Injury in agriculture is a serious public health issue with a major impact on the lives of Korean farmers. It is one of the leading causes of death and is also a major cause of long- and short-term disability. In 2001, the social cost of one accident in agricultural machinery was estimated as 97.7-97.8 million won that is 4 fold of farm household income in Korea.
Effective prevention and control of injuries requires a system of surveillance that monitors the incidence of injuries, their causes, treatment and outcomes. This requires an integrated system of data collection, analysis and interpretation and communication. Creating effective injury surveillance system in Korea requires to establish a framework for a national agenda.
Discussions regarding the development of the framework should address, but not be limited to issues related to Data Holdings and Linkages; Capacity and Skills; Communication;
Interconnection; and Surveillance Products. Ideally, an injury surveillance system would meet the information requirements across all sectors, while allowing each to have the ongoing information it needs for its policy and programming needs.
This study was carried out to develop a surveillance system of agricultural injuries in Korea. Study subjects were residents who lived in a typical agricultural area (Yangpyung area in Kyung-gi province). The main data sources were reports of village headmen, compared with data of 'National Emergency Management Agency', 'National Health Insurance Corporation', 'Insurance of National Agricultural Cooperative', and 'Emergency Medical Centers'. Each data were reviewed to validate the strengths and weaknesses.
Key words : Injury, Agriculture, Surveillance system
농작업재해감시체계개발
ἶ㨂㤆, ῢ㑲㺂, ₖἓ⧖1 ), 㧊ἓ㑯1 ), 㧻㦖㻶2 ), ῢ㡗㭖3 ), ⮮㔏䢎4 ), 㧊㑮㰚, ㏷㨂㻶 䞲㟧╖䞯ᾦ 㦮ὒ╖䞯 ㌆㠛㦮䞯ᾦ㔺, ⏣㽢㰚䦻㼃 ⏣㽢㧦㤦Ṳ㡆ῂ㏢1 ),
㑲㻲䟻╖䞯ᾦ 㦮ὒ╖䞯 ㌆㠛㦮䞯ᾦ㔺2 ), 䞲Ⱂ╖䞯ᾦ㎇㕂⼧㤦 ㌆㠛㦮䞯ὒ3 ), ṫ㌒㎇⼧㤦 ㌆㠛㦮䞯ὒ4 )
A study on the Development of Surveillance System for Agricultural Injuries in Korea
Jae-Woo Koh, Soon-Chan Kwon, Kyung-Ran Kim1 ), Kyung-Suk Lee1 ), Eun-Chul Jang2 ), Young-Jun Kwon3 ), Seung-Ho Ryu4 ), Soo-Jin Lee, Jae-Chul Song D e p a rtment of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University
Rural Resources Development Institute, NIAST, RDA, Kore a1) , Department of Occupational and E n v i ronmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University2 ), Department of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital3 ) D e p a rtment of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital4 )
ABSTRACT
J Agri Med & Community Health 2 0 0 7 ; 3 2 ( 3 ) : 1 3 9 ~ 1 5 3
* ᾦ㔶㩖㧦: ㏷㨂㻶, ㍲㤎䔏⼚㔲 ㎇☯ῂ 䟟╏☯ 1 7⻞㰖, 㩚䢪: 0 2 - 2 2 2 0 - 0 6 6 3 E-mail: j s o n g @ h a n y a n g . a c . k r
昢 嵦
⏣㠛㦖 㥚䠮䞲 㰗㠛ῆ㦮 䞮⋮⪲ ㌆㠛㨂䟊 ⶎ㩲㦮 㭒㣪 ὖ㕂╖㌗ ㌆㠛㧊┺[1]. 䔏䧞 ⏣₆ Ἒ⽊ 䢫╖ ❇ ⏣㠛㡂Ị㦮 ⼖䢪⪲ 㧎䞲 㧧㠛
╊ṫ䢪㢖 㥚䠮䞲 㧧㠛䢮ἓ㦮 㯳Ṗ⪲ ⏣㠛㧎 㦮 㰗㠛㎇ 㨂䟊 ㌳㧊 㯳Ṗ䞮ἶ 㧞┺[2]. 䔏 䧞 ㏦㌗㧊 㭧㣪䞲 ⏣㠛㧎㦮 Ịṫⶎ㩲⪲ ╖⚦
♮ἶ 㧞㦒⋮[3-8], 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒㦮 ἓ㤆 ㌳㟧㌗
㧊⋮ 㤦㧎㩗 㩧⁒㠦 䞚㣪䞲 㼊ἚṖ 㠜㠊 㔺䌲 㫆㹾 㩲╖⪲ 䕢㞛♮㠊 㧞㰖 㞠┺.
