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Volume 60, Number 11, 2010¸   11 Z 4, pp. 1216∼1219

New Physics: Sae Mulli (The Korean Physical Society), DOI: 10.3938/NPSM.60.1216

° Ë

Ñ] K ¡ì Å8 ý  Œì ŕ ¤ ; c 8 ý” X ¢ 7 _T $ [° Ë Ñ8 ý M 2 ß Ã Å   ì Å× D

† ç

¡ ¬ £

ô

 Çz Œ ™@ /† < Ɠ § F g„   Ó ü t o † < Æõ , @ /„   306-791 (2010¸   9 Z 4 1{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, 2010¸   11 Z 4 15{ 9  > F  S X ‰& ñ )

F

g † < ƀ  _  ½ ¨€  à º  Y Us $  F g _  M

2

“   \  p u   H % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç . €  $  F g † < ƀ  `  ¦ : Ÿ x ô  Ç 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h 

½

¨€   _  „    õ & ñ `  ¦ á ÔY U3 A q-v Ø Ôy   ñá Ô  r] X  / B Nd ” Ü ¼– Ð    · p . 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€     H Ä ºÛ ¼ F g \  @ / ô

 Ç “ ¦  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó`  ¦ Ÿ í† < Ê l  M :ë  H \  S ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó ý a³ ð_  4  † ½ Ó t  “ ¦ 9K " f  r] X F g \  @ /ô  Ç F g‚   F g † < Æ& h 



 H  K \  ¦ ½ ¨ô  Ç . ½ ¨€  à º  Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a   H  K \  ¦  „ ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð Y Us $  F g _  M

2

“   \  ¦ à ºu  > í ß –ô  Ç . { 9 



 F g _  ì ø Í â õ  F g † < ƀ  _  / B GÒ  ¦ s  7 £ x ½ + Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ M

2

“     H / å L  y  7 £ x † < Ê`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  .

Ù þ

˜d ” # Q: 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h , Ä ºÛ ¼ F g, ½ ¨€  à º , M

2

“   

Degradation in the M 2 Factor of a Laser Beam by a Spherically Aberrated Optical Surface

Soo Chang

Department of Physics, Hannam University, Taejon 306-791 (Received 1 September, 2010 : accepted 15 November, 2010)

We analyze the degradation in the M

2

factor of a laser beam caused by an optical surface.

By applying a Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral, we first formulate the complex source-point spherical wave (CSPSW) diffracted through a spherical surface. Since the CSPSW is equivalent to the sum of all the higher-order corrections to a paraxial laser beam, terms of up to fourth order in the aperture variables are taken into account. We then find a ray-optical solution for the diffracted beam in terms of the coefficient of spherical aberration. Based on the ray-optical solution, we numerically evaluate the M

2

factor of the aberrated beam. We show that the M

2

factor increases rapidly with increasing incident beam radius and curvature of the surface.

PACS numbers: 42.30.Va

Keywords: Complex source point, Gaussian beam, Spherical aberration, M

2

factor

I. " e  ] Ø

· ú

¡_  ƒ  ½ ¨ [1,2]\ " f Siegman“ É r   H» ¡ ¤ Y Us $  F g s  ½ ¨€   Ã

º  Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a · û ª“ É r E $ ™Ý ¼  Y Us $  Ø  ¦§ 4 ‚ ½ Ó ¢ ¸  H Ô  ¦¢ - a„   /

B N”  l \  ¦ : Ÿ x õ ½ + É M : F g _  + þ AI  s  © œ& h “   Ä ºÛ ¼ † < Êà º

–

РÒ'  # Á # Q   H & ñ • ¸\  ¦ ¨ î  l  0 Aô  Ç ç ß –é ß –ô  Ç d ” `  ¦ Ä »

E-mail: [email protected]

•

¸ô  Ç   e ”  . Õ ª Q  y © œ >  | 9 5 Å q ) a Y Us $  F g s  F g † < Æ> 

\

 ¦ t ± ú ˜  â Ä º, Õ ª_  d ” “ É r à º& ñ ÷ &# Q  ô  Ç . Y Us $  F g“ É r



 H» ¡ ¤ % ò % i \ " f 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€   ü < 1 p x s  9 [3],   H» ¡ ¤ Y Us 

$

 F g \  @ /ô  Ç “ ¦  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó`  ¦ — ¸¿ º Ÿ í† < Êr v €   4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨

€

    ) a    H  z  ´s  s p  · ú ˜ 94 R e ”   [4].

