WTO/TRIMs 2

(1)

૶מۏࣄ

*

- -

-

I. II. -

1. WTO/TRIMs 2. NAFTA

III. WTO -

1. 2. TRIMs

IV. - ISD

1.

2.

V.

1.

2. VI. :

* 2013 .

**

: 2016. 10. 30. / : 2016. 11. 21. / : 2016. 11. 30.

(2)

I. .

.

,

. .

.

¹⁾

,

WTO ,

FTA, BIT .

‘ - ’

²⁾

1) Michele Potestà

'balancing effort' .(Michele Potestà, "Mapping Environmental Concerns in International Investment Agreements: How Far Have We Gone?", at Foreign Investment, International Law and Common Concerns(ed. by Tullio Treves, Francesco Seatzu and Seline Trevisanut), Routledge, 2014, p. 203.)

FTA .

2) WTO UNCITRAL

WTO ‘ -

’(WTO, Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector, Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012) UNCITRAL ISD ‘Mesa Power v. Canada ’(Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Award, 24 March

2016 ) ‘ - ’ .

(3)

3)

. 2011

(Feed-in Tariff Programme: FIT ) NAFTA - (Investor-State Dispute: ISD)

, WTO 2012 12

2013 .

WTO ISD

. WTO

. WTO ISD

,

. ,

WTO -

. , ISD

UNCITRAL

WTO . ,

( )

.

3) Luca Rubini, “What does the recent WTO litigation on renewable energy subsidies tell us about methodology in legal analysis? The good, the bad, and the ugly”, EUI Working Papers, RSCAS 2014/05, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2014, p. 2.(at http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/33775/RSCAS_2014_109.pdf?sequence=1).

(4)

II. -

‘ - ’

. WTO

(Agreement on Trade-related Investment Measures: TRIMs

) ‘ - ’

TRIMs 2 . TRIMs

2 1 “ 1994 GATT

, 1994 GATT 3 ( ) 11 ( )

(Trade-related Investment

Measures: TRIMs) .” .

2 2 1994 GATT 3 4

1994 GATT 11 1 TRIMs .

⁴⁾

4) TRIMs TRIMs .:

1.

, . ,

, .

.

2. 1994 GATT 11 1

, .

, ,

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TRIMs

GATT ‘ - ’

⁵⁾

GATT

TRIMs WTO TRIMs

.

TRIMs 2 1

GATT 3 11 .

⁶⁾

WTO TRIMs

GATT TRIMs

. WTO TRIMs

7)

TRIMs

.

,

. , ,

.

5) Canada-Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act(FIRA), 7 February 1984, 1994 GATT B.I.S.D.(30th Supp.), p.140.

6) TRIMs

TRIMs ‘1994 GATT’ 3 11

TRIMs .: Jian Zhou, “National

Treatment In Foreign Investment Law: A Comparative Study From A Chinese Perspective”, Touro International Law Review 39, Spring 2000, p. 110.

7) ‘ - ’ TRIMs 2

. WTO TRIMs

(‘ - ’, 'EC- III', ‘ - ’ )

1994 GATT 3 .

1994 GATT TRIMs

, EC ‘EC-Bananas III ’(WTO, Panel Report on the EC-Regime for the Import, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,

WT/DS27/1, 29 April. 1997) 1994 GATT

. 'EC-Bananas III '

WTO 1994 GATT TRIMs

(6)

. ,

(TRIMs) , , TRIMs 1994 GATT 3

11 , , TRIMs TRIMs

.

⁸⁾

TRIMs TRIMs

‘1994 GATT’ 3

11 .

⁹⁾

EC 1994 GATT 3

. 1994 GATT 3 2 , 3

‘ - ’(WTO,

Panel Report on the Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry.

WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R, 11 February 2000, paras. 10.63, 10.64-10.150) ‘ -

’(Panel Report on the India-Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector,

WT/DS146/R, 21 Dec. 2001, paras. 7.323-324) TRIMs

.(WTO, Panel Report on the China-Measures Affecting Imports Of Automobile Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS341/R, 18 July 2008, paras. 7.366-7.368.); ‘ -

’ 1994 GATT 3 TRIMs WTO

,

1994 GATT 3 TRIMs

TRIMs .(WTO, Panel Report on the

Indonesia-Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry case. WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/DS59/R, WT/DS64/R, 2 July 1998, paras. 14.61-63)

8) WTO, Panel Report on the Indonesia-Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry Case, WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/DS59/R, WT/DS64/R, 2 July 1998, para. 14. 64.