㰗㠛㎇ 㰞䢮㦮 ἓ㩲㩗 ㏦㔺 ′⳾⓪ 1 1㫆 4㻲 Ⱒ 㤦(㌆㨂⽊㌗⁞㦮 4⺆)㦒⪲ 㿪㩫♮Ⳇ, ⏣㠛 㠦㍲㦮 㨂䟊㥾㦖 㩚㼊 ㌆㠛 䘟‶ 㨂䟊㥾㦮 1 . 4
⺆⋮ ♮₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 ⏣㠛㠦㍲㦮 ㏦㔺 ′⳾☚ ㌗
╏䞶 ộ㦒⪲ 㿪㩫♲┺[9]. ▪㤇㧊 ⏎☯㠦㍲
䚲䞮⓪ ㌆㨂㣪㟧 㧦⬢⓪ ₆㠛㡗⏣ ⡦⓪ ⏣ 㠛ὒ ὖ⩾♲ 㩲㫆㠛㫛㧊 ╖㦚 㹾㰖䞮₆
➢ⶎ㠦 㔺㩲 ἓ㧧 ⏣㠛㧎㦮 㨂䟊㥾㦚 㩲╖⪲
㡗䞲┺ἶ 䞶 㑮 㠜┺. Kang[10]㦮 㡆ῂ㠦 㦮 䞮Ⳋ, ⏣₆Ἒ㌂ἶ Ị╏ 㽳 ゚㣿㦖 9 7 7 0 - 9 7 7 6Ⱒ 㤦㦒⪲ ⏣Ṗ㏢✳㦮 4⺆㠦 䟊╏䞲┺. ⁎☯㞞 4
╖ ㌂䣢⽊㧻㩲☚ 㭧 ㌆㨂ὖⰂ㼊Ἒ㠦㍲ ⏣㠛㧎 㦖 㩲㣎♮㠊 㢪㦒⋮, 2004⎚ 6㤪㠦 㔲䟟♲⏣
Ⱂ㠊㠛㧎㌌㦮㰞䟻㌗⏣㌆㠊㽢㰖㡃Ṳ㽟㰚㠦 ὖ䞲䔏⼚⻫ૹ㠦㍲ ⏣Ⱂ㠊㠛㧎 㠛ⶊ㌗㨂䟊 㡞, 䂮⬢, ὖⰂ㠦 ὖ䞲 ῃṖ㰖㤦㦚 ῂ㼊㩗㦒⪲ ⳛ 㔲䞾㦒⪲㖾 ⏣㠛㧎㦮 㨂䟊㠦 ╖䞲 ὖ㕂㧊 㯳 Ṗ䞮ἶ 㧞┺.
㣎ῃ㠦㍲⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㏦㌗㠦 ╖䞲 ┺㟧䞲 㡃䞯 㡆ῂṖ 㑮䟟♮ἶ 㧞㦒Ⳇ[11-29], ῃṖ㩗㧎 ⏣ 㧧㠛㏦㌗ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 㤊㡗䞮ἶ 㧞┺. 㣎ῃ㦮
⏣㧧㠛㏦㌗ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 䡚䢿㦚 ⽊Ⳋ, 䃦⋮┺㠦㍲
⓪ 1996⎚䎆 ῃṖ㹾㤦㦮 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㧎 Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance P r o g r a m ( C A I S P )㦚 㤊㡗䞮ἶ 㧞ἶ, ⹎ῃ㠦㍲⓪ 䂮ⳛ㩗㧎 ㏦㌗ὒ 䂮ⳛ㩗㧊㰖 㞠㦖 ㏦㌗㦒⪲
⋮ 㠊 Census of Fatal Occupational I n j u r i e s ( C F O I )㢖 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses(SOII)⯒ 㤊㡗䞮ἶ 㧞㦒Ⳇ, 㡗ῃ㠦
㍲⓪ ⽊Ị㞞㩚㼃(Health and Safety Executive, HSE) 㭒ὖ㦒⪲ ⏣㧧㠛㏦㌗ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 㤊㡗 䞮ἶ 㧞┺. Ⳋ, ῃ⌊㠦㍲⓪ ⏣₆Ἒ㌂ἶ㠦 ╖ 䞲 ⳝⳝ 㫆㌂Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㪢㦚 ㈦[30-33], 㩚㩗 㧎 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 㔺䌲㫆㌂ ῃṖ㩗 䐋ἚṖ 㫇䞲 㔺㩫㧊┺.
➆⧒㍲ 㧊⻞ 㡆ῂ⓪ ⏣㧧㠛ὒ ὖ⩾♲ ㏦㌗
㦚 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⳾◎㦚 Ṳ䞮㡂 㧒 ⏣㽢㰖㡃㦚 ╖㌗㦒⪲ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䞾㦒⪲
㖾 Ṧ㔲㧦⬢ 㑮㰧㼊Ἒ⯒ 䘟Ṗ䞮ἶ 㤆Ⰲ 㔺㩫 㠦 ⰴ⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 ⳾◎㦚 㩲㔲 䞮ἶ㧦 䞮㡖┺.
堆旇 愕 愯憛
1. 儖柢微塾 昪凊 1) ㍺Ἒ㦮 ἶ⩺㌂䟃
Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 ╖㌗ 㰞⼧㦖 ⽊Ị䞯㩗 㭧㣪㎇㦚 ἶ⩺䞮㡂 ㍶㩫䞲┺. 㼁㱎, ┺ゞ☚ 㰞⼧, 㭧㯳 㰞⼧, ゚㣿㩞Ṧ䣾ὒ, 㡞 Ṗ⓻䞲 㰞⼧, 㭒㥚㠦
╖䞲 㡗䟻㦚 ἶ⩺䞲┺. ⚮㱎, 㔲⻪Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㰖 㡃㦚 ㍶㩫䞮⓪◆ 㧞㠊 㥶䟊㣪㧎 䙃⪲㰖㡃, 㯟
⏣㽢㰖㡃㠦 ╖䞲 㰖㡃㌂䣢 ⽊Ị₆ὖ㦮 䡧 㫆, 㩧⁒㎇ ❇㦚 ἶ⩺䞲┺. ㎡㱎, ㌳⮶ ❇ ⳿ 㩗㠦 䞿䞮⓪ 㰖䚲⯒ ㍺㩫䞮ἶ ὖ⩾㣪㧎(⏣
㧧㠛㣪㧎, ゚⏣㧧㠛㣪㧎)㦚 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞☚⪳
䞲┺.
2) ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 ⻫⪶ Ṳ
Ṧ㔲 㧦⬢⓪ 2㹾 㧦⬢(ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮㧦⬢, ㌂ ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ㧦⬢ ❇)⯒ 㧊㣿䞲 ἓ㤆㢖 ⏣㧧㠛 㨂䟊 䡚䢿㦚 䐋䟊 㰗㩧 䢫㧎♲ 㧦⬢⯒ 㧊㣿䞲 ἓ㤆Ṗ 㧞㦒⋮, 㔺㩲⪲ ⚦ Ṗ㰖 ⳾⚦⯒ 䢲㣿䟊 㟒 䞶 Ṗ⓻㎇㧊 ⏨┺.
