3. Sounds 4. Phonological rules4.1 English[Morphophonemic rule: Plural rule]

E &K Contrastive Lin. Rhee

3. Sounds

4. Phonological rules 4.1 English

[Morphophonemic rule: Plural rule]

• A: cab, cad, bag, love, lathe, cam, can, bang, call, bar, spa, boy B: cap, cat, back, cuff, faith

C: bus, bush, buzz, garage, match, badge D: child, ox, mouse, criterion, sheep [z] voiced nonsibilant segments [s] voiceless nonsibilant segments [əz] sibilant segments

•Phonological rules for plural suffix -(e)s: /z/

Rule (1): Insert a [ə] before the plural morpheme when a regular noun ends in a sibilant -- /s,z,š,ž, č,ǰ/ -- giving [əz]

Rule (2): Change the plural morpheme to voiceless [s] when a voiceless sound precedes it.

•Derivation

bus+pl butt+pl bug+pl

Basic representation /bʌs+z/ /bʌt+z/ /bʌg+z/

Apply rule (1) ə NA NA

Apply rule (2) NA s NA

Phonetic representation [bʌsəz] [bʌts] [bʌgz]

[Morphophonemic Rule: Past Tense Rule]

A: gloat, state, raid, ... add [əd]

B: grab, hug, seethe, love, buzz, rouge, judge, fan, ram, long, kill, care, tie, bow, hoe... add [d]

C: reap, peak, unearth, huff, kiss, wish, pitch, patch... add [t]

Characteristic features:

A: non-nasal alveolar stops >> [əd]

B: voiced, except for [d] >> [d]

C: voiceless, except for [t] >> [t]

Phonological rules for past tense suffix: -ed: /d/

Rule (1) Insert a [ə] before the past-tense morpheme when a regular verb ends in an alveolar stop -- /t, d/ -- giving [əd].

Rule (2) Change the past-tense morpheme to a voiceless [t] when a voiceless sound precedes it.

[Morphophonemic Rule: Negative Prefix Rule (Assimilation)]

•homorganic nasal rule

[ĩn] before vowels inexcusable, inattentive

before alveolars intolerable, indefinable, innovation, insurmountable [ĩm] before labials impossible, imbalance, immaterial

[ĩŋ] before velars incomplete, inglorious

※ Change the place of articulation of the nasal negative morpheme to agree with the place of articulation of a following consonant.

[Vowel Nasalization Rule (Assimilation)]

Rule: Nasalize a vowel or diphthong before a nasal segment.

be [bi] bead [bid] bean [bĩn]

roe [ro] robe [rob] roam [rõm]

lay [le] lace [les] lame [lẽm]

cf. Non-words: *[bĩ] *[bĩd] *[bin]

*[lẽ] *[lẽs] *[lem]

*[bæ˜ ] *[bæ˜ d] *[bæŋ]

•Oral/Nasal vowels do not contrast in English.

[Aspiration Rule]

initial p, t, k > p^h, t^h, k^h before stressed vowel pit (cf. spit, professional)

top (cf. stop, tomorrow) can (cf. scan, capricious)

voiceless stop aspiration Ø > [+aspirated]

pit, repeat... [p^h] crib, clip, quip... [k^h] chip, church... [ʧ^h]

[Devoicing Rule (Assimilation)]

- A voiced segment becomes voiceless when the preceding segment is voiceless in plural and past tense morphemes

- notation of rule

[+voiced] → [-voiced] / [-voiced]____

cf) cat + /z/ → [kǽts] kiss + /d/ → [kist]

[Schwa Insertion Rule]

plural, past

plural: ø → ə / [+sibilant]___[+sibilant]

(Insert a [ə] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [əz].) past: ø → ə / [+alveolar, +stop]___[+alveolar, +stop]

(Insert a [ə] before the past-tense morpheme when a regular verb ends in a non-nasal alveolar stop, giving [əd].)

•For ease of pronunciation: cf. squeezes, loaded (Without the schwa insertion, the lengthened consonant is hard to distinguish for English speakers.)

[Segment Deletion Rule]

(i) /g/ deletion

>> Delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.

More cases: gnaw, gnat, gnash, gnome, gnarl, gnostic...

resign/resignation, repugn/repugnant, phlegm/phlegmatic, diaphragm/diaphragmatic, gnosis/agnostic...

>> Delete a /g/ when it occurs word initially before a nasal consonant or before a word-final nasal.

A: "He was a salignant man." B: "Why, did he salign somebody?"

(ii) /b/ deletion

A B

bomb bombardier

iamb iambic

crumb crumble

>> Delete a word-final /b/ when it occurs after an /m/.

(iii) unstressed vowel deletion

mystery, general, memory, funeral, vigorous, Barbara...

[Flap Rule]

writer, rider [rajɾər] (neutralization rule)

An alveolar stop becomes a voiced flap when preceded by a stressed vowel and followed by an unstressed vowel.