9) TRIMs GATT 3 11

.: Steve Charnovitz and Carolyn Fischer, “Canada renewable energy: implications for WTO law on green and not-so-green subsidies ”, EUI Working Papers, RSCAS 2014/109(Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2014), p. 9.(at http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/33775/RSCAS_2014_109.pdf?sequence=1)

(7)

‘ - ’

. NAFTA

.

¹⁰⁾

, ,

. , , ,

.

¹¹⁾

12)

,

10) NAFTA 1114 .; FTA

.( - FTA 11.10 , - FTA 10.18 , - FTA

9.9 , - CEPA 10.16 , -EFTA FTA 9 , - FTA 10.18

( -ASEAN FTA ) .

11) NAFTA 1114 . 12)

, , .:

, , , 2010, 36 .;

, Empresas Lucchetti, S.A.. and Lucchetti Peru, S.A. v. ’

, ‘Methanex v. ’ ‘Ethyl Corporation

v. ’

.

‘Metalclad Corporation v. ’ ‘S.D. Myers, Inc. v. ’,

‘Tecmed, S.A. v. ’ .

‘Compania Del Desarrollo De Santa Elena v.

’ 'AIG Capital Partners, Inc. v. ’ . 'Glamis Gold Ltd. v. ‘

.

, - (

(8)

. NAFTA

.

¹³⁾

FTA

.

¹⁴⁾

NAFTA

. NAFTA

.

¹⁵⁾

NAFTA

.

¹⁶⁾

‘ ’ ‘ ’

), , 2007.1, 224-237 .

13) NAFTA 1114 .

14) NAFTA ‘S.D. Myers v. ’

, ,

.

, , .

NAFTA .:

S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Canada, UNCITRAL, 2000. 11. 13. 1 , para. 220.

15) NAFTA 1103 . 16) NAFTA 1102 .

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. NAFTA

17)

.

¹⁸⁾

NAFTA NAFTA 1102 ( ), 1103 (

), 1106 ( )

( )

.

¹⁹⁾

. ,

, .

‘ ’ ,

.

‘ ’

ISD .

WTO ‘ ’

ISD

? NAFTA

‘Metanex v. United States ’ NAFTA WTO

WTO . NAFTA

( 11) “ (like situation)” , WTO/GATT “

17)

, , ,

,

(performance requirements) .

. 18) NAFTA 1106 .

19) NAFTA 1108(7)(a) 1108(8)(b) .

(10)

(like production)”

NAFTA NAFTA “

” WTO/GATT “ ”

.

²⁰⁾

WTO ISD

‘Mesa Power-Canada ’

. ‘ ’

WTO

, .

.

²¹⁾

NAFTA 1105

“

(fair and equitable treatment)

.” .

²²⁾

NAFTA ‘ ’

.

²³⁾

NAFTA 1131(2) NAFTA

.

NAFTA NAFTA

.

20) Metanex v. United States, UNCITRAL, Final Award, 3 August 2005, Part IV, Ch B, paras. 30-37.

21)

‘ Plus ’ .

. 22) NAFTA, Article 1105.

23) NAFTA, Notes of Interpretation of Certain Chapter Eleven Provisions, Free Trade Commission ¶B. 3 (July 31, 2001) .

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III. WTO -

2009 ,

FIT .

²⁴⁾

, . FIT

25)

‘FIT ’ ‘microFIT

’ ,

.

, 25%,

60% .

²⁶⁾

‘FIT ’ 20

40

27)

.

²⁸⁾

24) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, paras. 7.216, 7.223-7.224

25) .

26) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, para. 7.64; Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R, 2013, paras. 1.4, 4.20-4.21.

27) .

28) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, paras. 7.216-7.219; Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R, 2013, para. 1.3.

