iv
xii
1
구 분
1990
2001
2002
2010
2015
2020
2025
연평균(′
02~′
25)
3
5
구 분
년
2004
년 전망 목표
2010
(
)
2010 :
2004
비율
(
)
신BAU
신정책
원유열량등가 천 ( toe) 발전설비용량 (MW) 원유열량등가 천 ( toe) 발전설비용량 (MW) 원유열량등가 천 ( toe) 발전설비용량 (MW)9
에너지원
년
1997
2002
년
2006
년
2008
년
~ 2012
년
단위
[Mtoe]
단위
[Mtoe]
증가량
단위
[Mtoe]
증가량
단위
[Mtoe]
증가량
11
구분
한국
덴마크
프랑스
미국
독일
일본
58.4
12.7
9
7
4.4
2.1
1.8
1.4
0.9
2.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
중
국
E
U
터
키
일
본
이
스
라
엘
브
라
질
미
국
호
주
인
도
기
타
%
13
제
1
단계
(2003~2006)
제 단계
2
(2006~2009)
제 단계
1
(2009~2012)
단위 천 ( : toe)분야
2003
년
2011
년
공급량
비중(%)
공급량
비중(%)
단위 천 년 ( : toe/ )
구
분
확인잠재량
자원잠재량
(
)
가용자원량
이용가능량
(
)
비
고
15
17
단위 일 ( :kcal/㎡/ )지역명
월
별
연평균
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
구 분
태양열건물
자연형
(
)
저온용 설비형
(
)
중온용 산업용
(
)
고온용 발전용
(
)
F
23
자연형 태양열
시스템
열에너지 획득 방식
장 점
단 점
∞
∞
35
∞
≈
∞
∞
∞
39
∞
41
43
55
63
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
CP
65
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 parallel 45O 60O 90O (a) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 (b) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time(min.) Time(min.) Time(min.) T em pe ra tu re ( OC ) T em pe ra tu re ( OC ) T em pe ra tu re ( OC ) (d) (c) T em p er at ur e( OC ) Time(min.) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 parallel 45O 60O 90O parallel 45O 60O 90O parallel 45O 60O 90O0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Working Fluid : Water diff. outlet/inlet(absorber1) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
em
p
er
at
ur
e(
OC
)
Time(min.)
67
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00V
el
o
ci
ty
(c
m
/s
ec
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
1000W/m2 840W/m2 700W/m2 670W/m2 570W/m2 490W/m20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
absorber plate working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) ambient69
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100Time(min.)
T
em
p
er
at
ur
e
(
OC
)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly absorber pipe -outlet absorber pipe -inlet radiator plate radiator pipe -outlet radiator pipe -inlet ambient
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 absorber plate
inside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
71
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30Working Fluid : Ethanol diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
oC
)
Time(min)
0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
1000W/m2 840W/m2 700W/m2 670W/m2 570W/m2 490W/m20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 absorber plate
inside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
(a)
73
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -10 0 10 20 30Working Fluid : Acetone diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiayor) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
(a)
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Working Fluid : 0.65 cSt Silicon-oil diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
Working Fluid : 0.65cSt Silicon-oil p
45O
60O
77
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1000W/m2 840W/m2 700W/m2 670W/m2 570W/m2 490W/m2T
e
m
p
er
a
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100
T
em
pe
rt
ur
e(
oC
)
Time(min)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Working Fluid : 10cSt Silicon-oil diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator)
T
e
m
pe
rt
ur
e
(
oC
)
79
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
Working Fluid : 10cSt Silicon-oil p
45O
60O
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
1000W/m2 840W/m2 700W/m2 670W/m2 570W/m2 490W/m281
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120T
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
(
oC
)
Time(min)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80
100 Working Fluid : 100cSt Silicon-oil diff. outlet/inlet(absorber1) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
oC
)
Time(min)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Working Fluid : 100cSt Silicon-oil p
45O
60O
83
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100T
em
p
er
at
u
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
1000W/m2 840W/m2 700W/m2 670W/m2 570W/m2 490W/m2
∞
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature(
OC)
0.65cSt 10cSt 100cStK
in
em
at
ic
V
is
co
si
ty
,
n(
m
m
2/s
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000G
ra
sh
o
f N
u
m
b
er
, G
r
0.65cSt 10cSt 100cSt85
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 absorber plate
inside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient
87
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70T
em
p
er
a
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
absorber plateinside of absorber assembly working fluid 1 (outlet) working fluid 1 (inlet) radiator plate ambient 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40
T
em
p
er
a
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plate
T
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 diff. outlet/inlet(absorber) diff. outlet/inlet(radiator) diff. absorber/radiator plateT
e
m
p
er
a
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
89
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
91
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
93
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 water mixed(water 20:ethanol 80) mixed(water 50:ethanol 50) mixed(water 80:ethanol 20) ethanolT
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
0 10 20 30 40 50 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016
Temperature(
OC)
T
he
rm
al
E
xp
an
si
on
C
oe
ff.
