Chapter 4 Discussion and Results
4.1 Collostructional Analysis
4.1.3 W3/M4 Words
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Worldwide is 103 functioning as 33 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Worldwide is Itinerary. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 3.92E-12; for DPW2C, it is 6.55E-02; for Log likelihood, it is 4.94E+01. It is safe to claim that, for the W3 word Worldwide in MEC, Worldwide Itinerary is the most significant collostruction.
Figure 20ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Sea
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 21ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Sea
The solid line, the Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2= 0.870, a = 0.003, b = -0.011, c = 582.409; The down dotted line: the FYE-LOG model fit, R2= 0.946, a = 41.454, b = -0.010, c = 271820.499.
The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Sea.
Figure 22ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Sea
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Sea is 1315 functioning as 201 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Sea is Area. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 5.57E-105; for DPW2C, it is 4.29E-02; for Log likelihood, it is 4.74E+02. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Sea in MEC, Sea Area is the most significant collostruction.
(2) Ocean
Table 18. The Collostructional Analysis of Ocean in MEC
WORD FREQ COLLO FREQ1 FREQ2 FYE DPW2C DPC2W LOG
1 Ocean 347 NN>Liner 182 24 2.88E-54 4.67E-02 1.32E-01 2.42E+02
2 Ocean 347 NN>Fertilization 14 11 2.84E-36 2.14E-02 7.85E-01 1.61E+02
3 Ocean 347 NN>Ranger 15 8 1.27E-24 1.56E-02 5.33E-01 1.07E+02
4 Ocean 347 NN>Star 108 11 2.61E-24 2.14E-02 1.02E-01 1.04E+02
5 Ocean 347 NN>Floor 64 8 8.59E-19 1.56E-02 1.25E-01 7.94E+01
6 Ocean 347 NN>Hotel 49 7 4.90E-17 1.36E-02 1.43E-01 7.15E+01
7 Ocean 347 NN>Emperor 5 4 7.14E-14 7.80E-03 8.00E-01 5.88E+01
8 Ocean 347 NN>Pride 19 5 5.69E-14 9.74E-03 2.63E-01 5.78E+01
9 Ocean 347 NN>Empress 11 4 4.70E-12 7.79E-03 3.63E-01 4.94E+01
10 Ocean 347 NN>Policy 380 7 1.11E-10 1.34E-02 1.81E-02 4.21E+01
… … … … … … … … … …
103 Ocean 347 NN>Cargo 2565 2 2.24E-01 2.17E-03 4.34E-04 1.02E+00
104 Ocean 347 NN>Management 863 1 2.59E-01 1.37E-03 8.13E-04 1.01E+00
105 Ocean 347 NN>Data 906 1 2.70E-01 1.34E-03 7.58E-04 9.46E-01
106 Ocean 347 NN>Way 916 1 2.72E-01 1.33E-03 7.45E-04 9.31E-01
107 Ocean 347 NN>Condition 939 1 2.78E-01 1.32E-03 7.19E-04 8.97E-01
108 Ocean 347 NN>Line 1021 1 2.98E-01 1.26E-03 6.33E-04 7.86E-01
109 Ocean 347 NN>Passenger 1121 1 3.22E-01 1.19E-03 5.46E-04 6.69E-01
110 Ocean 347 NN>Water 1784 1 4.61E-01 7.44E-04 2.14E-04 1.98E-01
111 Ocean 347 NN>Oil 1820 1 4.68E-01 7.20E-04 2.03E-04 1.83E-01
112 Ocean 347 NN>Service 1893 1 4.81E-01 6.70E-04 1.82E-04 1.55E-01
The relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Ocean are shown in the following figure.
Figure 23ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Ocean
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 24ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Ocean
The solid line, the Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2= 0.853, a = 0.006, b = -0.016, c = 549.893; The down dotted line: the FYE-LOG model fit, R2 = 0.925, a = 28.633, b = -0.018, c = 848.457. The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Ocean.
Figure 25ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Ocean
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Ocean is 347 functioning as 112 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Ocean is Ship. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 1.79E-19; for DPW2C, it is 9.95E-02; for Log likelihood, it is 8.17E+01. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Ocean in MEC, Ocean Ship is the most significant collostruction.