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FIT

. 2010 10 13

, 2011 8 11 EU ,

FIT GATT , TRIMs 2 ,

. FIT EU

2012 12

.

²⁹⁾

, 14

3

³⁰⁾

.

. EU,

.

2013 2 5 , 2 11 ,

2013 5 6 .

WTO

TRIMs 2 1 ( GATT 3 4 ) .

29) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012.

30) , , , , , , ,

, , , , ,

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TRIMs ,

GATT 3

4 TRIMs 2 1 .

WTO TRIMs GATT .

TRIMs 2 1 GATT 3 4

. TRIMs TRIMs

TRIMs GATT 3 8 (a) GATT 3 4

TRIMs 2 1 ,

FIT GATT 3 8

(procurement) GATT 3 4 TRIMs

2 1 ,

TRIMs 1(a) TRIMs

.

GATT 3 8

, .

FIT

‘ ’

GATT 1994 3 4

3 8 (a)

. FIT

Hydro One LDCs,

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, Hydro One LDCs

GATT 3 4 .

³¹⁾

TRIMs 1(a)

, FIT

, FIT ‘ ’ ‘ ’

TRIMs 1(a) .

³²⁾

TRIMs 1(a) ,

2 GATT 3 4

TRIMs TRIMs .

³³⁾

.

FIT

FIT .

³⁴⁾

31) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, para. 7.147.

32) Ibid., para. 7.165.

33) Ibid., para. 7.167.

34) WTO, Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R, 2013, paras. 2.3-2.9.

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.

³⁵⁾

EU

GATT TRIMs

GATT

TRIMs .

FIT GATT

TRIMs FIT

TRIMs .

³⁶⁾

GATT 3 8

.

³⁷⁾

.

GATT 3 4 , TRIMs

TRIMs TRIMs TRIMs .

.

35) Ibid., para. 5.46.

36) Ibid., para. 5.15.

37) Ibid., para. 5.79.

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GATT TRIMs EU

. GATT

GATT TRIMs

EU .

IV. - ISD

Mesa Power FIT

NAFTA 1102 1103 ,

1105 , 2011 10 UNCITRAL

(Notice of Arbitration) ,

³⁸⁾

NAFTA

1128 NAFTA

.

³⁹⁾

2016 3 24 .

⁴⁰⁾

Mesa Power FIT

. Mesa Power FIT

38) Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the North American Free Trade Agreement, october 4. 2011.

39) Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Submission of the United States of America, 26 Jul. 2014.; Mesa Power Group, LLC v.

Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Submission of the Mexico pursuant to NAFTA article 1128, 26 Jul. 2014.

40) Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No.

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016.

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FIT NAFTA ,

.

⁴¹⁾

(Ontario Power Authority: OPA) FIT

NAFTA 11 .

NAFTA . Mesa Power NAFTA

NAFTA 1102 1103

. NAFTA 1105

, NAFTA FIT

.

, NAFTA 1102 ,

1103 , 1106

.

⁴²⁾

41) Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the North American Free Trade Agreement, october 4. 2011, paras 54-68.

42) Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Government of Canada, Outline of Potential Issues, July 31, 2012.

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NAFTA 1108(7)(a) 1108(8)(b)

.

FIT NAFTA

, ‘ ’ Mesa Power

. WTO

FIT

NAFTA ‘ ’

. .

Mesa

Power 1108 NAFTA

, NAFTA

NAFTA NAFTA

.

⁴³⁾

Mesa Power UNCITRAL 1131(1) 33(3)

, .

GATT 3 8 (a) WTO/

. Mesa Power

.

⁴⁴⁾

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016, para. 385.

44) Ibid., para. 389.

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FIT NAFTA

. FIT NAFTA 1108(7)(a) 1108(8)(b)

NAFTA 1102 , 1103 , 1106(1)(b)

Mesa Power . NAFTA 1108

.

⁴⁵⁾

NAFTA 11 ( )

ADF v. U.S.

⁴⁶⁾

UPS v. Canada

⁴⁷⁾

, WTO

-

⁴⁸⁾

. NAFTA 1108

,

.

⁴⁹⁾

NAFTA

. WTO

45) Ibid., para. 378.