(
bat
T
in ) Water Acetone Ethanol 0.65cSt Silicon-oil 10cSt Silicon-oil 100cSt Silicon-oil95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016T
h
e
rm
al
E
xp
a
ns
io
n
C
o
ef
f.
(
b
a
t T
ou t)
Temperature(
OC)
Water Acetone Ethanol 0.65cSt Silicon-oil 10cSt Silicon-oil 100cSt Silicon-oil 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016T
h
er
m
a
l E
xp
an
si
o
n
C
o
e
ff.
(
b
a
t (
T
in+
T
ou t)/
2
)
Water Acetone Ethanol 0.65cSt Silicon-oil 10cSt Silicon-oil 100cSt Silicon-oilTemperature(
OC)
97
식
표현
Maxwell
n :
형상계수
원형
원기둥
(
=3,
=6)
:
부피비
열전도도 비
:
:
나노입자
:
유체
;
나노유체
Hamilton and Crosser
Jeffry
Lu-Lin
Davis
)
99
Al2O3 부피비[%]
[g/㎤]
[g]
[g]
[g]
[㎤]
[g]
[g]
[g/㎤] 0.01 0.999 45.81 19.68 26.13 26.16 45.83 26.15 0.999765 0.02 0.999 53.525 22.65 30.875 30.90 53.59 30.94 1.001103 0.03 0.999 45.81 19.68 26.13 26.16 45.88 26.2 1.001676 0.1 0.999 53.525 22.65 30.875 30.91 53.61 30.96 1.00175 0.2 0.999 53.525 22.65 30.875 30.91 53.78 31.13 1.007359
101
측정시간 [sec] 점도비
측정 Einstein 모델 Brinkman 모델 Brownian Motion 모델 Effect
Pak and Cho 모델 물 3.22 1.06 Al2O3 부피비[%] 0.01 3.23 1.004717 1.025 1.025444 1.025617 1.391634 0.02 3.32 1.033962 1.05 1.051804 1.052468 1.784336 0.03 3.47 1.081132 1.075 1.079122 1.080553 2.178105 0.1 4.9 1.54717 1.25 1.301349 1.3117 4.96439 0.2 5.0 1.566038 1.5 1.746928 1.7468 9.03556
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
m
nf/
m
fVolume Fraction[%]
Water+Al2O3(30nm) Experiment Data Einstein Model Brinkman ModelBrownian Motion Effect Model Pak and Cho Model
[g/ ]
㎤
[kJ/kg K]
․
[
㎡
/sec]
[W/m K]
․
103
부피비
측정 점도비
유효 부피비
)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Hamilton and Crosser Model
k
nf/k
fVolume Fraction[%]
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100(b)
(a)
Hamilton and Crosser Model
k
nf/k
f
Effective Volume Fraction[%]
105
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 1 2 3h
nf/h
fVolume Fraction[%]
Al2
O3
+ Water Particle Diameter=30nm Einsein's Model Brinkman's Model Brown Motion Effect Model Pak and Cho Model
∞
∞
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020Volume Fraction[%]
Al2O3 + Water Particle Diameter=30nm Experiment Einsein's Model Pak and Cho ModellR
a
nf/
R
107
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70T
em
pe
ra
tu
re
(
OC
)
Time(min.)
Al2O3 Volume Fraction[%] 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.2 DI Water0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70