(3) Coast
Table 19. The Collostructional Analysis of Coast in MEC
WORD FREQ COLLO FREQ1 FREQ2 FYE DPW2C DPC2W LOG
1 Coast 261 NN>Guard 62 40 7.02E-122 1.53E-01 6.45E-01 5.54E+02 2 Coast 261 NN>Station 176 9 6.35E-17 3.42E-02 5.08E-02 7.06E+01 3 Coast 261 NN>South 246 9 1.34E-15 3.41E-02 3.62E-02 6.45E+01 4 Coast 261 NN>Sumatra 2 2 1.52E-07 7.66E-03 1.00E+00 3.14E+01 5 Coast 261 NN>North 280 5 1.11E-07 1.87E-02 1.75E-02 2.86E+01 6 Coast 261 NN>Sumatera 4 2 9.13E-07 7.66E-03 5.00E-01 2.59E+01 7 Coast 261 NN>Earth 62 3 2.20E-06 1.14E-02 4.80E-02 2.31E+01 8 Coast 261 NN>Chile 12 2 1.00E-05 7.65E-03 1.66E-01 2.06E+01 9 Coast 261 NN>Florida 31 2 7.02E-05 7.62E-03 6.41E-02 1.66E+01 10 Coast 261 NN>Panama 38 2 1.06E-04 7.61E-03 5.22E-02 1.58E+01
… … … … … … … … … …
79 Coast 261 NN>Month 298 1 1.10E-01 3.39E-03 2.97E-03 2.54E+00 80 Coast 261 NN>Route 328 1 1.20E-01 3.34E-03 2.66E-03 2.37E+00 81 Coast 261 NN>Fleet 407 1 1.47E-01 3.22E-03 2.07E-03 2.00E+00 82 Coast 261 NN>World 497 1 1.77E-01 3.09E-03 1.62E-03 1.67E+00 83 Coast 261 NN>Trade 568 1 1.99E-01 2.98E-03 1.37E-03 1.46E+00 84 Coast 261 NN>Rate 571 1 2.00E-01 2.98E-03 1.36E-03 1.45E+00 85 Coast 261 NN>Oil 688 1 2.36E-01 2.80E-03 1.06E-03 1.17E+00 86 Coast 261 NN>Market 788 1 2.65E-01 2.65E-03 8.79E-04 9.74E-01 87 Coast 261 NN>Sea 845 1 2.81E-01 2.57E-03 7.94E-04 8.78E-01 88 Coast 261 NN>Vessel 2731 1 1.00E+00 -2.59E-04 -2.48E-05 4.38E-03
The relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Coast are shown in the following figure.
Figure 26ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Coast
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 27ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Coast
The solid line, the Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2= 0.975, a = 0.007, b = -0.005, c = 2001.717; The down dotted line: the FYE-LOG model fit, R2= 0.992, a = 39.712, b = -0.006, c = 2060.182. The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Coast.
Figure 28ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Coast
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Coast is 261 functioning as 88 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Coast is Guard. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 7.02E-122; for DPW2C, it is 1.53E-01; for Log likelihood, it is 5.54E+02. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Coast in MEC, Coast Guard is the most significant collostruction.
(4) Shore
Table 20. The Collostructional Analysis of Shore in MEC
WORD FREQ COLLO FREQ1 FREQ2 FYE DPW2C DPC2W LOG
1 Shore 154 NN>Staff 133 7 3.97E-17 3.92E-02 5.25E-02 7.18E+01
2 Shore 154 NN>Power 760 9 8.83E-16 5.01E-02 1.17E-02 6.54E+01
3 Shore 154 NN>Leave 21 4 1.21E-12 2.25E-02 1.90E-01 5.18E+01
4 Shore 154 NN>Radar 485 5 4.97E-09 2.78E-02 1.02E-02 3.48E+01
5 Shore 154 NN>Authority 492 5 5.34E-09 2.78E-02 1.00E-02 3.47E+01
6 Shore 154 NN>Connection 167 4 6.23E-09 2.24E-02 2.38E-02 3.46E+01
7 Shore 154 NN>Station 616 5 1.63E-08 2.77E-02 8.00E-03 3.24E+01
8 Shore 154 NN>Gang 9 2 5.18E-07 1.12E-02 2.22E-01 2.66E+01
9 Shore 154 NN>Light 577 4 8.76E-07 2.21E-02 6.81E-03 2.47E+01
10 Shore 154 NN>Gantry 35 2 8.54E-06 1.12E-02 5.70E-02 2.08E+01
… … … … … … … … … …
34 Shore 154 NN>Support 411 1 4.82E-02 5.34E-03 2.31E-03 4.12E+00
35 Shore 154 NN>Personnel 465 1 5.44E-02 5.30E-03 2.03E-03 3.89E+00
36 Shore 154 NN>Ship 10920 4 4.38E-02 1.51E-02 2.48E-04 3.58E+00
37 Shore 154 NN>People 623 1 7.22E-02 5.20E-03 1.49E-03 3.34E+00
38 Shore 154 NN>Side 725 1 8.35E-02 5.13E-03 1.26E-03 3.06E+00
39 Shore 154 NN>Damage 766 1 8.80E-02 5.10E-03 1.19E-03 2.96E+00
40 Shore 154 NN>Management 863 1 9.86E-02 5.04E-03 1.04E-03 2.74E+00
41 Shore 154 NN>Equipment 998 1 1.13E-01 4.94E-03 8.82E-04 2.49E+00
42 Shore 154 NN>Security 1281 1 1.43E-01 4.75E-03 6.61E-04 2.05E+00
43 Shore 154 NN>Oil 1820 1 1.97E-01 4.39E-03 4.30E-04 1.48E+00
34 Shore 154 NN>Support 411 1 4.82E-02 5.34E-03 2.31E-03 4.12E+00
The relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Shore are shown in the following figure.