‘

: r  7 Hë  H \ " f Ä ºo   H F g † < ƀ  `  ¦ : Ÿ x ô  Ç 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€   _ 

„

   õ & ñ `  ¦ á ÔY U3 A q-v Ø Ôy   ñá Ô  r] X  / B Nd ”  [5]Ü ¼– Ð   

-1216-

(2)

F

g † < ƀ  _  ½ ¨€  à º \  _ ô  Ç Y Us $  F g _  M

2

“       o –  © œ à º · Soo Chang -1217-

Fig. 1. (a) Gaussian beams before and after a spherical boundary with a radius of curvature of R 1 , and (b) the CSPSW’s (complex-source-point spherical waves) equiv- alent to the Gaussian beams. The paraxial waist of the incident (or transmitted) beam is located at a distance z 1 (or z 1 0 ) from the boundary. n 1 (or n 0 1 ) is the index of refraction of the incident (or transmitted) medium. We note that b 1 = n 1 πω 1 2 and b 0 1 = n 0 1 πω 1 02 , where λ is the vacuum wavelength of the beam.



· p . 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€     H Ä ºÛ ¼ F g \  @ /ô  Ç “ ¦  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó`  ¦

—

¸¿ º Ÿ í† < Ê l  M :ë  H \  S ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó ý a³ ð_  4  † ½ Ó t  “ ¦ 9K 

"

f  r] X F g \  @ /ô  Ç F g‚   F g † < Æ& h    H  K \  ¦ ½ ¨ô  Ç . ½ ¨€  à º

 Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a F g‚   F g † < Æ& h    H  K \  ¦  „ ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð Siegmans  ]

jî ß –ô  Ç Y Us $  F g _  M 2 “   \  ¦ à ºu  > í ß –ô  Ç . { 9   F g _  ì

ø Í â õ  F g † < ƀ  _  / B GÒ  ¦ s  7 £ x ½ + Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ M 2 “     H / å L  y  7

£

x † < Ê`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  . ‘ : rë  H \ " f Ä »• ¸  ) a 4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ós  Ÿ í

†

< ʝ ) a Y Us $  F g _  œ í¨ î €   † < Êà º  H é ß –{ 9  F g † < ƀ  `  ¦  â Ä » 



 H õ & ñ \ " f µ 1 ÏÒ q t ) a Y Us $  F g _  M 2 “       o\  ¦   & ñ 



 H X <  6   x| ¨ c à º e ”  .

II. 4  | ºX N Ë]  § ù p § ƒ º] K ¤ À W ¥ 7 _T $ [° Ë Ñ8 ý ƒ »”  ô

Figure 1(a)  H   H» ¡ ¤ œ í& h _  ì ø Í â s  ω 1 s “ ¦ ”  / B N ×  æ _ 

 © œs  λ“   Y Us $  F g s  / B GÒ  ¦ ì ø Í â R 1 “   F g † < ƀ  \  _ K 

"

f Ï ã J] X (¢ ¸  H ì ø Í )  ) a Ê ê, D h– Ðî  r œ í& h \  | 9 5 Å q ÷ &  H õ & ñ

`

 ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ Ò 9, Fig. 1(b)  H { 9   x 9 Ï ã J] X (¢ ¸  H ì ø Í ) Y Us 

$

 F g \  1 p x “   4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€   _  F g‚    ⠖ Ð\  ¦    · p .