3) 䢮⪖㦮 ⽊ἶ 䡫䌲
䢮⪖㦮 ⽊ἶ 䡫䌲⓪ Ṳ⼚ 䢮⪖Ṗ ㌳䞶 ➢ Ⱎ┺ ⽊ἶ䞮Ệ⋮ 㧒㩫₆Ṛ㦮 㽳 䢮⪖⽊ἶ, ⡦
⓪ 㰧┾㦒⪲ 㥶䟟䞶 ἓ㤆 ⽊ἶ䞶 㑮 㧞┺. ⏣ 㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 ἓ㤆 㧒㩫₆Ṛ㦮 㽳 䢮⪖⯒ ⽊ἶ
䞮⓪ 㔳㧊 㩗㩞䞲 ⻫㧒 ộ㧊┺.
4) 㰖㡃ὖⰂ㼊Ἒ㦮 ῂ㎇
㰖㡃㦮 ⏣㧧㠛 ⽊Ịὖ⩾₆ὖ 㧎⩻㦮 㩗⁏㩗 㺎㡂㢖 ὖⰂ⯒ 㥚䞮㡂 㰖㡃ὖⰂ㼊Ἒ⯒
ῂ㎇䞮㡂㟒 䞲┺.
5) ⽊ἶ㤦 ⍺䔎㤢䋂 ῂ㎇
㧦⬢⯒ ⽊ἶ䞶 ⽊ἶ㧦 ⡦⓪ ⽊ἶ₆ὖ㦖 Ⱎ 㦚㭒⹒, ⼧㦮㤦, 㦧 㔺, 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆, 119 ㏢
㍲, ⽊Ị㏢, ⽊Ị㰖㏢, ⽊Ị㰚⬢㏢, ῃ⹒Ịṫ
⽊䠮Ὃ┾, ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲㫆䞿㧊 ╖㌗㧊 ♲┺.
6) 㔲⻪㤊㡗
㔲⻪㤊㡗㦖 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 ⳿䚲, ㍺Ἒ, 㤊㡗㌗㦮 ⶎ㩲㩦㦚 ☚㿲䞮₆ 㥚䞲 ┾Ἒ㧊┺. 㧊 ὒ㩫㦮 䘟Ṗ⯒ 䐋䟊 ╂㎇ Ṗ⓻䞲 ⳿䚲⯒ 㨂㍺㩫䞮ἶ,
ἂ♲ ⶎ㩲㩦㦚 㑮㩫䞮㡂 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒㦮 㔺㩫㠦 ⰴ⓪ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⳾◎㦚 Ṳ䞮ἶ ῗ⁏㩗㦒⪲
㞞㩫♲ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 㩫㹿㔲䌂 㑮 㧞┺.
7) Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 䘟Ṗ
㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䐋䟊 㠑㠊㰚 㧦⬢㠦 ╖䞮㡂 ㌆ 㠛㦮䞯, 㡃䞯 ❇ ὖ⩾㩚ⶎṖ㦮 䏶⪶㦚 䐋䞮㡂 ṗ 㧦⬢㤦㦮 㰞㦚 䘟Ṗ䞲┺.
2. 儖柢熺凊 柢憚殺欇
1) Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⻫⪶ Ṳ
Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ 㧦⬢㑮㰧 ₆㩚㠦 ➆⧒ 㑮☯㩗 Ṧ㔲㢖 ⓻☯㩗 Ṧ㔲⪲ 㧊⬾㠊㰖⓪◆, 㧊⻞ 㔲
⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲⓪ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲(㧊㧻)Ṗ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒
✺㧊 㧧㎇䞲 Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲⯒ 㰗㩧 㑮Ệ䞮㡂 ⽊ ἶ䞮⓪ 㑮☯㩗 Ṧ㔲⯒ 㭧㕂㦒⪲ ῂ㎇䞮㡖ἶ, 㧦⬢㦮 㢚ἆ㎇㦚 ⏨㧊₆ 㥚䟊 ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮,
㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮, ㌂ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ, 㦮ⶊ₆⪳, ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖, ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲(⏣㠛㧎㞞㩚Ὃ㩲, ⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲)㧦⬢㢖 ṯ㦖 ₆㫊㦮 㧦⬢⯒ 㧊㣿䞮
⓪ ⓻☯㩗 Ṧ㔲⯒ 䞾℮ 䢲㣿䞮㡖┺.
2) ╖㌗ 㰞⼧㦮 ㍶㩫 䢮⪖㩫㦮
╖㌗ 㰞⼧㦒⪲⓪ ㏦㌗, 㭧☛ ⏣㧧㠛 ὖ⩾
┺ゞ☚ ㌗⼧㦚 ἶ⩺䞮㡂 2 0 0 4⎚ 1㤪 1㧒䎆 2 0 0 4⎚ 1 2㤪 3 1㧒₢㰖 1⎚ ☯㞞 ⏣㧧㠛ὒ ὖ⩾
䞮㡂 ㌳䞲 ㏦㌗㦒⪲ 䞲㩫䞮㡖┺. ⁎Ⰲἶ˄ ⏣
₆Ἒ(ἓ㤊₆, 䔎⧯䎆, 䆺㧎 ❇)⋮ ⏣₆ῂ(㏦
㡆㧻, 䕢㤢㡆㧻 ❇)㠦 㦮䟊 ㏦㌗㦚 ⓪ ἓ㤆
⡦⓪ 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ 㿪⧓/㩚☚䞮Ệ⋮, Ṗ㿫㠦Ợ ⶒⰂ⓪ ❇ ⏣㧧㠛 ☚㭧 ㌳䞮⓪ ⳾✶ ⏣㧧㠛
㏦㌗ 㭧 1㹾 㦮⬢₆ὖ 㧊㌗㠦㍲ 㰚⬢⯒ 㦖 㧦˅⯒ 䢮⪖⪲ 㩫㦮䞮㡖⓪◆ 㧊⓪ ┺⯎ Ṧ㔲㼊 Ἒ⯒ 䐋䟊 䢫⽊䞲 㧦⬢✺ὒ ゚ᾦ Ṗ⓻䞮☚⪳
䞮₆ 㥚䞾㧊┺. ⏣㧧㠛 ☚㭧 ㌳䞮⓪ ⳾✶ ⏣ 㧧㠛 ㏦㌗㦮 ⻪㥚⓪ 䚲 1ὒ ṯ┺.