Figure 29ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Shore
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 30ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Shore
The solid line, the Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2= 0.816, a = 0.008, b = -0.048, c = 7.615; The down dotted line:
the FYE-LOG model fit, R2 = 0.973, a = 11.861, b = -0.049, c = 46.472. The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Shore.
Figure 31ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Shore
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Shore is 116 functioning as 43 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Shore is Staff. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 3.97E-17; for DPW2C, it is 3.92E-02; for Log likelihood, it is 7.18E+01. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Shore in MEC, Shore Staff is the most significant collostruction.
(5) Marine
Table 21. The Collostructional Analysis of Marine in MEC
WORD FREQ COLLO FREQ1 FREQ2 FYE DPW2C DPC2W LOG
1 Marine 1135 NN>Environment 641 220 0.00E+00 2.23E-01 3.43E-01 2.45E+03
2 Marine 1135 NN>Pollution 789 217 0.00E+00 2.20E-01 2.75E-01 2.30E+03
3 Marine 1135 NN>Traffic 795 91 2.01E-170 9.20E-02 1.14E-01 7.75E+02
4 Marine 1135 NN>Insurance 432 74 1.56E-152 7.50E-02 1.71E-01 6.93E+02
5 Marine 1135 NN>Engineer 635 67 4.31E-123 6.77E-02 1.05E-01 5.58E+02
6 Marine 1135 NN>Accident 702 59 2.02E-102 5.95E-02 8.34E-02 4.63E+02
7 Marine 1135 NN>Evacuation 51 24 9.50E-63 2.44E-02 4.70E-01 2.81E+02
8 Marine 1135 NN>Casualty 224 29 1.04E-56 2.93E-02 1.29E-01 2.53E+02
9 Marine 1135 NN>Communication 834 29 1.04E-39 2.89E-02 3.41E-02 1.74E+02
10 Marine 1135 NN>Claim 467 25 3.76E-39 2.51E-02 5.29E-02 1.72E+02
… … … … … … … … … …
202 Marine 1135 NN>Construction 689 1 3.68E-01 5.51E-04 7.87E-04 4.78E-01
203 Marine 1135 NN>Rescue 760 1 3.97E-01 5.03E-04 6.51E-04 3.76E-01
204 Marine 1135 NN>Condition 939 1 4.65E-01 3.82E-04 4.00E-04 1.91E-01
205 Marine 1135 NN>Convention 2164 1 1.00E+00 -4.46E-04 -2.03E-04 1.50E-01
206 Marine 1135 NN>State 2034 1 1.00E+00 -3.58E-04 -1.74E-04 1.01E-01
207 Marine 1135 NN>Water 1784 1 1.00E+00 -1.89E-04 -1.05E-04 3.10E-02
208 Marine 1135 NN>Fire 1280 1 5.73E-01 1.51E-04 1.16E-04 2.47E-02
209 Marine 1135 NN>Port 2785 2 7.09E-01 1.51E-04 5.33E-05 1.16E-02
210 Marine 1135 NN>Company 1458 1 6.21E-01 3.10E-05 2.09E-05 9.51E-04
211 Marine 1135 NN>System 3056 2 1.00E+00 -3.26E-05 -1.05E-05 5.11E-04
The relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Marine are shown in the following figure.
Figure 32ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Marine
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 33ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Marine
The solid line, the Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2 = 0.902, a = 0.010, b = -0.006, c = 897365.435; The down dotted line: the FYE-LOG model fit, R2 = 0.935, a = 71.236, b = -0.006, c = 1008360.660. The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Marine.
Figure 34ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Marine
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Marine is 1135 functioning as 211 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Marine is Environment. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 0.00E+00; for DPW2C, it is 2.23E-01; for Log likelihood, it is 2.45E+03. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Marine in MEC, Marine Environment is the most significant collostruction.
