庄周的著作《庄子》写于政局纷乱、动荡不安，各文化流派争奇斗艳、百家争鸣 的战国时代。因此，在文章中除了包含为了克服当时的困难状况而树立自己的思想流 派即“立言”外，还采用了说服诸子百家或知识阶层的叙述方式。并且在庄周著作《庄 子》之时，虽然有将文、史、哲涵盖的“文”的概念，但是并无与今日意思相同的“文 学”概念。因此他在写文章之时，并未对文学、思想、论述做区分，从而导致了文章 中存有多种写作方式并存的局面。
但是，时至今日，为了更加明确阐述《庄子》思想的努力依然在不断的进行着，
对其文学性的研究最近取得了令人刮目的成绩，但对于其作为说服性文章的研究依然 停滞不前，因此，本文中尝试以《庄子》中的说服性文章为中心进行分析和研究.
为了阐明庄周的文章富有伦理性，并且是一边进行说服一边进行文章展开的这一 事实，有必要借用以亚里斯多德(Aristotele)的《修辞学》为代表的西方古代修辞学的 相关概念。
古代修辞学和与句子修辞相关的现代修辞学隶属不同的概念，古代修辞学的核心 在于论证与说服。换言之，古代修辞学不仅仅局限于通过使用修辞手段达到文学效果 的目的，而是充分考虑说者与听者的立场，采用多样的论证法打造带有说服性的语言 或文章。这是庄周在与同为诸子百家们在进行辩论或著述活动中所考虑的内容。在
《庄子》中也能够看到此类蛛丝马迹。
庄周在自己的著述中偶尔会将孔子作为主人公，以孔子的视角进行阐述，此举是 为了借助说者的权威来提高自己文章的说服力。换言之，不是用身为山野之人且名不 见经传的庄子本人之口，而是借用儒家文化的创始人备受世人称颂的孔子之口进行论 述，这样的话文章会更具说服力。庄周将这种方法命名为“重言”；而亚里士多德将这 种方法看作为“依托伦理道义，即说者的品行及权威而进行的说服发方式”。
除此以外，庄周亦将周围经常见到的动植物作为素材，亦或通过少数人登场的寓 言故事，灵活将其运用为斥责读者，或唤起读者感动的工具。亦可称之为“通过与读 者感情的交流进行说服的一种对话方式”。
《庄子》中相当一部分内容是由寓言组成的，寓言是读者通过寓言故事里登场人 物的对话及所处的状况自我获得领悟的一种写作方式。这是一种通过历史性例证及虚 构性例证而实现的一种归纳论证方式，经常被用作为确保理性（logos）即内容本身 伦理性的方法。并且，放在寓言故事的前面或者后面，给人一种好像在对寓言的内容 进行说明或者整理感觉的论述主要以三段论述法和省略三段论法进行展示。
在此，对省略三段论进行简单介绍，所谓省略三段论是指将三段论中的大前提、
小前提、结论中之一省略之后进行论述的一种论证方法。即，将说者抛出的线索作为 基础，听者对省略的内容进行补充，并且自己推出结论的方法。这种方法如果用于没 办法准确说明的 “道”的概念，将成为一种极好的推论方法；并且作为一种演绎论证方 式，也同样被用作于阐明话语本身的伦理性。
因为《庄子》中大多使用比喻、隐喻、反说等方法进行叙述，所以庄子的伦理性 叙述方式没有得到体现，如果将这些被隐藏的庄子的伦理性叙述方式进行探究并灵活 运用的话，不仅可以提出新的古典阅读方法，而且有可能会提出大学教养古典课程的 新方向。并且，尝试将庄周的著作作为标杆，不给听者或者读者直接面对面进行说服 感觉的同时，探索能够具备逻辑、伦理性的能够说服对方的对话和写作方式。
同时，在诸子百家的著述当中，《庄子》因其用辞华丽、夸张，而被认定为难理 解之文，而这样的《庄子》如果被证实使用了上述伦理性叙述方式的话，与《庄子》
相比更具辩论性的其它诸子百家的著述也会将会采用与之相同的方法进行重新的研究 与分析。换言之，以《庄子》中所体现的伦理性叙述方式为基础，引领我们转向将过 去很长一段时间一直局限于解读层面的其它诸子百家著述的解法中寻找其伦理性并进 行分析的方向上来。
并且，期待打破局限于读和解的传统古典阅读模式，迎接读者能够自觉的探寻诸 子百家的说服方式，并在验证后，反复对其他读者进行说服的新百家争鸣时代的到 来。
【ABSTRACT】
Zhuang Zhou’s
Zhuangzi
was written amid the fierce debate over the chaotic situation, that is, the ‘Warring State Period’ and the ‘Contention of Hundred Schools of Thought’. Therefore, in addition to his writing, in which expounded his own ideas to overcome the difficult situations, he would have used a narrative method to persuade other hundred schools of thought and intellectuals of that society. Moreover, at the time of Zhuang Zhou’s writing ofZhuangzi
, there was a concept of ‘文’ (Writings) which included literature, history, and philosophy, but the concept of ‘Literature’ as it is today did not exist at that time. Accordingly, he would not have distinguished his writing from literature, ideas, and essays, so it is natural that his writing is mixed with various writing methods.So far, efforts to shed light on the idea of Zhuang Zhou have been continuing, and his literary value has been studied enough to achieve remarkable results until a recent date, but there is still a lack of research on persuasive writing. For this reason, this paper aims to focus on and analyze the persuasive writing among the writings of Zhuang Zhou.
