and urban structureTheory of Urban Structure

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#1 Framework of Urban form and urban structure

Theory of Urban Structure

Kwon, Young Sang Seoul National University

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Urban Design Major

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#1. Urban Form and

Urban Structure

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Urban Form

• City Outline

• Urban Tissue

• Block

• Plot

• Architectural Typology

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4

Urban Structure

Michael Voltersen et at. 2014, Object-based land cover mapping and comprehensive feature calculation for an automated derivation of urban structure types at block level, Remote Sensing of Envirionment

Fig. 5. The derived urban structure type classification for the city of Berlin.

• Network

• Axis

• Linkage

• Landprice

• Central District

공간구문론(Space Syntax)으로 구상한 공간 배치 ⓒSBS스페셜 방송 캡처

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fc/85/66/fc856699923da47cad4c856a774cafc6.jpg

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Theory of Urban Structure

• Why study urban spatial structure?

• 1) To make good urban planning and urban design

• 2) To conduct research into urban space

Planning & Design Research

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Planning and Design

https://madridusp.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/soria_- arturo_-ciudad-lineal-de-madrid.jpg

Linear City Ring shaped

http://opusteno.rs/zanimljivosti-f19/italija-palmanova-grad-tvrdjava-u-obliku-zvezde- t29033.html

Irregular

Toledo, Spain

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Planning and Design

Structure

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Space_sy ntax_-_Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.svg/1200px-Space_syntax_- _Global_Integration_-_Brasilia.svg.png

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Research

정인하, 2003. 현대 도시이론과 언어담론의 상관관계에 관한 연구-근대 도시이론 과 현대 도시이론의 비교를 통해서

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Research

김영욱, 2000. 공간형태와 공간인식의 상호관련성 연구, 건축학회논문집

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Research

오성훈, 차주영, 2011. 한국 도시설계에 적용된 서구도시건축이론의 재고, 건축도 시공간연구소(AURI)

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Research

오성훈, 차주영, 2011. 한국 도시설계에 적용된 서구도시건축이론의 재고, 건축도 시공간연구소(AURI)

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Urban Form & Structure

Social Science

Statistical Analysis, Survey

Practice

Design, Planning, Urban Aesthetics

Science, Engineering Simulation, Experiment, Programming

Humanities

History Theory, Urban Criticism, Human Behavior

Policy Studies

Legal system research, Policy making research

Urban Structure Research

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Social Science

Urban Structure Research

1. Human Ecology, Urban Ecology, Social Ecology

• Chicago School (Park, McKenzie, Burgess, Wirth)

• Understanding and explaining the structure and change of cities in response to the principles of ecosystem

2. Urban economics

• Alonso (Monocentric model), Von Thunen(Rent, Der Isoiete Staat in Berziehung auf Landwirtscaft und Nationalokonomie)

• The argument that the structure of the city can be explained by economics theory and analysis method

• In addition to the macro-urban structure, interest in analysis such as industrial location, housing, environment, and similar ecological approaches

3. Political Economy

• David Harvey, Castell, Walker

• Understand the urban structure through political, social, and economic structures

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14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil

Practice

• Focus on urban forms and types of urban spatial structures

• Analyze the phenomenon that is caused by morphological similarity, difference, and form

• Scenery, value of image, Landscape

Urban Structure Research

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Science, Engineering

Urban Structure Research

• Analyze the effect of city type and city structure

• Traffic volume, movement amount, energy usage, environmental effect

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Humanities, Sociology, Psychology, Behaviorism, Positivism

• Cultural ecology(Firey, Sjoberg), Social area anlysis(Shevky, Bell,

Williams), Population movement Model/OD(Wolpert), Housing Choice Model

• How human beings perceive the environment and make decisions

Urban Structure Research

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Policy Studies

• Establishment of system for urban form and urban structure management

Urban Structure Research

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#2. Representative Theories

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Kevin Lynch

A Theory of Good City Form

• Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1981.