F

g † < Æ>   H z» ¡ ¤ \  › ' a K " f  r„   @ /g As  “ ¦ & ñ “ ¦, 2 

"

é

¶ ý a³ ð> _  " é ¶& h `  ¦ z» ¡ ¤ õ  F g † < ƀ  s  ë ß –   H & h \  ¿ º% 3 



. R 1 “ É r / B GÒ  ¦×  æd ” s  F g † < ƀ  _  š ¸ É rA á ¤( ¢ ¸  H ¢ , aA á ¤) \  e ” 

`

 ¦ M : € ª œ(¢ ¸  H 6 £ §) _   Ҡ ñ\  ¦ ° ú   H  . # Œl " f { 9   F g _    H

»

¡

¤ œ í& h _  ý a³ ð  H (0, z 1 ) s “ ¦, Ï ã J] X (¢ ¸  H ì ø Í )  ) a F g _    H

»

¡

¤ œ í& h _  ý a³ ð  H (0, z 1 0 ) s  . n 1 õ  n 0 1 “ É r y Œ •y Œ • { 9   B | 9  õ

 Ï ã J] X (¢ ¸  H ì ø Í ) B | 9 _  Ï ã J] X Ò  ¦`  ¦ _ p ô  Ç .

s

  â Ä º F g † < ƀ   0 A_  & h  (x, z)\  @ /ô  Ç ½ ¨5 Å q › ¸| _  4 



 H  d ” “ É r

z ' x 2 2R 1

+ x 4

8R 1 3 (1) s

“ ¦, F g † < ƀ  \  { 9  ô  Ç 4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó`  ¦ Ÿ í† < Êô  Ç Y Us $  F g

“ É

r 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€   _  + þ AI – Ð U 1 (x, z) = C 1

z − z 1 − ib 1

exp

 ikn 1



(z − z 1 − ib 1 ) + x 2

2(z − z 1 − ib 1 ) − x 4 8(z − z 1 − ib 1 ) 3



(2) ü

< ° ú  s    è ­ q à º e ”  [4]. 0 Ad ” \ " f C 1 “ É r  © œÃ ºs  9, i  H ) ‡Ã º l   ñs “ ¦, Y U{ 9 o  % ò % i “ É r b 1 = n 1 πω 2 1 s  9, ¼ #  _

 © œ, y Œ •”  1 l x à º ω\  ¦ Ÿ í† < Ê   H r ç ß – † < Êà º exp(iωt)  H Ò q t

| Ä

Ì÷ &% 3  . : £ ¤ y  d ” (2)  H n 1 _   Ҡ ñ € ª œ(¢ ¸  H 6 £ §){ 9  M :, +z( ¢ ¸  H −z)» ¡ ¤ ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð ”  ' Ÿ    H Y Us $  F g`  ¦    · p



. ¢ ¸ô  Ç, F g † < ƀ   0 A_  & h  (x, z)\ " f D h– Ðî  r œ í¨ î €   0 A_  (x 0 1 , z 0 1 )& h   t   o \  ¦ 4    H  d ” Ü ¼– Ð   ? /€  

r 0 1 ' − x 2 + y 2

2R 1 + (x 0 1 − x) 2 2z 0 1

− x 4

8R 1 3 + x 2 (x 0 1 − x) 2

4R 1 z 02 1 − (x 0 1 − x) 4

8z 03 1 (3) s

  ) a  .

s

] j F g † < ƀ  `  ¦  â Ä »K " f D h– Ðî  r   H» ¡ ¤ œ í¨ î €   0 A_  & h  (x 0 1 , z 0 1 ) \  • ¸² ú ˜   H Y Us $  F g _  ”  ; Ÿ ¤ † < Êà º  H á ÔY U3 A q-v Ø Ô y

  ñá Ô  r] X  / B Nd ”  [5]

U 1 0 (x 0 1 , z 1 0 ) ' n 0 1 iλz 1

Z

½

¨ â dxU 1 (x, z)exp(ikn 0 1 r 0 1 ) (4) Ü

¼– Ð l Õ ü t| ¨ c à º e ”  . # Œl " f ”  / B N \ " f 1 l x  © œÃ º  H k = 2π/λ s “ ¦, F g † < ƀ  _  ½ ¨ ⠓ É r { 9   F g _  ; Ÿ ¤ \  q K " f Ø  æ ì

 r y  ß ¼ “ ¦ & ñ ô  Ç . F g † < ƀ  s  ì ø Í €  { 9   â Ä º n 0 1 =

−n 1  “ ¦ ¿ º€    ) a  . d ” (4)\  @ /ô  Ç F g‚   F g † < Æ& h    H  K \  ¦

%

3 l  0 AK " f D h– Ðî  r B > h  à º b 0 `  ¦ n 0 1

z 1 0 + ib 0 1 = n 1 z 1 + ib 1

+ n 0 1 − n 1 R 1

(5)

