Chapter 4 Discussion and Results
4.2 Directionality Analysis
4.2.3 W3/M4 Words
3 Ship 3 33
4 Shortage 4 4
5 Average 5 8
… … … …
29 Navigation 29 28
30 Contract 30 29
31 Trade 31 30
32 Industry 32 31
33 Port 33 32
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 33 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Worldwide. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Itinerary ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 3 with DPC2W; Ship ranks 3 with DPW2C, while ranks 33 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
Figure 49ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Sea
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Sea.
Figure 50ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Sea
From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word Area is the most likely to co-occur with Sea in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Sea Area, where Sea is the given first lexical item to indicate Area as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the words Cucumber and Cortez are the most likely to co-occur with Sea in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Sea Cucumber and Sea Cortez, where Cucumber and Cortez are the nouns given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Sea as the modifier.
Their further relationships of directionality ranks are described in the following table:
Table 30. The Directionality Ranks of Sea
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 Area 1 32
2 Service 2 76
3 Ship 3 150
4 State 4 87
5 Protest 5 11
… … … …
197 Company 197 198
198 Safety 198 195
199 Space 199 199
200 Regulation 200 200
201 Cargo 201 201
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 201 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Sea. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Area ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 32 with DPC2W; Ship ranks 3 with DPW2C, while ranks 150 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
(2) Ocean
Table 4.7 shows the detailed data of DPW2C and DPC2W of Ocean, and their relationship can be described in the following figure.
Figure 51ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Ocean
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Ocean.
Figure 52ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Ocean
From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word Liner is the most likely to co-occur with Ocean in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Ocean Liner, where Ocean is the given first lexical item to indicate Liner as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the words Emperor is the most likely to co-occur with Ocean in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Ocean Emperor, where Emperor is the noun given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Ocean as the modifier.
Their further relationships of directionality ranks are described in the following table:
Table 31. The Directionality Ranks of Ocean
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 Liner 1 16
2 Fertilization 2 2
3 Star 3 20
4 Ranger 4 4
5 Floor 5 17
… … … …
108 Line 108 105
109 Passenger 109 106
110 Water 110 110
111 Oil 111 111
112 Service 112 112
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 112 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Ocean. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Liner ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 16 with DPC2W;
Star ranks 3 with DPW2C, while ranks 20 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
(3) Coast
Table 17 shows the detailed data of DPW2C and DPC2W of Coast, and their relationship can be described in the following figure.
Figure 53ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Coast
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Coast.
Figure 54ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Coast
From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word Guard is the most likely to co-occur with Coast in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Coast Guard, where Coast is the given first lexical item to indicate Guard as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the word Sumatera is the most likely to co-occur with Coast in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Coast Sumatera, where Sumatera is the noun given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Coast as the modifier.
table:
Table 32. The Directionality Ranks of Coast
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 Guard 1 2
2 Somalia 2 4
3 Radio 3 21
4 Africa 4 22
5 Station 5 52
… … … …
72 Train 72 71
73 Crew 73 72
74 Code 74 74
75 Sea 75 75
76 IMO 76 76
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 76 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Coast. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Guard ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 2 with DPC2W; Station ranks 5 with DPW2C, while ranks 52 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
(4) Shore
Table 18 shows the detailed data of DPW2C and DPC2W of Shore, and their relationship can be described in the following figure.
Figure 55ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Shore
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Shore.
Figure 56ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Shore
From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word Staff is the most likely to co-occur with Shore in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Shore Staff, where Shore is the given first lexical item to indicate Staff as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the word Gang is the most likely to co-occur with Shore in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Shore Gang, where Gang is the noun given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Shore as the modifier.
Their further relationships of directionality ranks are described in the following table:
Table 33. The Directionality Ranks of Shore
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 Power 1 13
2 Staff 2 6
3 Radar 3 15
4 Authority 4 16
5 Station 5 21
… … … …
39 Damage 39 37
40 Management 40 38
41 Equipment 41 40
42 Security 42 41
43 Oil 43 42
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 43 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Shore. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Power ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 13 with DPC2W; Radar ranks 3 with DPW2C, while ranks 15 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
(5) Marine
Table 19 shows the detailed data of DPW2C and DPC2W of Marine, and their relationship can be described in the following figure.
Figure 57ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Marine
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Marine.
Figure 58ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Marine
From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word Environment is the most likely to co-occur with Marine in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Marine Environment, where Marine is the given first lexical item to indicate Environment as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the word Biotechnology is the most likely to co-occur with Marine in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Marine Biotechnology, where Biotechnology is the noun given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Marine as the modifier.
Their further relationships of directionality ranks are described in the following
table:
Table 34. The Directionality Ranks of Marine
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 Environment 1 13
2 Pollution 2 15
3 Traffic 3 34
4 Insurance 4 21
5 Engineer 5 38
… … … …
207 System 207 207
208 Water 208 208
209 State 209 209
210 Convention 210 210
211 Ship 211 211
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 211 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Marine. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: Environment ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 13 with DPC2W; Pollution ranks 2 with DPW2C, while ranks 15 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
(6) Maritime
Table 20 shows the detailed data of DPW2C and DPC2W of Maritime, and their relationship can be described in the following figure.
Figure 59ˊThe relationship of DPW2C and DPC2W of Maritime
Their relationship is non-linear and has obvious differences. To understand these differences, the following figure shows the dispersion of collexemes of Maritime.
Figure 60ˊThe Dispersion of Collexemes of Maritime From the figure above, it is safe to claim:
(1) For DPW2C, the word English is the most likely to co-occur with Maritime in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Maritime English, where Maritime is the given first lexical item to indicate English as the noun.
(2) For DPC2W, the word Journalist is the most likely to co-occur with Maritime in the collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, namely Maritime Journalist, where Journalist is the noun given in the “A/N + N” to indicate Maritime as the modifier.
Their further relationships of directionality ranks are described in the following table:
Table 35. The Directionality Ranks of Maritime
Numbers Collexemes DPW2C Ranks DPC2W Ranks
1 English 1 6
2 Organization 2 14
3 Safety 3 31
5 Security 5 47
… … … …
280 Convention 280 281
281 Regulation 281 282
282 System 282 275
283 Vessel 283 284
284 Ship 284 283
From the table above, it is safe to claim that there are 284 collexemes in collostruction “A/N + N” of Maritime. Their DPW2C and DPC2W rank vary significantly, for example: English ranks 1 with DPW2C, while ranks 6 with DPC2W;
Safety ranks 3 with DPW2C, while ranks 31 with DPC2W. The detailed ranking differences are listed in appendix.
After directionality analysis of 12 important sea-related words, the most significant collexemes of DPW2C and DPC2W are listed below:
Table 36. The Most Significant Collexemes of DPW2C and DPC2W
Semantic Category DPW2C DPC2W
M4
Ship Industry Ship Gazette
Vessel Size Vessel Asphalt
Port Facility Port Bari
Harbour Conservancy Harbour Maumee
W3 Global Trade Global Warm
Worldwide Itinerary Worldwide Courtesy
W3/M4
Sea Area Sea Cortez
Ocean Liner Ocean Emperor
Coast Guard Coast Sumatera
Shore Staff Shore Gang
Marine Environment Marine Biotechnology Maritime English Maritime Journalist