⏣㧧㠛ὒ ὖ⩾䞮㡂 ᾦ䐋㑮┾ 㧊㣿 㔲 ㌳
䚲 1. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ╖㌗ 㨂䟊
㏦㌗㤦㧎 ㏦㌗₆㩚
⏣₆Ἒ* ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋, ₆Ἒ 㥚㠦㍲㦮 㿪⧓, ₆Ἒ ㌂㧊㠦 ⋢, ₆Ἒ㠦 ₪Ⱂ,
₆Ἒ 䣢㩚㠦 ⰦⰒ ❇㠦 㦮䞲 ㏦㌗, 㧦☯㹾㢖 㿿☢ ❇
⏣₆ῂ ₆ῂ㠦 㦮䞲 㧦㌗, 㡊㌗ ❇
㿪⧓/㩚☚ 㧧㠛㧻 ┻㠦 㝆⩂㰦, Ỏ⩺㍲ ⍮㠊㰦, ⏨㦖 Ὁ, ⋮ⶊ㠦㍲ ⟾㠊㰦
Ṗ㿫 ⶒⰒ, 㹾㧚, Ṗ㿫㥚㠦㍲㦮 㿪⧓
㭧☛ ⏣㟓, ₆䌖䢪䞯㟓䛞, 㞷㼊(゚䢪䞯㟓䛞)㠦 㦮䞲 ㏦㌗
₆䌖 ἶ㩫♮Ệ⋮ 㤖㰗㧊⓪ ⶒ㼊㠦 㦮䞲 ㏦㌗, 㩚₆, ⻢⩞/Ἲ㿿
* ⏣₆Ἒ : ἓ㤊₆, 䔎⧯䎆, 䆺㧎, ☯⩻ 㡞䀾₆, ᾦ䐋㑮┾ ❇ ⏣㧧㠛㠦 ㌂㣿♮⓪ ₆䌖 ₆Ἒ✺
⏣₆ῂ : 䕢㤢㡆㧻, ㏦㡆㧻 ⏣₆Ἒ⯒ 㩲㣎䞲 䔏㧊䞲 㧻゚✺
䞲 ㏦㌗㦮 ἓ㤆 ⏣₆Ἒ㠦 㦮䞲 ㏦㌗㠦 䙂䞾㔲 䆆㦒Ⳇ, ⏣₆Ἒ⪲ 㧊☯㔲 ☚⪲ ❇㠦㍲ 㧦☯㹾 㢖㦮 㿿☢ὒ ṯ㦖 ᾦ䐋㌂ἶ ❇☚ ㏦㌗㠦 䙂䞾 䞮㡖┺.
3) ╖㌗㰖㡃㦮 ㍶㩫
䡧㫆㩫☚, 㩧⁒☚ ❇㦚 ἶ⩺䞮㡂 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㔲⻪㰖㡃㦚 ㍶㩫䞮㡖┺. 㔲⻪㰖㡃㦒⪲⓪ ⏣㠛 㧎 ⳛ㠦 㦮䞲 ⏣⹒䙂Ṗ 8 7 . 7 %⯒ 㹾㰖䞮ἶ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦 ╖䞲 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㦮 㰖 㰖Ṗ ⏨㞮▮ ἓ₆☚ 㟧䘟ῆ㦮 㧒ṲⳊ 㰖㡃㦚
㍶㩫䞮㡖┺.
4) 㫆㌂⌊㣿㦮 䢫㩫
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 䐋䞮㡂 㤦㧎 ′ⳛ㦚 䞶 㑮 㧞☚⪳ 㫆㌂ ⌊㣿㦖 䚲 2㢖 ṯ㧊 ῂ㎇
䞮㡖┺.
5) 䢮⪖⽊ἶ⻫
⽊ἶ ⻫㦖 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲Ṗ 㑮Ệ䞲 Ṧ㔲⽊
ἶ㍲⯒ 㤆䘎㦒⪲ ⽊ἶ䞮⓪ 㔳㦚 㭒⪲ 䢲㣿 䞮㡖ἶ, ⽊ἶ㦮 ⧓㧊 ㌳䞮㰖 㞠☚⪳ ⽊ἶ Ṗ ⓼⓪ ἓ㤆, 㰗㩧 㔲⻪㰖㡃㦮 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲
⯒ ⶎ䞮㡂 Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲⯒ 㑮Ệ䞮㡖┺. 䔏䧞, 㨂䟊㧦㦮 Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲ 㧧㎇㧊 ⹎゚䞲 ἓ㤆 㨂 䟊㧦㢖 㰗㩧 㩚䢪䐋䢪⯒ 䞮㡂 㢚㎇䞮㡖┺.