(6) Maritime
Table 22. The Collostructional Analysis of Maritime in MEC
WORD FREQ COLLO FREQ1 FREQ2 FYE DPW2C DPC2W LOG
1 Maritime 2261 NN>English 1078 458 0.00E+00 1.33E-01 4.23E-01 4.15E+03
2 Maritime 2261 NN>Organization 1393 358 0.00E+00 1.04E-01 2.55E-01 2.80E+03
3 Maritime 2261 NN>Safety 2289 327 0.00E+00 9.39E-02 1.41E-01 2.13E+03
4 Maritime 2261 NN>Transport 1144 275 0.00E+00 7.95E-02 2.38E-01 2.10E+03
5 Maritime 2261 NN>University 424 100 7.24E-166 2.89E-02 2.34E-01 7.54E+02
6 Maritime 2261 NN>Security 1281 130 3.74E-164 3.71E-02 9.92E-02 7.46E+02
7 Maritime 2261 NN>Industry 1123 83 1.37E-93 2.35E-02 7.16E-02 4.22E+02
8 Maritime 2261 NN>Community 220 51 7.19E-85 1.47E-02 2.30E-01 3.82E+02
9 Maritime 2261 NN>Education 247 50 5.89E-80 1.44E-02 2.00E-01 3.59E+02
10 Maritime 2261 NN>Administration 846 63 1.32E-71 1.78E-02 7.22E-02 3.21E+02
… … … … … … … … … …
275 Maritime 2261 NN>Pollution 789 2 7.06E-01 4.93E-05 2.14E-04 1.52E-02
276 Maritime 2261 NN>Duty 385 1 5.91E-01 3.11E-05 2.77E-04 1.23E-02
277 Maritime 2261 NN>Project 812 2 7.14E-01 3.38E-05 1.43E-04 6.98E-03
278 Maritime 2261 NN>Risk 813 2 7.14E-01 3.31E-05 1.40E-04 6.70E-03
279 Maritime 2261 NN>Market 912 2 1.00E+00 -3.40E-05 -1.28E-04 6.54E-03
280 Maritime 2261 NN>Personnel 465 1 1.00E+00 -2.31E-05 -1.70E-04 5.96E-03
281 Maritime 2261 NN>Group 899 2 1.00E+00 -2.52E-05 -9.59E-05 3.62E-03
282 Maritime 2261 NN>Voyage 450 1 1.00E+00 -1.29E-05 -9.84E-05 1.91E-03
283 Maritime 2261 NN>Form 439 1 1.00E+00 -5.47E-06 -4.27E-05 3.47E-04
284 Maritime 2261 NN>Insurance 432 1 1.00E+00 -7.25E-07 -5.75E-06 6.18E-06
The relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Maritime are shown in the following figure.
Figure 35ˊThe relationships among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Maritime
These relationships can be described by the Menzerath-Altmann model, which are shown as follows:
Figure 36ˊModel fits among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Maritime
The solid line, the Re-Parameterized Menzerath-Altmann model fit. The up dotted line: the FYE-DPW2C model fit, R2= 0.960, a = -0.103, b = 0.001, c = -0.002, d = 0.103; The down dotted line: the FYE-LOG model fit, R2= 0.926, a = 87.900, b = -0.006, c = 3828011.667. The results are excellent and their relationships can be described with the Menzerath-Altmann model.
To further analyse the details, the figure below shows the distributions of collexemes among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Maritime.
Figure 37ˊCollexemes distributions among FYE, DPW2C and LOG of Maritime
In collostruction pattern “A/N + N”, the frequency of Maritime is 430 functioning as 134 different modifiers to the right noun lexemes. According to the figure above, the most significant right collexeme of Maritime is English. For Fisher-Yates Exact Test, the score is 0.00E+00; for DPW2C, it is 1.33E-01; for Log likelihood, it is 4.15E+03. It is safe to claim that, for the W3/M4 word Maritime in MEC, Maritime English is the most significant collostruction.
After collostructional analysis of 12 important sea-related words, 12 most significant collexemes and their registers are list below:
Table 23. The Registers of Most Significant Collexemes in MEC Semantic
Category
Most Significant Collexemes
Domains
Registers
M4
Ship Industry Spoken N/A
Written News / Laws
Vessel Size Spoken N/A
Written Academy
Port Facility Spoken N/A
Written Academy / News / Text Books
Harbour Conservancy Spoken N/A
Written Text Books
W3
Global Trade Spoken N/A
Written Academy / News / Text Books
Worldwide Itinerary Spoken N/A
Written News
W3/M4
Sea Area Spoken SMCP
Written Academy / News / Laws / Text Books
Ocean Liner Spoken Presentation
Written Text Books
Coast Guard Spoken Presentation / Others
Written Academy / News / Laws / Text Books
Shore Staff Spoken N/A
Written Academy / Laws / Text Books
Marine Environment Spoken Presentation
Written Academy / News / Laws / Text Books
Maritime English Spoken SMCP
Written Academy