46) ADF Group Inc. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/00/1, award, 9 January 2003, paras. 160-174

47) United Parcel Service of America Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, award on the merits , 24 May 2007, paras. 121-136

48) WTO, Panel Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, para. 7.131; Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program case, WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R, 2013, para. 5.59.

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016, para. 379.

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WTO

.

NAFTA 1128 NAFTA

,

⁵⁰⁾

NAFTA ‘

’ NAFTA

(any and all forms of procurement) .

⁵¹⁾

NAFTA 1108

1001.5 . 1001.5

‘ ’ 10

1108 . NAFTA 1108

GATT 3 8 (a)

. GATT 3 8 (a) “

,

” NAFTA

1108 ‘

’ .

⁵²⁾

WTO

. WTO GATT 3 8

2012-17, Submission of the United States of America, 26 Jul. 2014.

51) Ibid., para. 16.

2012-17, Submission of the Mexico pursuant to NAFTA article 1128, 26 Jul. 2014, paras. 8-10.

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.

⁵³⁾

Mesa Power FIT NAFTA

54)

. 2010

1 21 70

(Green Energy Investment Agreement: GEIA) .

⁵⁵⁾

Mesa Power

, FIT

.

Mesa Power ‘ ’ NAFTA

NAFTA 1103 .

⁵⁶⁾

OPA FIT NAFTA 11

53) WTO, Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector, Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, para. 5.79.

54) · .

55) 5 2,500MW

. 1 2013 3 31 400MW

100MW . Mesa Power

1 (OPA) 2009

9 30 500MW (transmission capacity)

.

2012-17, Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the North American Free Trade Agreement, october 4. 2011, paras 54-68.

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.

NAFTA . Mesa Power NAFTA

NAFTA 1102 .

⁵⁷⁾

Mesa Power Boulevard Associates

Canada Bruce 300MW

FIT

NAFTA .

⁵⁸⁾

.

OPA ,

OPA FIT

.

⁵⁹⁾

2012-17, Government of Canada, Outline of Potential Issues, July 31, 2012.

59) 60 FIT ,

, ,

, .

. Mesa Power TTD Arran

91 96 , Summerhill,

North Bruce

318, 319( ) 320, 321( ) .

Bruce

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Bruce-Milton , FIT

. FIT

(2011 6 6 -7 10 )

. TTD 37 FIT

,

. , FIT

,

. OPA 2011 7 4

.

⁶⁰⁾

.

. NAFTA 1102

,

⁶¹⁾

1139 ‘ ’ “

, ”

Mesa Power .

⁶²⁾

FIT .: Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of

Canada, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-17, Government of Canada, Outline of Potential Issues, July 31, 2012, paras. 5-9.

60) Ibid., paras. 10-12.

61) NAFTA NAFTA

.: Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Canada, Submission of the United States of America, NAFTA/UNCITRAL, para. 3 (Apr. 7, 2000); Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Canada, Second Submission of the United States of America, NAFTA/UNCITRAL para. 3 (May 25, 2000); Pope & Talbot, Inc. v. Canada, Supplemental Submission of the United Mexican States § A.l, at 2-3 (May 25, 2000);

Methanex v. United States, Fourth Submission of the Government of Canada Pursuant to NAFTA Article 1128, NAFTA/UNCITRAL, para. 5 (Jan. 30, 2004).

(24)

‘ ’

,

. .

⁶³⁾

Mesa Power FIT

NAFTA 1106 (1), (3) .

⁶⁴⁾

. , ,

.

⁶⁵⁾

FTA .

NAFTA 1108(7)(a) 1108(8)(b)

.

2012-17, Submission of the United States of America, 26 Jul. 2014, para. 11.

63) Ibid..

65) APEC 1994 ‘ ’ ·

: http://www.apecsec.org.sg.

(25)

FIT NAFTA .

FIT OPA

NAFTA 1108(7)(a) .

NAFTA 1102 1103 .

⁶⁶⁾

3 . NAFTA 1108

1001.5

. 1001.5 ‘ ’ 10

1108 .

NAFTA 1108 GATT 3 8 (a)

. GATT 3 8 (a)

“

, ”

NAFTA 1108

‘ ’

.