(3)

-1218- ô  Dz D GÓ ü t o † < Æ rt  “D hÓ ü t o ”, Volume 60, Number 11, 2010¸   11 Z 4

ü

< ° ú  s  & ñ _ ô  Ç Ê ê, D h– Ðî  r œ í¨ î €  \  • ¸² ú ˜   H 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  F g

‚

 [ þ t _    H» ¡ ¤  ⠖ Ð\  ¦ ` …Ø Ô _  " é ¶ o  [6]\    " f Æ Ò& h  

€

 , Fig. 1(b)\     · p  ü < ° ú  s 

x = z 0 1 + ib 0 1

ib 0 1 x 0 1 (6) _

 › ' a >  $ í w n ô  Ç  [7]. d ” (5)ü < d ” (6)`  ¦  6   x K " f d ”

(4)_  & h ì  r   à º\  ¦ ™ è  €  , F g † < ƀ  \ " f Ï ã J] X (¢ ¸  H ì ø Í



)  ) a Y Us $  F g _    H» ¡ ¤ œ í¨ î €  \ " f ”  ; Ÿ ¤ † < Êà º

U 1 0 (x 0 1 , z 1 0 ) ' A 0 1 exp



− x 2

w 02 1 − x 4 4w 1 02 b 0 1

2

−ik x 04 1 8

(z 1 0 + ib 0 1 ) 4 (ib 0 1 ) 4 S 1



(7)

`

 ¦ % 3   H  . # Œl " f A 0 1 “ É r  © œÃ ºs “ ¦, ω 1 0 “ É r   H» ¡ ¤ œ í& h _  ì ø Í

 â

Ü ¼– Ð" f b 0 1 = n 0 1 πω 1 02 /λ  “ ¦ ¿ º% 3  . » · ¡ ­ # Œ" f

S 1 = Q 3 1

 1 n 03 1 − 1

n 03 1



+ Q 2 1 1 R 1

 1 n 0 1 − 1

n 1

 (8) s

 9

Q 1 = n 0 1

z 0 1 + ib 0 1 − n 0 1 R 1

= n 1 z 1 + ib 1

− n 1 R 1

(9)

s

 . # Œl " f S 1 õ  Q 1 “ É r y Œ •y Œ • { 9 ì ø Í F g‚   F g † < Æ\ " f 4 

½

¨€  à º  > à ºü <  Z … ] j– Ð Ô  ¦  | ¾ Óõ  Ä » † < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 



 [6].

III. 4  | ºX N Ë]  §T  ß Ã Å ; c Q V À W ¥ „ ÇÊ Ý

d ”

(7)\  Å Ò# Q”   4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ós  Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a Y Us $  F g _  ”  

;

Ÿ

¤ † < Êà º  H s  © œ& h “   Ä ºÛ ¼ † < Êà ºü <  Ø Ô . F g † < Æ> \  ¦  â Ä

»ô  Ç Y Us $  F g s  Ä ºÛ ¼ † < Êà º– РÒ'  \ O    # Á # Qz Œ ¤  H t 

\

 ¦   ? /  H ' ‘ • ¸ ™ è0 A ´ ú ˜   H M 2 “   s   [1]. M 2 “  



  H z  ´] j F g _  œ í& h  ì ø Í â õ  µ 1 Ïí ß –y Œ •_  Y  L \  q Y V l  M : ë

 H \  €  $  Y Us $  F g _  / B N ç ß – Å Ò à º ì  r Ÿ í\  ¦ ½ ¨K  ô  Ç .

d ”

(7)\  K { © œ   H 1 l x _  / B N ç ß –Å Ò à º ì  r Ÿ í  H É Òo \  & h  ì

 r

V 1 0 (f x , z 0 1 ) = Z

dx 0 1 U 1 0 (x 0 1 , z 1 0 )exp(−i2πf x x 0 1 ) (10) Ü

¼– Ð   è ­ q à º e ”   H X <, f x   H x ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó / B N ç ß – Å Ò à º\  ¦ _ p  ô

 Ç . 0 Au  x 9 / B N ç ß –Å Ò à º\  @ /ô  Ç 2  — ¸F ' pà Ô\  ¦ y Œ •y Œ •

< x 02 1 >= R dx 0 1 x 02 1 |U 1 0 (x 0 1 , z 0 1 )| 2

R dx 0 1 |U 1 0 (x 0 1 , z 1 0 )| 2 (11)

Fig. 2. The M x 2 factor of a spherically aberrated laser beam reflected by a curved mirror with a radius of cur- vature of R 1 . We let z 1 = 0, λ = 632.8 nm and n 1 = −n 0 1

= 1. The M x 2 factor increases rapidly with increasing ω 1 , and M x 2 for small values of ω 1 .