[Others]

∙/s/ > [ss] before vowel (son, soil... cf. spring)

∙a series of multiple identical consonants pronounced as a single consonant (summer, committed, stopped, pizza, coffee.. cf. of vs. off)

4.2 Korean

[Word-initial Consonant Rule (Initial Sound Constraint)]

a. l, n > deleted (before i, ja, jʌ, jo, ju)

ljʌksa > jʌksa ’history’ lihæ > ihæ ’comprehension’ ljaŋsim > jaŋsim ’conscience’

njʌca > jʌca ’woman’ njʌnse > jʌnse ’age’

b. l > n (before a, ʌ, o, u, ɯ, æ, e, ø)

loŋlak > noŋnak ‘flirtation’ loin > noin ’old person’

lotoŋ > notoŋ ‘labor’ lonmun > nonmun ’thesis’

cf. E. Are you lonely? I’m planning to get a loan.

[Palatalization Rule]

a. s > ʃ before high front vowel

si > ʃi ’poem’ sinsik > ʃinʃik ‘new style‘ (cf. sutan, salang, so..)

cf. E. simple vs. sample sick vs. sack

b. t, th > c, ch before /i/

kathi > kachi ‘together’ kuti > kuci ’firmly’ (cf. pathe, pathɯlo..)

[Consonant Cluster Simplification Rule (Deletion Rule)]

kaps (값) > kap ‘price’ kaps-pota (값보다) > kapppota ‘price-rather.than’

kaps-man (값만) > kamman ‘price-only’ kaps-to (값도) > kaptto ‘price-also’

ʌps (없) > ʌp ‘not exist’ kayʌps (가엾) > kayʌp ‘be pathetic’

anc (앉) > an ‘sit’ ʌnc (얹) > ʌn ‘put on top’

anh (않) > an ‘do not’ manh (많) > man ‘be many’

silh (싫) > sil ‘dislike’ alh (앓) > al ’get sick’

halth (핥) > hal ‘lick’ hulth (훑) > hul ’thresh, strip’

ilk (읽) > ik ‘read’ ʌlk (얽) > ʌk ’tie’

cʌlm (젊) > cʌm ‘be young’ kolm (곪) > kom ’be infected, fester’

palp (밟) > pap ‘tread’ nʌlp (넓) > nʌp ’be wide’

ɯlph (읊) > ɯp ‘recite’ ætalph (애닲) > ætalp ’be sorrowful’

[Post-sonorant Tensing Rule]

a. after a nasal in inflectional suffixation

kamta > kamtta ‘to wind’ kamci > kamcci ’wind-Neg’

(cf. alta)

(cf. in derivational suffixation: kamki > kamkki ‘winding’ anki > ankki ‘hugging’

vs. kamki > kamki ‘wind-Passive’ anki > anki ‘hug-Passive’) cf. E. 10 dollars

b. coronals after /l/ in Sino-Korean

paltal > palttal ‘development’ phalca > phalcca ’destiny’

(cf. palkjʌn, palpal)

[Post-stop Tensing Rule]

p, t, k, s, c > pp, tt, kk, ss, cc (after a stop)

mʌkpo > mʌkppo ‘glutton’ mitta > mittta ’to believe’ ipko > ipkko ’wear-and’

ipsul > ipssul ‘lip’ capca > capcca ’let’s capture’

[Liquidification Rule]

n > l (after/before /l/)

talnim > tallim ‘the moon (poetic)’ pulɯl nolæ > purɯl loræ sinla > ʃilla ‘Shilla’ nanlo > nallo ’stove’

kɯnloca > kɯlloca ‘laborer’ hanlasan > hallasan ’Mt. Halla’

cf. Pull now. Dunlop. An anti-gun law

[Post-nasal Nasalization Rule]

l > n after /n/ (between word boundary)

sin lamjʌn > sinnamjʌn ‘Shin Ramen’ imcin lan > imcinnan ’Imjin War’

kjʌltan lyek > kjʌlttannjʌk ‘determination’

cf. Pull now. Dunlop. An anti-gun law Don’t laugh.

[Pre-Sonorant Nasalization Rule]

p, t, k > m, n, ŋ before sonorants

pap mʌkʌjo> pam mʌkʌjo ’(I) eat food.’ kkoch nolæ > kkon noræ ’flower song’

kukmul > kuŋmul ‘broth’ kuklip > kuŋnip ’national’

cf. E. pop music good morning classic music Don’t laugh at me.