In order to reveal that Zhuang Zhou’s writings were developing in the process of persuasion with logicality, it is necessary to borrow the concept of ancient Western rhetoric represented by
Techne Rhetorike
of Aristotle.Ancient rhetoric was a different concept from the viewpoint of modern rhetoric associated with sentence modalities, and the core idea was argumentation and persuasion. In other words, it is not a rhetoric method that obtained a literary effect in a story-telling way, but rather a method of rhetoric to speak or write using various methods of argumentation in consideration of speakers and audiences. These were the things that had to
be considered by Hundred Schools of Thought such as Zhuang Zhou while arguing and writing with each other, and this way of process was also seen in
Zhuangzi
.Zhuang Zhou sometimes mentioned Confucius as a main character in his writing, which can be seen as a persuasive speaking of Zhuang Zhou relying on the authority of Confucius. It appears that this method was chosen to use a persuasive speaking because it would be much more effective for him who was just a little-known figure to persuade students by referring to Confucius who is praised as a teacher of Confucianism in his writing. Zhuang Zhou called this method ‘Tautology(重言)’ (‘Ethos’ in Aristotle), which was believed to persuade people relying on the nature and authority of speakers.
Besides, Zhuang Zhou often used fables, featuring animals and plants that are commonplace or making minor figures main characters, as a tool to scold and impress readers. This can be seen as persuasive speaking that appeals to the readers’ feeling, the Pathos.
Much of
Zhuangzi
was made up of fables, which is a way of writing that allows readers to learn by themselves through the conversation and situation of the characters in the story. This is an inductive method of logic through historical and fictional examples, which was used to ensure ‘Logos’, that is, the logicality of the contents itself. In addition, essays that were placed in front of or behind the fables and that seemed to explain or sum up the contents of the fables were presented in the form of ‘Syllogism’ and ‘the Enthymeme’. To briefly introduce ‘the Enthymeme’ here, it is presented one of the three syllogism’s major premise, minor premise, and conclusion being omitted. Namely, it is a way to draw conclusions by oneself by filling up the omitted parts on the basis of clues that speakers provided. This would have been an ideal method of reasoning to explain the elusive concept of ‘Tao’, and it is found that this was also used to reveal the logic of the word itself as a logic of deductive reasoning.If it is possible to find out the logical method of narratives of Zhuang Zhou, which have not been revealed since it was expressed by means of analogies, metaphors, and paradoxes, his narrative method can be used in suggesting new way of reading classics and new instructions for liberal arts classes in the academic fields. By making an example of Zhuang Zhou’s writing, it can be tried to do hidden persuasive speaking and writing that logically persuade other people without giving them the impression that outspoken and direct persuasion is put to listeners and readers.
In addition, if it is proven that this logical method of narrative has been introduced in Zhuang Zhou’s writing which is considered difficult to understand due to its splendid and exaggerated writing style, other books from Hundred Schools of Thought, which is thought to be more argumentative essay writing than that of Zhuang Zhou, could also be newly analyzed in this way. Based on the logical narrative presented in the
Zhuangzi
, it is possible to find out and analyze the logicality in the process of reading the works of Hundred Schools of Thought, not just focusing on the level of decoding.And ultimately, it is expected that readers himself will find out and prove the persuasive method of Hundred Schools of Thought not just simply reading and understanding classics, and that new ground for ‘Free Discussion of Hundred Schools’ is to come through Zhuang Zhou’s persuasive method.