6) ⽊ἶ㤦 ⍺䔎㤢䋂 ῂ㎇
㰖㡃㦮 㔺㩫㠦 ἶ ⼧㤦 䂮⬢⯒ 㦚 㩫☚
㦮 ㏦㌗㦚 㧛㦖 㰖㡃㭒⹒㠦 ╖䞲 䕢㞛㧊 ゚ᾦ 㩗 㓂㤊 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⯒ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㦮 䟋㕂㩗㧎 ⽊ἶ㤦㦒⪲ ㍶㩫䞮㡖┺. 䢮⪖㩫㦮 㠦 ➆⧒ ⽊Ị㏢, ⼧㦮㤦㦚 䙂䞾䞲 㦧 㦮⬢㎒
䎆⯒ 㭧㣪䞲 ⽊ἶ㤦㦒⪲ ㍶㩫䞮㡖ἶ, ⏣㧧㠛㨂 䟊Ṗ ㌳䞶 ἓ㤆 㦧 ㌗䢿㧊 Ⱔ㧊 ㌳䞶 㑮 㧞₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 Ṗ㧻 㔶㏣䞮Ợ ╖㦧䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ 1 1 9㏢㍲ 㡃㔲 㭧㣪䞲 ⽊ἶ㤦㦒⪲ ㍶㩫䞮㡖
┺. ⁎Ⰲἶ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 ′⳾㢖 㕂ṗ㎇㦚 䕢 㞛䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮Ὃ┾(Ịṫ⽊䠮㧦
⬢), ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲(⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲㧦⬢, ⏣₆Ἒ 㫛 䞿Ὃ㩲㧦⬢), ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮(㌆㨂⽊㌗㧦
⬢), 䐋Ἒ㼃(㌂ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ㧦⬢)㦚 ⽊ἶ㤦㦒⪲
㍶㩫䞮㡖┺. 㧊⻞ 㡆ῂ㠦㍲ ㌂ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ㧦⬢
⓪ 䢮⪖㩫㦮㠦㍲ ⻭㠊⋮⸖⪲ 㩲㣎䞮㡖┺.
7) ⽊ἶ㤦 ᾦ㥷
2 0 0 5⎚ 9㤪 Ὃ㼃䣢⯒ Ⱎ⩾䞮㡂 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲 㠦Ợ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㠦 ╖䞲 ₆⽎Ṳ⎦ὒ 㕂ṗ㎇㦚 ᾦ㥷䞮㡖ἶ, 㑮㹾⪖ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲䣢㦮⯒ 䐋䟊
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㠦 ╖䞲 䢮⪖ 㩫㦮㢖 ⽊ἶ⻫㦚 ᾦ㥷䞮ἶ Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲㧧㎇㠦 ╖䞲 㔺㔋㦚 㔺㔲 䞮㡖┺. ⡦䞲 㞞⌊ 㧦⬢⯒ ⺆䙂䞮㡂 Ṗ㩗㧎 ᾦ㥷䣾ὒ⯒ ☚⳾䞮㡖┺.
8) Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 䘟Ṗ
㍺Ἒ♲ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 䌫㦒⪲ 2 0 0 4⎚ 1㤪 1㧒
䎆 2 0 0 4⎚ 1 2㤪 3 1㧒₢㰖 1⎚ ☯㞞 ㌳䞲
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 ㌳㩫☚⯒ 㫆㌂䞮㡂 㧦⬢㤦㦮 ㎇ ỿ㦚 䕢㞛䞮ἶ 㢚ἆ㎇, 㔶⬆㎇, 㩫䢫㎇㦚 䘟Ṗ 䞮㡖┺. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㠦 ╖䞲 䘟Ṗ⌊㣿 㦖 䚲 3ὒ ṯ┺.
冶 刂
1. 嚓沗櫋沲空 儖柢熺凊 柢憚殺欇冶刂 㧊⻞ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲⓪ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲, 㦧 㦮 䚲 2. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 㫆㌂⌊㣿
⮮ 㫆㌂⌊㣿
㧎ῂ䞯㩗 䔏㎇ ⋮㧊, ㎇⼚, Ệ㭒㰖
⏣㧧㠛 䔏㎇ ⏣㧧㠛 ⮮, 㧧㠛⨟, ⏣㠛㧎 ⮮
㏦㌗ 㭧☛ 䔏㎇ ㏦㌗ 㤦㧎, ㏦㌗ 㥚, ㏦㌗ 㩫☚
㦮⬢ 㧊㣿 䔏㎇ 㧊☯⻫, 䂮⬢䡫䌲, 䂮⬢ 㦮⬢₆ὖ, 㦮⬢゚, ⽊㌗ 㡂 㑮㭖
⬢㎒䎆, 119㏢㍲, ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮㧊 㭒♲ ⽊ἶ 㤦㧊㠞┺. Ṳ㧎⼚ 㧎㩗㌂䟃㠦 ╖䞲 ῂ㼊㩗㧎 㩫⽊⯒ 㞢 㑮Ṗ 㠜㠞▮ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮㧦⬢⯒
㩲㣎䞲 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲, 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆, 119㏢㍲
㠦 㦮䞲 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 1 1Ị㠦 ╖䟊㍲ ṗ ⽊ἶ㤦
⼚⪲ ☚㔳䢪䞮㡖┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㠦㍲ ⽊ἶ♲
䢮⪖Ṗ 1 1Ị, 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆㠦㍲ ⽊ἶ♲ 䢮⪖Ṗ 1Ị, 119 ㏢㍲㠦㍲ ⽊ἶ♲ 䢮⪖Ṗ 1Ị㧊㠞┺.
Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲Ṗ ⽊ἶ䞲 䢮⪖ 1 1Ị 㭧 1 0Ị㦖 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⯒ 䐋䟊 ⽊ἶ♮㠞ἶ, 1Ị㦖 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆 㦮ⶊ₆⪳㦚 㡃㿪㩗 䞮㡂 ⽊ἶ♮㠞┺
(⁎Ⱂ 1 ) . 䚲 3. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㠦 ╖䞲 䘟Ṗ⌊㣿
䘟Ṗ㦮 㹿㞞㩦 㻯☚
㹿㞞㌂䟃 㻯☚(㩦㑮)
•⏣㠛㧎 DB ῂ㿫 㡂 ⏣㠛㧎 DB ╖䚲㎇
•⏣㠛㧎 㨂䟊 䡚䢿 䕢㞛 ⏣㠛㧎 㨂䟊 䡚䢿
•⏣㠛㧎 㨂䟊 㩫☚ ゚ᾦ ⏣㠛㧎 㨂䟊㦮 ㌆㠛⼚ ゚ᾦ
•⏣㧧㠛 㨂䟊 㰖㡃 㫆㌂ 㨂䟊 㰖㡃㫆㌂ ⻫㦮 䌖╏㎇
•㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⻫⪶ 㰖㡃㫆㌂ ἆὒ㦮 䌖╏㎇
㨂䟊Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⻫⪶㦮 䌖╏㎇
•㨂䟊Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㔲⻪㤊㡗 䘟Ṗ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ἆὒ㦮 䌖╏㎇
•䚲㭖 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㞞 㩲㔲 䚲㭖 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㞞㦮 㩗㣿 Ṗ⓻㎇
•㨂䟊Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ 䐋䟊 㨂䟊 䡚䢿 䕢㞛 㡂 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㤊㡗 ἆὒ㦮 䌖╏㎇
⁎Ⱂ 1. ⽊ἶ㤦⼚ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 䢮⪖ ┺㧊㠊⁎⧾
1) Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⪲䎆 㑮㰧♲ Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲
㍳
㔲⻪㰖㡃㦖 ⏣㠛㧎 ゚㥾㧊 8 7 . 7 %⪲ ㌗╏䧞
⏨㦖 㰖㡃㧊┺. 㔲⻪㰖㡃 㧒ṲⳊ 2 0Ṳ Ⰲ 㭧 1 2Ṳ Ⰲ 㽳 2 , 7 0 0ⳛ㠦 ╖䟊㍲ 2 0 0 5⎚ 1 1㤪䎆 2 0 0 6⎚ 3㤪₢㰖 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⯒ 䐋䟊 ⏣㧧㠛 ὖ⩾ ㏦㌗㠦 ὖ䞲 㫆㌂Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㪢ἶ, 㽳 3 2 8 Ị 㦮 ⽊ ἶ ㍲ Ṗ 䀾 䞿 ♮ 㠊 㦧 ╋ ⮶ 㦖 1 2 . 1 % ( 3 2 8 / 2 , 7 0 0 )㡖┺. 㦧╋㧦㦮 䘟‶ ⋮㧊⓪ 6 0 (·1 1 . 6 )㎎㡖ἶ, ㎇⼚㦖 ⋾㧦Ṗ 7 9 . 6 %⪲ ╖
㦚 㹾㰖䞮㡖ἶ, ⏣㌂ἓ⩻㦖 㟓 3 2 (· 1 5 . 1 )⎚
㧊㠞┺. ⏒⏣㌂Ṗ 87.5%, ⺃⏣㌂Ṗ 7 6 . 6 %⪲ ╖
㦚 㹾㰖䞮㡖ἶ, 㿫㌆㠛 23.8%, ゚┦䞮㤆㓺 19.5%, 䔏㣿㧧ⶒ 3.7%, ὒ㑮㤦 1 . 8 %㑲㧊㠞┺
(㭧 ⽋ 䠞 㣿 ). 2004⎚ ⏣ 㧧 㠛 㨂 䟊 㥾 㦖 3 . 4 % ( 1 1 / 3 2 8 )㡖┺. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 1 1Ị 㭧 ⏣₆Ἒ
㏦㌗㧊 8Ị, 㿪⧓/㩚☚Ṗ 3Ị㧊㠞ἶ, ㏦㌗₆㩚 㦒⪲⓪ ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋㠦 㦮䞲 ộ㧊 4Ị, 䣢㩚
㠦 ⰦⰆ ộ㧊 3Ị, 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ ⹎⊚⩂㰚 ộ㧊 3Ị, ⏣₆Ἒ㠦㍲ ⟾㠊㰚 ộ㧊 1Ị㧊㠞┺. ㏦㌗
㤦㧎 ⏣₆Ἒ⪲⓪ ἓ㤊₆ 5Ị, 䔎⧯䎆 1Ị, ☯⩻
㡞䀾₆ 1Ị, Ṗ⧮⟷₆ἚṖ 1Ị㧊㠞┺. ⼧㤦㧊㏷
㑮┾㦒⪲⓪ 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲Ṗ 7Ị, 119ῂ 㹾 3Ị,
⻚㓺Ṗ 1Ị㧊㠞┺. 㧛㤦䂮⬢Ṗ 8Ị, 䐋㤦䂮⬢Ṗ 3Ị㧊㠞ἶ, 䘟‶ 㧛㤦₆Ṛ㦖 3 6 (· 2 7 . 0 )㧒㧊㠞
㦒Ⳇ, 䘟‶ ⽎㧎╊⁞㦖 1 2 2 (· 1 0 2 . 3 )Ⱒ㤦㧊㠞
┺. ㌂ἶ㥚⪲⓪ 䞮㰖Ṗ 7Ị㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ,
㌗㰖 2Ị, 㠟▿㧊 2Ị 㑲㧊㠞┺. ㌂ἶ⌊㣿㦒⪲
⓪ Ἶ㩞㧊 5Ị㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ, 㡒㫢 3Ị, 㡊
㌗ 2Ị, 㫢㌗ 1Ị 㑲㧊㠞┺. 㤪 ⼚ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊
䙂⯒ ⽊Ⳋ 5㤪ὒ 6㤪㠦 ṗṗ 2Ị, 11㤪㠦 1 Ị㧊㠞ἶ, ⁎ 㣎 6Ị㦖 ₆㠋䞮㰖 ⴑ䞮㡖┺(䚲 4 ) .
