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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(1)1

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(1)

1 1 ‒ Florence Nightingale Saving Lives with Statistics

KAKAO : 오답노트

When you think of Florence Nightingale you probably picture a lady with a lamp taking care of injured and ill soldiers Her compassion for these people was clearly seen through her acts On the other hand her passion for statistics as a way to save people s lives is not well known to many people 

In October 1853 the conflict between Russia and an alliance of European countries turned into a war in the Turkish region known as Crimea The war lasted from October 1853 to March 1856 and resulted in large numbers of deaths and injuries Hoping to contribute her skills to help the British troops fighting in the Crimean War Nightingale accepted a nursing position at an army base in Scutari Turkey in 1854

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(2)

1 2 Florence Nightingale Saving Lives with Statistics

KAKAO : 오답노트

Upon her arrival at the base in Scutari Nightingale realized how difficult it would be to provide proper medical care at the base Essential supplies such as food basic furniture and blankets were not sufficient and sometimes nonexistent Patients had to deal with inadequate sanitation which was worsened by exposure to rats and fleas 

Furthermore the medical records were extremely disorganized That was because none of the hospitals were using the same reporting system as any of the others Each hospital had a different system of naming and classifying diseases and even the number of deaths was not accurate Thus Nightingale dedicated herself not only to serving the needs of the injured and ill soldiers directly but also to improving the record keeping of the hospitals She introduced the practice of recording the cause of each death in a uniform manner which had not been done previously 

After witnessing many tragic deaths during the war Nightingale knew that the only way to prevent unnecessary deaths was to improve sanitary conditions in army hospitals Therefore she decided to persuade army officials and politicians that widespread sanitation reform was necessary With the help of William Farr a leading statistician at the time Nightingale made a number of reports based on the information she had gathered during the war She knew that her message might easily get lost in a long list of tables So in an attempt to communicate the information in a more effective way she developed a unique graph the polar area graph

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(3)

1 3 Florence Nightingale Saving Lives with Statistics

KAKAO : 오답노트

The polar area graph presented a great deal of information about the causes of death of British soldiers in Crimea at a glance Each of the twelve sectors displayed on the graph represented a different month The size of the sector showed how many deaths occurred that month with the largest sectors indicating the months with the highest death rates Within each sector three colors were used to show the cause of death The blue section represented deaths attributed to infectious diseases like cholera The pink section showed deaths caused by wounds most of which were received in combat Black stood for deaths caused by anything other than diseases or wounds

1 4 Florence Nightingale Saving Lives with Statistics

   Nightingale analyzed this data and tried to figure out ways to lower the number of deaths For example she made efforts to improve air flow in hospitals and develop safer ways to process sewage during the war Her efforts resulted in a sharp drop in deaths caused by contagious diseases This can be seen on the graph in the months where the blue section nearly disappears

 Through her graphs Nightingale effectively demonstrated the substantial impact that contagious diseases had on the soldiers in the army hospital In fact infectious disease would have wiped out the entire army if the trend had continued By showing her message in such a clear way however she was able to convince people that a large number of deaths could be prevented As a consequence sanitation procedures used by hospitals underwent extensive reforms and the number of preventable deaths decreased sharply Thanks to her effective tools of communication she made a crucial and lasting impact in the fields of both medicine and statistics

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(4)

2 1 ‒ Gestures across the Globe

KAKAO : 오답노트

Imagine that you are abroad and you are looking for a restroom The problem is you don t speak the language What would you do in this situation You would probably try to use your hands arms face head or any other parts of your body to deliver your message When you encounter a language barrier gestures are an obvious alternative to illustrate your points These movements may seem like the simplest way to communicate but a gesture in one culture might not have the same meaning as that gesture in another culture In other words your gestures may seem like nonsense to others so they might think you are weird On some occasions they might feel offended by your gestures even if you didn t mean to cause offense

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(5)

2 2 Gestures across the Globe

KAKAO : 오답노트

For instance nodding your head means yes in most cultures but you should be cautious because this is not universal In Turkey Greece and Bulgaria a head nod actually means no In Japan it carries another meaning A nod given by a Japanese person signifies that he or she is listening and wants you to continue speaking Even if the Japanese person does not agree with your opinion he or she will still nod to keep the conversation going This can be a source of misunderstanding when the speaker thinks a nod means I agree with you but it actually means I want to hear more 



The movements themselves are not the only thing that can vary across cultures The frequency with which a person uses gestures is also influenced by his or her culture Exaggerated gestures for emphasis and explanations are common in certain cultures For example people in France Spain and Italy have a tendency to use a lot of gestures when speaking In fact hand gestures are so important for Italians that they might even pull off the road while driving to continue a conversation It is nearly impossible for them to talk without using their hands

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lesson 4. Deliver Your Voice(6)

2 3 Gestures across the Globe

KAKAO : 오답노트

  On the contrary there are many cultures where the use of gestures is highly restricted Speakers in England Germany and some other northern European countries seem stiff and frozen compared to their southern neighbors In some parts of East Asia body movement is kept to a minimum as a sign of politeness In fact excessive gestures can be considered aggressive in these cultures Owing to these differences these people may consider those who use a lot of gestures to be rude and lack self control On the other hand those who use many gestures may find those who don t dull and restrained 

Effective communication is not just about verbal communication but also about the gestures we use Making mere assumptions about a person s intentions based on gestures can cause misunderstandings if we do not take into account the person s cultural background Hence understanding cultural differences in gesture use can help us improve communication and avoid confusion or offense

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