[Coda Neutralization Rule]

iph > ip ’leaf’ soth > sot ’pot’ pakk > pak ’outside’ puʌkh > puʌk ’kitchen’

[Continuants to stop]

nas > nat ‘sickle’ kassta > kattta ’went’

cec > cet ‘milk’ nach > nat ’face’

[Syllabification]

a. Noun+suffix

os ‘clothes’ > ot ot-tto os-i aph ‘front’ > ap ap-tto aphi-e pich ‘light’ > pit pit-kkwa pich-i pakk ‘outside’ > pak pak-kkwa pakk-i

b. Compounds

os-an > otan ‘inside clothes’ path-ilaŋ > patilaŋ ’ridge of field’

c. Prefixation

tʌs-os > tʌtot ‘outside garment’

us-ʌlɯn > utʌlɯn ‘elder’

chʌs-insaŋ > chʌtinsaŋ ‘first impression’

[Adaptation of English words]

a. E. /t/ as K /s/: market > makes helmet > helmes internet > intʌnes b. E. /t/ as K /thɯ/: chart > chathɯ report > riphothɯ hint > hinthɯ c. E. /d/ as K /tɯ/: pyramid > phiramitɯ slide > sɯllaitɯ land > ræntɯ d. E. /b/ as K /p/: web > wep lab > læp pub > pʌp

e. E. /b/ as K /pɯ/: herb > hʌpɯ hub > hʌpɯ robe > ropɯ f. E. /p/ as K. /p/: lap > læp cap > khæp tap > thæp

5. Stress & Intonation

5.1 Stress-timed language vs Syllable-timed language

∙Stress timed language:

English, Thai, German, Russian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Persian

∙Syllable timed language:

Korean, Spanish, Cantonese, Georgian, French, Welsh, Italian, Turkish, Icelandic

a. English

In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.

b. German

Am Anfang schuf Gott Himmel und Erde c. Korean

태초에 하나님이 천지를 창조하시니라.

d. Spanish

En el principio creó Dios los cielos y la tierra.

e. Cantonese

qĭ chū shén chuàgzào tiāndì (起初 神 創造 天地)

e.g. Dogs chase cars. (3 syllables) The dogs chase cars. (4 syllables) The dogs chase the cars. (5 syllables) The dogs will chase the cars. (6 syllables) The dogs are chasing the cars. (7 syllables) The dogs will be chasing the cars. (8 syllables)

독즈 체이스 카즈. (7 syllables)

더 독즈 체이스 카즈. (8 syllables)

더 독즈 체이스 더 카즈. (9 syllables)

더 독즈 윌 체이스 더 카즈. (10 syllables) 더 독즈 아 체이싱 더 카즈. (10 syllables) 더 독즈 윌 비 체이싱 더 카즈. (11 syllables)

나는 학교에 갔습니다.

ná

há

ká

el

va

콘티넨털 에어라인즈 vs.

Co

Biotherm:

Fo

Su

Nu

ple

A

Lo

오 세이 캔 유 씨 바이 더 돈즈 얼리 라이트 홧 쏘 프라우들리 위

헤일드 앳 더 트와일라이츠 래스트 글리밍 후즈 브로드 스트라입스 앤 브라이트 스타즈 스루 더

퍼릴러스 화이트 오버 더 램퍼츠 위 워췻트 워 쏘 갤런틀리

O say, can you see by the dawn’s early light, (12 notes 11 syls)

오 세이 캔 유 씨 바이 더 돈즈 얼리 라이트 (16 syls)

오, 그대는 보이는가, 이른 새벽 여명 사이로 (17 syls)

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming, (13 notes 13 syls) 홧 쏘 프라우들리 위 헤일드 앳 더 트와일라이츠 래스트 글리밍 (25 syls)

어제 황혼의 마지막 어스름 속에서 우리가 그토록 자랑스럽게 환호했던 (29 syls)

Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, (12 notes 12 syls) 후즈 브로드 스트라입스 앤 브라이트 스타즈 스루 더 퍼릴러스 화이트 (28 syls)

널찍한 띠와 빛나는 별들이 새겨진 저 깃발이, 치열한 전투 중에서도 (27 syls)

O’er the ramparts we watched were, so gallantly streaming? (13 notes 14 syls)

오버 더 램퍼츠 위 워췻트 워 쏘 갤런틀리 스트리밍 (20 syls)

우리가 사수한 성벽 위에서 당당히 나부끼고 있는 것이. (22 syls)

And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 포탄의 붉은 섬광과 창공에서 작렬하는 폭탄이

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;

밤새 우리의 깃발이 휘날린 증거로다.

O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave 오, 성조기는 지금도 휘날리고 있는 것인가

O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

자유의 땅과 용감한 자들의 고향에서!

Jingle Bells

Dashing through the snow in a one-horse open sleigh O’er the fields we go, Laughing all the way

Bells on bobtail ring, Making spirits bright

What fun it is to ride and sing a sleighing song to night.

흰 눈 사이로 썰매를 타고 달리는 기분 상쾌도 하다 종이 울려서 장단 맞추니

흥겨워서 소리 높여 노래 부른다.

말 한 마리가 끄는 무개(無蓋) 썰매를 타고 눈 속을 뚫고서 우리는 들판을 가로질러 달려간다네 마구 웃어대면서

잘린 꼬리에 매단 종이 울려서 우리의 기분을 상쾌하게 하네

밤 늦게까지 썰매타기 노래를 불러가며 썰매를 타는 일은 정말로 즐거운 일이라네.