• 5 factors of Good City Form

Vitality, Sense, Fit, Access, Control, Efficiency

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20

Kevin Lynch

• Three Normative Theories

• Cosmic, Practical, Organic Form

A Theory of Good City Form

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Kevin Lynch

• Cosmic Form

A Theory of Good City Form

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22

Kevin Lynch

Practical Form

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Kevin Lynch

Organic Form

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24

Kevin Lynch

The image of the City

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Kevin Lynch

The image of the City

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/imageofthecitykevinlynchcasestudy-141218100900- conversion-gate02/95/image-of-the-city-kevin-lynch-case-study-13-638.jpg?cb=1418898598

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Kevin Lynch

The image of the City

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Kevin Lynch

허재석, 선세나, 이제승, 2017. 케빈린치의 개념이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향 분석- 좋은 도시 형태론 5가지 실행척도를 중심으로, 국토계획.

• Good City Form에 제안된 좋은 도시 를 위한 도시계획의 5가지 방향을 이 론적 배경

• Vitality, Sense, Fit, Access, Control

• 이 방향별로 서울에 대해 실제 만족도 (설문)을 리커트 연속변수로 조사하여 주성분분석

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Kevin Lynch

김세용(고려대), 최강림, 2009. 도시이미지 전략의 유형별 사례연구, 국토계획

• Image of the City의 용어를 사용,용, 이론적 토대로 활용

• 유형별 사례도시 30개를 선정하여 도 시브랜드, 이미지 조성전략을 도출

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4. Christopher Alexander

A Pattern Language

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Christoper Alexander

우신구(부산대), 조연경, 강혜원, 2010. 상업가로 활성화 요인으로서 가로시설물과 알렉산더 패턴언어에 관한 연구-부산의 상업가로 광복로를 중심으로, 건축학회

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Spiro Kostof

The City Shaped

• 유기적패턴과 격자, 계획된

도시와 자연발생 도시의 도

시구조

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Spiro Kostof

Transformation of Urban fabric

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Spiro Kostof

Organic pattern

Italy, Sienna Illinois, Riverside

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Spiro Kostof

Grid

Miletus

이탈리아의 베로나

<시몬 스테빈이 계획한 이상적인 항구도시계획>

<로스앤젤레스 도시계획>

Source: http://www.wikiwand.com/it/Urbanistica_greca

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Spiro Kostof

Diagram

팔마노바

장안, 당나라

<19C 한양지도>

일본, 에도

<비트루비우스적 인간>

칼스루헤

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Spiro Kostof

The Grand Manner

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Spiro Kostof

The Urban Skyline

310 왼쪽 르 코르뷔지에의 ‘300만 명의 도시’, 주요도로에서 본 도시의 모습 미국 뉴욕의 스카이라인

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Water Christaller

Central Place Theory

• 한 지역의 중심지 기능의 수행정도는 그 지역의 인구 규모에 비례

• 중심지역을 둘러싼 배후지역에 대해 다양한 상품과 서비스를 제공하고 교환 의 편의를 제공

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Concentric Zone / Sector / Multiple Nuclei model

The City / Burgess, Park, McKenzie

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Morphology

Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter Collage City

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Quantum City

Morphology

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Aldo Rossi / The Architecture of the City

Morphology

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• Aldo Rossi, Citta’ Analoga, 1976

Aldo Rossi / The Architecture of the City

Morphology

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강창우, 양승우(서울시립대), 2013. 일제강점기 경성 동북부 도시조직 변화과정 연구- 서울특별시 종로구 혜화동을 중심으로, 서울학연구

Morphology

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Edmund Bacon

Design of Cities

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Edmund Bacon

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Edmund Bacon

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Edmund Bacon

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Edmund Bacon

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Edmund Bacon

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54

Edmund Bacon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil

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Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

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Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

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Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

The Empiricists

Empiricism, England

The Rationalists

Rationalism, France

Francis Bacon Rene Descartes

Philosophy, music, literature, art, aesthetics, architecture

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The Rationalists ^{합리주의자들}

 Laugier

^로지에

- Architectural theorist, chaplain of the French Church

- Methodology of Natural Science and Isaac Newton Isaac Newton's

- Claiming to borrow ideas to build the true principles of architecture

Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

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 Laugier

^로지에

- It was concluded that the temple of the Greek Doric style was the closest to the essential architecture in terms of form.

Parthenon

The Rationalists ^{합리주의자들}

Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

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 Periodic patterns of rationalism and empiricism

 From the ancient times, we can see a continuous, periodic pattern of rationalism and empiricism.