2) 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆 㦮ⶊ₆⪳ ㍳
㔲⻪㰖㡃㦮 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆㧎 㟧䘟₎⼧㤦㦚
㍶㩫䞮ἶ 㟧䘟₎⼧㤦㦮 䡧㫆⯒ 㠑㠊 2 0 0 4⎚ 1 㤪 1㧒䎆 1 2㤪 3 1㧒₢㰖 1⎚ ☯㞞 㦧 㔺㠦
ⶎ䞲 䢮㧦 㭧 ㏦㌗䆪✲㧎 T - c o d e㢖 S - c o d e 㠦 䟊╏䞮⓪ 㽳 9 8Ị㦚 ㍶⼚䞮㡖┺. Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ
⌊㦮 㦮⬢㰚 2ⳛ㧊 ㍶⼚♲ ㏦㌗䢮㧦㠦 ╖䞲 㧛㤦 㦮ⶊ₆⪳㦚 㡊⧢䞮㡂 ⹎Ⰲ Ⱒ✺㠊 ⚪ 㫆
㌂㟧㔳㠦 ₆㧛䞮ἶ, ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 㡂⯒ 䕦⼚䞮 㡖┺. 㦮ⶊ₆⪳㠦㍲ ㌂ἶ₆㩚 ㌂ἶ㤦㧎㦚 㩫䢫䧞 㞢 㑮 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆 䢫㰚䢮⪖⪲ 㩫㦮䞮㡖 ἶ, ㌂ἶ₆㩚Ⱒ 㞢ἶ 㩫䢫䞲 ㌂ἶ㤦㧎㦚 㞢 㑮 㠜⓪ ἓ㤆 Ṗ⓻ 䢮⪖⪲ 㩫㦮䞮㡖┺. ⏣㧧㠛㨂 䟊 䢫㰚 䢮⪖ 1 5Ị, ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṗ⓻ 䢮⪖ 7Ị 㠦 ╖䞲 㽳 2 2Ị㠦 ╖䟊 ㍳䞮㡖┺.
㏦㌗㤦㧎㦒⪲⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 2 2Ị 㭧 ⏣₆Ἒ
䚲 4. ⏣㧧㠛ὖ⩾ ㏦㌗㌂⪖ 㣪㟓
㌂⪖ 㡆⪏ ㎇⼚ ⏣㠛㟒1 ⏣㠛㟒2 ㌂ἶῂ 㤦㧎⏣₆Ἒ ㏦㌗₆㩚 ㏦㌗⌊㣿 ㏦㌗㥚 ⼧㤦㧊㏷ 䂮⬢
1 7 3 㡂 㞭Ṛ - ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ Ṗ⧮⟷₆Ἒ 䣢㩚㠦 ⰦⰒ 㡊㌗(㩞┾) 䕪 1 1 9ῂ 㹾 㧛㤦 2 7 3 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ - ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ἓ㤊₆ ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋ Ἶ㩞 ┺Ⰲ 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 㧛㤦 3 6 3 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ - ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ἓ㤊₆ ₆Ἒ㠦㍲ 㿪⧓ Ἶ㩞 㠟▿㧊 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 㧛㤦 4 6 8 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ ⺃⏣㌂ ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ἓ㤊₆ ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋ 㫢㌗ 㠟▿㧊 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 䐋㤦 5 6 2 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ - ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ἓ㤊₆ ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋ Ἶ㩞 ┺Ⰲ 1 1 9ῂ 㹾 㧛㤦 6 4 4 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ ⺃⏣㌂ ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ἓ㤊₆ 䣢㩚㠦 ⰦⰒ Ἶ㩞 ┺Ⰲ 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 㧛㤦 7 5 6 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ ゚┦䞮㤆㓺 ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ 䔎⧯䎆 ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋ 㡒㫢 䞮㰖 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 䐋㤦 8 6 9 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ ⺃⏣㌂ ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗ ☯⩻㡞䀾₆ 䣢㩚㠦 ⰦⰒ 㡊㌗ ┺Ⰲ ⻚㓺 䐋㤦 9 6 9 㡂 ⏒⏣㌂ ⺃⏣㌂ 㿪⧓/㩚☚ - 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ 㩚☚ Ἶ㩞 䕪 1 1 9ῂ 㹾 㧛㤦 1 0 6 7 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ ⺃⏣㌂ 㿪⧓/㩚☚ - 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ 㩚☚ 㡒㫢 ┺Ⰲ 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 㧛㤦 1 1 6 3 ⋾ ⏒⏣㌂ 㿫㌆㠛 㿪⧓/㩚☚ - 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ 㩚☚ 㡒㫢 ┺Ⰲ 㧦Ṗ㣿/䌳㔲 㧛㤦
㏦㌗㧊 1 3Ị, 㿪⧓/㩚☚Ṗ 5Ị㧊㠞ἶ, ⁎ 㣎 ⋶ 㞚㡺⓪ ⶒỊ㠦 ⰴ㦖 ἓ㤆Ṗ 3Ị, ⏣₆ῂ ㏦㌗
㧊 1Ị 㑲㧊㠞┺. 㿪⧓/㩚☚ 5Ị 㭧 1Ị㦖 㔲
⻪㰖㡃㠦㍲ ㌳䞮㡖┺. ㏦㌗₆㩚㦒⪲⓪ 㩚☚
Ṗ 5Ị㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ, ₆Ἒ㠦㍲ ⟾㠊㰚 ἓ 㤆Ṗ 4Ị, ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋ὒ ⋶㞚㡺⓪ ⶒ㼊㠦 ⰴ 㦖 ἓ㤆Ṗ ṗṗ 3Ị, ㌂㧊㠦 ⋖ ἓ㤆㢖 䣢㩚
㠦 ⰦⰆ ἓ㤆Ṗ ṗṗ 2Ị, ἓ㤊₆㢖 㿿☢䞲 ἓ 㤆, 㧦☯㹾㢖 㿿☢䞲 ἓ㤆 ⁎Ⰲἶ ⏣₆ῂ㠦 㦮 䞲 ㏦㌗㧊 ṗṗ 1Ị㧊㠞┺. ㌂ἶ㥚⪲⓪ ㌗㰖 Ṗ 1 0Ị( 4 5 . 5 % )㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ, 䞮㰖Ṗ 5Ị, 䦟Ṗ 3Ị, ἓṖ 2Ị, ⚦㞞㢖 㩚㔶㧊 ṗṗ 1Ị㧊㠞┺. ㌂ἶ⌊㣿㦒⪲⓪ Ἶ㩞㧊 13Ị ( 5 9 . 1 % )㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ, 㡊㌗㧊 4Ị, 㡒㫢Ṗ 3Ị, 㫢㌗㧊 2Ị㧊㠞┺. ㏦㌗㤦㧎 ⏣₆Ἒ⪲⓪ ἓ㤊₆Ṗ 6Ị㦒⪲ Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮ἶ, 䔎⧯䎆Ṗ 3Ị, 䄺䎆₆Ṗ 1Ị ⁎ 㣎 㩫䢫䞲 㧊⯚㦚 㞢 㑮 㠜 㠞▮ ⏣₆ἚṖ 3Ị㧊㠞┺. 㤪 ⼚ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊
䙂⯒ ⽊Ⳋ ⏣⻞₆㧎 5㤪䎆 1 0㤪₢㰖 6Ṳ 㤪 Ṛ 㽳 2 2Ị 㭧 1 5Ị( 6 8 . 2 % )㦮 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊Ṗ
㌳䞮㡖┺.