⁶⁷⁾

WTO WTO

. NAFTA

. WTO

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016 para. 465.

2012-17, Submission of the Mexico pursuant to NAFTA article 1128, 26 Jul. 2014, paras. 8-10.

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FIT

. WTO

, ,

.

WTO

, , NAFTA

. WTO

, ,

.

Mesa Power FIT ,

NAFTA 1105

. , Mesa Power OPA

, FIT .

⁶⁸⁾

OPA

Bruce 750MW, West of London

300MW FIT ,

2012-17, Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and the North American Free Trade Agreement, october 4. 2011, paras. 61-64.

(27)

, . Mesa Power FIT

, ,

. OPA

.

⁶⁹⁾

NAFTA

NAFTA 1105

⁷⁰⁾

.

‘ ’ ‘ ’

,

.

⁷¹⁾

(principle of good faith) NAFTA

, ·

. .

.

69) Mesa Power , Bruce Mesa Power

. Bruce 750MW 2011 7 4 Mesa Power

, FIT .: Ibid..

70) NAFTA, Notes of Interpretation of Certain Chapter Eleven Provisions, Free Trade Commission ¶ B.1-3 (July 31, 2001) .

2012-17, Submission of the United States of America, 26 Jul. 2014, paras. 5-7.

(28)

,

.

⁷²⁾

OPA FIT

NAFTA 11 .

NAFTA . Mesa Power NAFTA

NAFTA 1105 .

⁷³⁾

OPA FIT ,

(Green Energy Investment Agreement: GEIA),

⁷⁴⁾

Bruce .

OPA FIT , Mesa

Power

. Mesa Power

.

GEIA , Mesa Power

GEIA

72) Ibid., paras. 7-8.

2012-17, Government of Canada, Outline of Potential Issues, July 31, 2012.

74) 2010 1 21 .

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, .

⁷⁵⁾

4 . GEIA 11

Siemens .

.

⁷⁶⁾

GEIA

.

⁷⁷⁾

GEIA

.

GEIA FIT

. FIT

.

, ,

FIT FIT

.

⁷⁸⁾

(framework agreement) GEIA

.

⁷⁹⁾

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016, para. 552.

76) Ibid., paras. 568-572.

77) Ibid., para. 573.

78) Ibid., para. 574.

79) Ibid., para. 612.; ECT FIT

“

” . OPA FIT

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Bruce , Bruce

.

⁸⁰⁾

2011 6 3

Minister’s direction FIT ,

Mesa Power .

.

⁸¹⁾

V. UNCITRAL ISD WTO

. WTO

Mesa Power EU

. ISD ·

Mesa Power .

. WTO DSB

WTO

. ECT

, ECT

.: Ibid., para.

614-615.

80) Ibid., paras. 616-680.

81) Ibid., para. 682.

(31)

WTO · . WTO

. WTO

WTO

. ISD

. Mesa

Power NAFTA 775

.

⁸²⁾

ISD

.

,

. WTO

ISD

.

WTO , FIT

FIT ‘ ’

‘ ’

GATT 1994 3 4

3 8 (a) .

WTO

(32)

FIT

. GATT 3

8 .

.

⁸³⁾

GATT 3

4 , TRIMs TRIMs

TRIMs TRIMs .

ISD UNCITRAL FIT

OPA NAFTA 1108(7)(a)

.

⁸⁴⁾

UNCITRAL WTO

WTO .

WTO

NAFTA

1108 GATT 3 8 (a)

.

GATT 3 8 (a) “

,

” NAFTA 1108

‘

’ .

83) WTO, Appellate Body Report on the Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector, Canada-Measures Relating to the Feed-In Tariff Program, WT/DS412/R, WT/DS426/R, 2012, para. 5.79.

2012-17, Award, 24 March 2016 para. 465.

(33)

NAFTA 1102 1103 .

WTO GATT 3 8

GATT 3 4

, TRIMs TRIMs

TRIMs TRIMs .

WTO

, UNCITRAL

, ,

. .

VI. :

‘ - ’

. 2013 5 WTO

, 2016 3 ISD

UNCITRAL .