Õ ªo “ ¦

< f x 2 >= R df x f x 2 |V 1 0 (f x , z 1 0 )| 2

R df x |V 1 0 (f x , z 1 0 )| 2 (12)



“ ¦ ¿ º€  , x~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó M 2 “     H M x 2 = 4π

q

< x 02 1 >< f x 2 > (13) ü

< ° ú  s  & ñ _   ) a  . d ” (7)\ " f 4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó_  % ò † ¾ Ós  Á ºr 

| ¨

c & ñ • ¸– Ð  Œ • €  , Ä ºÛ ¼ † < Êà º\  ] X   H l  M :ë  H \  M x 2 “  



  H 1 s  H † d`  ¦ K $ 3 & h Ü ¼– Ð S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ”  .

Figure 2  H d ” (7)\    H  K " f ½ ¨€  à º \  ¦ ”    Ö  ¦ \  _

K " f ì ø Í   ) a Y Us $  F g _  M x 2 “   \  ¦ { 9   F g _  œ í& h  ì ø Í

 â

ω 1 _  † < Êà º– Ð Ã ºu  > í ß –ô  Ç   õ s  .  Ö  ¦ _  / B GÒ  ¦ ì ø Í â

“

É r R 1 = -10 cm, -20 cm, -40 cm, -100 cm Ü ¼– Ð ¿ º% 3 “ ¦, B

| 9 _  Ï ã J] X Ò  ¦“ É r n 0 1 = −n 1 = −1  “ ¦ ¿ º% 3 Ü ¼ 9, Y Us $  F

g _   © œ“ É r λ = 632.8 nm Õ ªo “ ¦ { 9   F g _  œ í& h  ý a³ ð  H z 1 = 0  “ ¦ & ñ % i  . ω 1 s   Œ •“ É r % ò % i \ " f M x 2 = 1e ” 

`

 ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  . Õ ª s Ä »  H { 9   F g _  ì ø Í â s   Œ •`  ¦  â Ä º, S 

~ ½

ӆ ¾ Ó ý a³ ð_  4  † ½ Ó\  @ /ô  Ç % ò † ¾ Ós  y Œ ™™ è l  M :ë  H s  .

ω 1 s  7 £ x † < Ê\    " f ì ø Í  F g _  M x 2 “     H / å L  y  7 £ x 

†

< Ê`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  . : £ ¤ y , / B GÒ  ¦ ì ø Í â s   Œ •`  ¦ à º2 Ÿ ¤ M x 2 “   _ 



  o  H  8¹ ¡ ¤ & ”   .

Figure 3“ É r ½ ¨€  à º \  ¦ ”   Ï ã J] X €  `  ¦ È Òõ ô  Ç Y Us $  F

g _  M x 2 “   \  ¦ { 9   F g _  œ í& h  ì ø Í â ω 1 _  † < Êà º– Ð Ã ºu 

>

í ß –ô  Ç   õ s  . Ï ã J] X €  _  / B GÒ  ¦ ì ø Í ⠓ É r R 1 = 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 100 cm Ü ¼– Ð ¿ º% 3 “ ¦, B | 9 _  Ï ã J] X Ò  ¦“ É r n 1 = 1 Õ ªo “ ¦ n 0 1 = 1.5  “ ¦ ¿ º% 3 Ü ¼ 9,   É r   à º  H Fig. 2 ü <

1

l x{ 9  >  ¿ º% 3  . ì ø Í €  _   â Ä ºü <  ð ø Ít – Ð Ï ã J] X €  

(4)

F

g † < ƀ  _  ½ ¨€  à º \  _ ô  Ç Y Us $  F g _  M

2

“       o –  © œ à º · Soo Chang -1219-

Fig. 3. The M x 2 factor of a spherically aberrated laser beam refracted by a curved surface with a radius of cur- vature of R 1 . We let z 1 = 0, λ = 632.8 nm, n 1 = 1, and n 0 1 = 1.5. Similar behaviours to the curves in Fig.2 are observed.

