Ocm33

Inikquent lifting W d a y and<l20 W d a y

Intermediate lifting

Fquencp2Nday andOOlifts/h Frequent lifting

>2Wdw and 360lifWh35

Vertical travel distance@) Lifting duration(LD)

1 Not included

- LD I l h r lhr<LD 12hr h r ILD<8hr

Hand-tocontainer coupling(C) Coupling type:

- 2hr 2LD 22hr

Asymmetric angle(A)

Coupling type:

good

fair Not included

AM

=

1-0.0032 A(0 I A 1135")

- ^AM

⁼

O(A>135") - Not included

(6)

9

3-$ q$ 34* A ) m q

ACGIH Lifting TLVm4

$3 4%

q 7 ] 181

0 0 d r3-F

+Fqo~ 3s 9 7 7 )

T

TI

^{D L}

s 7 g q . q q 2%' z?j Z ) q A j e , 41s +jq g+os gag

4 + , ++q xF47F 944qAl '2s

~ P ( ~ ~ F S ~ I L F w 3 j r ) , za 8

ZpF G S ,

⁵⁷¹⁶¹¹

qi4]39 % a ,

g g @ $4Lo], gq-3

@

%(

f %:FZ

++g x)x] g + 3% $+), &l+o]

0 1 k

M L

~ 0 6 1 1 ~

^{O T}

Q %s q-$7l$&

."?-$q 4 Z)krl] 2% TLVs4 1 / 2 2 q"I'-$@q(ACGIH, 2005).

Lifting TLVsq 77)-% 2 %%& 95

ol-$%)q 3*611Aj TLVsS

Hl-3-

2 +

³

^Ml$Z7)*5 ^H]xq

A 0

-

rd~FA1

A \ - $ 9

+ ^2q+

^$01

^q.

3 4 3 Lifing TLVse LEel] Aj q#g

3 l ) g s ) 3 2e qqza611 q q q z g71 ~ 1 3 % A]A] %F@0) 9cq

Lifting TLVst LE 611 U l q 3 4

^8)i!

2 2 @+7) q i L ( q y h l a , $ 5 ,

e l

7- o x

+i-"#q$ 34?l) %A)q

4 31, 4 7-12 Ai-$Z)x]

I!

9 q 5 t g q s

^A\#8]71

qg

"11

¹

3jZ.Zl0lLF 3 q 4 o 1 9q4q

+ ⁵⁺⁴⁰¹ ^{2 q .}

Table 4. Strengths and limitations of lifting equation and lifting TLVs

g $4734- W g TLVs

ol]

4 9 4 9Z+ LEoll H 1 q 9 7 4 LFE)!dxl+

.f.

7)xl @+a611 + ^{g 3 2} % 9 4 0 ]

2e 32s "Fq!dq. 3 4 " s

Lifting TLVs4

3 q % A d

olJ q 9 ²

7-17)

27018 Z ? o ] 3

+sd.

+q 47-1, 3z+, qq~17,F @+92

7F

x l z !.s o]-$is)q 327F'i;F~e 83 4% 2 ~ x 1 g++ 9 q 01

Z A ) ~ ) ?

g+ ziq3 agq-A] rn)S

q7Fgjiq-g gxx\ is\? 4% 4 Qs)

qi! g E + a q .

3 9 7 611 4 9s LE* Lifting n v s +l3s]qBJ3q+ o]"I'-$Z\q g

9 7 p t

+ A t 3

qq3.11 Aj LIs7) 1

$j

q LInvsi;kg q ) g Z ) e 3

⁰¹ ⁷⁾⁺³⁾

q. 4, q7jq y

=

0.953~ -0.19(y

=

LInvs, x=LIs, r?=O.67)q]~j x GO) 1

01

9 y 4 419G& 0.7601q. 4AlZ

$

37 q39 45 71 +q LInvs G o ] 0 . 7 5 s %i$s).+ qqp 337Hg LIs < ¹ ⁹ q q$ 1711 (LITLVS =0.9, LIzO.9) 3 3 , LITLVS 0.75

0 J Z ) q

4 4 1271% LIs

)

1 9 q q o ] 171 (LITLvs=O.~, LI=l.O)$q. Q-9, LIs

71

1

9

11)lq

LInvs q1 g%] (0.76) 4

95% 44 73 Z\32](0.58)g 4%

TOOIS

I Strengths 1 T imitations

Lifting . Equation

Lifting TLVs

. Wide range of criteria .Economical

.Various factors are used

.It

reflects

realistic field conditions

rn

Safe more than different assessment methods, Easy to idenhfy b g task's problems and improvement methods

Applies to lifting of manufacturing

Easy to use in the field situation and economical Almost of applies in the field

Requires relalively less assumptions

.Limitation tasks are established apart guideline

. Applies only to lifting Requires many assumptions

rn Can

not

be

applied only to

limited

lifting tasks Difficult to use in the field

Analysis time is very long

. Estimate equation is very complex

. Amateurs are difficult to use Applied in the task which is various There are some horizontal-vertical zones with no known safe limit for rewtive lifting

. Amateurs are easy to use

. The accuracy or wrought falls

(7)

A1

3!qLF+ +-+z ^$?q.

⁰¹

sf 2s ²³⁴¹ 1148)q ^LITLVS

^&o]

0.75% &qijF+ q q & Lk711p 3

4 _J _e.

77t+~jo)

2%

~ , F A ] ~ + F

qq

2s 3sijFx o]$&p ^{L E g}

^~1337)

q7jq 9 4 3 + ^3q.

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REFERENCES

3s 41.

X )

%

3)

E +

^Aj

^Manual

Lifting 3 41 9 7,F%q

Z)

9 7 . Aj$q&!aqqq 4A)q q 33, 1997.

qgllqqq tl1gg g q ~ ] 3%

q g% g 9qzq41 a$- ⁹

7. 8qqii!*

^{Y A )}

%L4+=Si-,

2001.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). Liting W s . TLVsB and BEIsmBased on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents

&

Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati OH, ACGIH, 2005.

Dempsey PG, Burdorf A, Fathallah FA et al. Influence of measurement accuracy on the 1991 NIOSH equation. Applied Ergonomics 2001;32(3):91-99 National Institute for Occupational Safety

and Health(NI0SH): Applications Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation. DHHS(NI0SH) Publication No. 1-52, NIOSH Cincirulilti, Ohio, 1994.

Richard W and Marklin JR. Four Assessment methods of ergonomics interventions: case study at an electric utility's warehouse system. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal

1999;60(6):777-784

Thomas R, Vem PA, Sherry B. Methods for assessing the physical demands of manual lifting: A review and case study from warehousing. American Industrial Hygiene Association Joumal 1998;59(6):871-881

ThomasR, Waters TR, Sherry L et al.

Evaluation of the revised NIOSH lifting equation. Spine 1999;24(4):38&

395 Waters TR, Putz-Andemn

V,