WTO ISD

‘ ’

. WTO UNCITRAL

(34)

. ‘ - ’ WTO FIT

, GATT TRIMs

.

UNCITRAL FIT

,

. WTO

GATT TRIMs WTO , UNCITRAL

Mesa Power

. ,

, WTO NAFTA ,

. ‘ ’

.

2001 10

FIT 2011 2012

(35)

(Renewable Portfolio Standard: RPS)

.

⁸⁵⁾

FIT

,

⁸⁶⁾

.

FIT 2013 5 FIT

87)

, 2014 1 FIT

.

⁸⁸⁾

WTO ,

RPS WTO

.

WTO

WTO ,

. ‘ - ’ WTO

UNCITRAL

FIT RPS WTO

FTA

.

85) , (RPS) , ,

2013.5(http://www.motie.go.kr/motie/py/td/energeitem/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_seq_n=209127&bb s_cd_n=72, 2016.9.11. ) .

86) , “ , ”, 2015.11.03.,

(http://www.ekn.kr/news/article.html?no=179148, 2016.9.11. ) .

87) , “ ,

”, 2013.5.8.

http://spp.seoul.go.kr/main/news/news_report.jsp?search_boardId=16086&act=VIEW&boardId=

16086, 2016.9.11. ) .

88) , “ , FIT ”, 2014.1.9.,

(http://www.e2news.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=74025, 2016.9.11. ) .

(36)

WTO

‘

’ .

FTA NAFTA

ISD

. FIT 2012

RPS ISD

. UNCITRAL ISD

Mesa Power

FIT ,

, OPA FIT ,

. ISD ISD

.

(37)

, , , 2010.

, -

( ), , 2007.1.

Andreas Kulick, Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, Cambridge, 2012.

August Reinisch, Standards of Investment Protection, Oxford University Press, 2008

Jian Zhou, “National Treatment In Foreign Investment Law: A Comparative Study From A Chinese Perspective”, Touro International Law Review 39, Spring 2000.

Jorge E. Viñuales, Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2012

Luca Rubini, “What does the recent WTO litigation on renewable energy subsidies tell us about methodology in legal analysis? The good, the bad, and the ugly”, EUI Working Papers, RSCAS 2014/05, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2014.

Michele Potestà, "Mapping Environmental Concerns in International Investment Agreements: How Far Have We Gone?", at Foreign Investment, International Law and Common Concerns(ed. by Tullio Treves, Francesco Seatzu and Seline Trevisanut), Routledge, 2014.

Rudolf Dolzer and Christoph Schreuer, Principles of International Investment Law(second ed.), Oxford University Press, 2012.

Steve Charnovitz and Carolyn Fischer, “Canada renewable energy:

implications for WTO law on green and not-so-green subsidies”,

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Abstract

Study on the Measures for the Environment Protection in the International Investment Rules

- Focusing on the case of Canada-certain measures relating the Renewable Energy -

Kim, In-sook*

⁸⁹⁾

Developing and disseminating renewable energy is critical to address climate change. Renewable energy subsidies are known to have a significant influence not only on producers’ investment decisions and consumers’

consumption patterns, but also on international trade and global environment;

and over the years many countries have confronted one another concerning this issue. Renewable energy policies, especially FIT program, in several countries have been challenged under NAFTA Chapter11 and WTO investment treaty, TRIMs Agreement. The WTO Panel and Appellate Body held in favour of the complainants over the claims based on TRIMs Agreement. On the other hand, the Arbitral Tribunal in UNCITRAL held that the FIT Program constitutes procurement by the Government of Ontario under Article 1108(7)(a) of the NAFTA. The Program is implemented by the Government through the OPA, which is a state enterprise. Consequently, the acts of the Government of Ontario cannot be challenged under Articles 1102 or 1103 of the NAFTA. WTO’s Canada - Renewable Energy case and UNCITRAL’s Mesa Power v. Canada case is the positive evidence of such a conflict of interests.

This situation requires a careful examination for obtaining insights about the relationship between renewable energy policy in Korea and investment provisions under WTO, and FTAs which Korea has concluded. In some FTAs cases such as Korea US FTA, there is a possibility of Korea being challenged with an arbitration because of indirect reasons in relation to