`

 ¦ : Ÿ x õ ô  Ç F g _  M x 2 “   • ¸ ω 1 s  7 £ x † < Ê\    " f 1 ˜ Ð  B

Ä º & ”   . Õ ª    o  H Ï ã J] X €  _  / B GÒ  ¦ ì ø Í â s  y Œ ™™ è½ + Éà º 2

Ÿ

¤ / å L  K f ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

{ 9

ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð d ” (7)\  Å Ò# Q”   4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ós  Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a Y U s

$  F g _  œ í¨ î €   † < Êà º  H é ß –{ 9  F g † < ƀ  `  ¦  â Ä »   H õ & ñ

\

" f µ 1 ÏÒ q t ) a F g _  M x 2 “       o\  ¦   & ñ   H X <  6   x| ¨ c Ã

º e ”  .

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

‘

: r  7 Hë  H \ " f Ä ºo   H F g † < ƀ  _  ½ ¨€  à º  Y Us $  F g _  M x 2 “   \  p u   H % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ì  r$ 3  % i  . €  $  é ß –{ 9  F g † < Æ

€

 `  ¦ : Ÿ x ô  Ç 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€   _  „    õ & ñ `  ¦ á ÔY U3 A q-v Ø Ôy   

ñá Ô  r] X  / B Nd ” Ü ¼– Ð l Õ ü t % i  . 4 Ÿ ¤ ™ è& h  ½ ¨€     H Ä º Û

¼+ þ A Y Us $  F g \  @ /ô  Ç — ¸Ž  H “ ¦  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ó`  ¦ Ÿ í† < Ê “ ¦ e ”  l

 M :ë  H \  S ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó ý a³ ð_  4  † ½ Ó t  “ ¦ 9K " f  r] X F g

\

 @ /ô  Ç F g‚   F g † < Æ& h    H  K \  ¦ ½ ¨Ù þ ¡ . ½ ¨€  à º  Ÿ í† < Ê

 )

a   H  K \  ¦  „ ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð Y Us $  F g _  M x 2 “   \  ¦ à ºu & h Ü ¼

–

Ð > í ß – % i  . { 9   F g _  ì ø Í â õ  F g † < ƀ  _  / B GÒ  ¦ s  7 £ x 

½

+ Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ M x 2 “     H / å L  y  7 £ x † < Ê`  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  .

‘

: r  7 Hë  H \ " f Ä »• ¸  ) a 4  ˜ Ð& ñ † ½ Ós  Ÿ í† < ʝ ) a Y Us $  F g _ 

œ

í¨ î €   † < Êà º  H é ß –{ 9  F g † < ƀ  `  ¦  â Ä »   H õ & ñ \ " f µ 1 ÏÒ q t

 )

a F g _  M x 2 “       o\  ¦   & ñ   H X <  6   x| ¨ c à º e ”  .

P

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[1] A. E. Siegman, Proc. SPIE 1224, 2 (1990).

[2] A. E. Siegman, Appl. Opt. 32, 5893 (1993).

[3] G. A. Deschamps, Electron. Lett. 7, 6845 (1971).

[4] M. Couture and P. A. Belanger, Phys. Rev. A 24, 355 (1981).

[5] M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics (Perga- mon, Oxford, 1980), p. 378.

[6] W. T. Welford, Aberrations of Optical Systems (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1986), pp.15-16, 130-140.

[7] S. Chang, Optik, to be submitted (2010).

수치

Fig. 1. (a) Gaussian beams before and after a spherical boundary with a radius of curvature of R 1 , and (b) the CSPSW’s (complex-source-point spherical waves)  equiv-alent to the Gaussian beams
Fig. 2. The M x 2 factor of a spherically aberrated laser beam reflected by a curved mirror with a radius of  cur-vature of R 1
Fig. 3. The M x 2 factor of a spherically aberrated laser beam refracted by a curved surface with a radius of  cur-vature of R 1

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