합리주의 전통 - 고전적 성격 - 정형적 형태

경험주의 전통 - 낭만적 성격 - 유기적 형태

고 대 중 세 르네상스

18세기 근 대 탈근대

Geoffrey Broadbent

Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design

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Modernism

^모더니즘

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Plan Voisin, 1925 (paris, paper, not realized)

Modernism

^모더니즘

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The Rationalism

합리주의, 프랑스

Stourhead Gardens

출처: www.britainexpress.com

Versailles Gardens

출처: Penelope Hobhouse, 2015. 「서양정원사」

The Empiricism

경험주의, 영국

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The Rationalism

합리주의, 프랑스

64

Stourhead Gardens

주소: 영국 BA12 6QF 워민스터 스터틴(런던에서부터 160km) 출처: www.google.co.kr/maps

Versailles Gardens

주소: Place d'Armes, 78000 Versailles(파리에서부터 16km) 출처: www.google.co.kr/maps

The Empiricism

경험주의, 영국

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Rob Krier, 1979, Urban Space.

http://robkrier.de/

Robert Krier

http://architectureandurbanism.blog spot.kr/2011/03/rob-krier-urban-

Neo Rationalist

Robert Krier

Urban Space

• Robert Krier, Stadtsraum in Theories und Praxis (Theory and Practice of Urban Space), 1975

• Urban space is defined as 'covering all types of space between buildings and buildings in the city and its area'

• Planar analysis of major urban spaces in Europe

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사각형의 도시공간 원형의 도시공간 삼각형의 도시공간

Krier, R., 1975, Stadtraum in Theories und Praxis

Neo Rationalist

Robert Krier

Urban Space

• A city consists essentially of a city space shaped like a landscape, a square, or other open space.

• Essentially, it is divided into main, rectangular, circular, and triangular shapes.

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Neo Rationalist

Robert Krier

Urban Space

• The three main forms are either compromised

• Each is twisted or split, added to or penetrated into other forms, overlapped or excluded

• Earth, roads, walls, arcades, colonnade, compromise on the environment

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단면의 유형 68

Krier, R., 1975, Stadtraum in Theories und Praxis 입면의 유형

Neo Rationalist

Robert Krier

Urban Space

• The streets and squares of the city are determined by the buildings, ie the façade

• The facades take the form of various elevations and sections.

• Analyze the physical form of a city by the concept of plane, elevation, and section type for urban space

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Neo Rationalist

La Tendenza: Architectures Italiennes 1965-85

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http://m.blog.naver.com/justinceo/220091867358 http://www.wikitree.co.kr/main/news_view.php?id=115131

https://archiobjects.org/aldo- rossi-theoretical-architecture/

18세기 합리주의 (계몽주의)

근대적 합리주의 (과학적, 기능적) 신합리주의

Neo Rationalist

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Neo Empiricist

Gorden Cullen

"It is the contrast and juxtaposition that adds new joy and excitement to the experience in a series of changing scenes of cityscapes. It is not only the present scene that has already been revealed in every moment, There is. "

The Concise Townscape (1971)

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

Charter for New Urbanism

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

Neighborhood Unit

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• an interpretation of the neighborhood unit created by Farr Associates,

Architecture and Urban Design.

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

Washington

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

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CNU Congress for New Urbanism

TOD / Peter Calthorpe

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Neiborhood Unit

황희돈, 김찬호(중앙대), 2008. 신도시 근린생활권 계획 기준에 관한 연구, 국 토계획.

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Neiborhood Unit

• Honorable mention for international idea

competiition for Sejong city, Undurraga Cristian_Chile

• Honorable mention for international idea competiition for Sejong city, Sumiya Mamoru_Japan

- Each circle shows each independent neighborhood

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TOD

이정형(중앙대), 김혜련, 황두영, 2013. 미국 포틀랜드시 도심부재생에 있어 TOD 전략에 의한 도시설계수법에 관한 연구

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Charles Waldheim

Landscape as Urbanism

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Charles Waldheim

Landscape as Urbanism

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Landscape Urbanism

김영민, 2014. 랜드스케이프 어바니즘의 도시설계안에서 나타나는 개념과 전략, 도 시설계