3) 119㏢㍲ ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖 ㍳
ἓ₆☚ 㟧䘟ῆ ㏢㍲㦮 䡧㫆⪲ ῂ 䢲☯㧒 㰖 㡊⧢㧊 Ṗ⓻䞮㡖ἶ, ㌂ἶ ㏦㌗㠦 ὖ⩾♲
㧦⬢⓪ 㽳 6Ị㧊㠞┺. 㧊㭧 ⏣㧧㠛㏦㌗ὒ ὖ⩾
♲ 䢮⪖⓪ 1Ị ㈦㧊㠞ἶ, ⁎ 㣎 5Ị㦖 㟓ⶒ㭧
☛ὒ ὖ⩾♲ 䢮⪖⪲ ㍳㠦㍲ 㩲㣎♮㠞┺. Ⱎ 㦚㭒⹒╖䚲Ṗ ⽊ἶ䞲 Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲㠦 㦮䞮Ⳋ 3 ⳛ㧊 1 1 9㏢㍲⯒ 㧊㣿䞮㡖┺ἶ 䞮㡖⓪◆, 㔺 㩲⪲ 1ⳛⰢ㧊 1 1 9ῂ 㹾⯒ 㧊㣿䞲 ộ㦒⪲ 㫆
㌂♮㠊 ⋮Ⲏ㰖 2ⳛ㦖 ⧓㧊 ♮㠞Ệ⋮, 119ῂ 㹾Ṗ 㞚┢ ┺⯎ ᾦ䐋㑮┾㦚 㧊㣿䟞㦚 Ṗ⓻
㎇㧊 㧞┺.
2. 嚓沗櫋沲空 儖柢沖巒 朞滗熺凊汞 磏儆 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦮 ἆὒ⯒ 䌫㦒⪲ 㼁㱎, ⏣㧧㠛㨂 䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ῂ㿫㠦 䞚㣪䞲 㧦⬢㤦✺㦮 ㎇ỿ 㦚 䕢㞛䞮㡖┺. 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲ 㭒㿫㦚 㧊⭂ Ⱎ 㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㦮 ⽊ἶ, 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆(㦮ⶊ₆⪳) ,
1 1 9㏢㍲(ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖), ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢
Ṗ 䢫⽊♮㠞㦒Ⳇ, ⽊Ị₆ὖ(⽊Ị㏢, ⽊Ị㰖㏢,
⽊Ị㰚⬢㏢), ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲(⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲㧦⬢,
⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲㧦⬢), ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮, ㌂ ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ 㧦⬢⓪ 䢫⽊♮㰖 㞠㞮┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒
╖䚲⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊Ṗ ㌳䞶 ἓ㤆 Ṗ㧻 ザ⯊
ἶ 㩫䢫䞮Ợ ⽊ἶ䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ 䟋㕂㩗㧎 ⽊ἶ㤦 㧊㰖Ⱒ, ⽊ἶ㧦㠦 ➆⧒ ⽊ἶ㦮 㰞ὒ 㟧㠦 ╖䞲 㹾㧊Ṗ ㌳䞶 㑮 㧞┺. 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆⯒ 䙂䞾 䞲 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦖 㦮ⶊ₆⪳ 㑮㰚㧦⬢Ṗ 㩚㌆
䢪♮㠊 㧞㠊 㧦⬢㦮 㑮㰧㧊 㣿㧊䞲 ⽊ἶ㤦㧊 Ⳇ, 119㏢㍲⓪ 㦧 ㌗䢿㧊⋮ ㏦㌗䢮㧦 ㌳
㔲 Ṗ㧻 㔶㏣䞮Ợ ╖㦧䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ⽊ἶ㤦㧊┺.
㧊✺㧊 㧧㎇䞮⓪ ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖㠦⓪ ㌂ἶ㦮 㩚
㩗㧎 ⌊㣿 㧊㣿₆ὖ 㧊㏷ 䡫䌲 ❇ Ṧ㔲 㼊Ἒ㠦 䞚㣪䞲 㧦⬢Ṗ 䙂䞾♮㠊 㧞┺. ῃ⹒Ị ṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢⓪ ṲṲ㧎㠦 ╖䞲 ㏦㌗ 㧦⬢⓪ ῂ 㼊㩗㦒⪲ 㠑₆ 䧮✺㰖Ⱒ, Ịṫ⽊䠮㕂㌂䘟Ṗ㤦 㠦㍲ 䢫⽊䞲 㑮㰚 㧦⬢⯒ 㧊㣿䞮㡂 ㏦㌗◆㧊 䎆㧊㓺⯒ ῂ㿫䞲┺Ⳋ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦮 ⽊ἶ⯒ ╖ 㼊䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ⽊ἶ㤦㦒⪲ 䢲㣿䞶 㑮 㧞ἶ, 㩚
㩗㧎 ㏦㌗䡚䢿㦚 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞┺. ⏣㠛㧎Ⱒ 㦚 ╖㌗㦒⪲ 䞮⓪ ⽊䠮 㭧 ⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲㢖
⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲Ṗ 㧞⓪◆, 㧊 ⽊䠮㦖 㨂䟊
㌳ 㔲 ⏣㠊⹒㠦Ợ ⽊㌗⁞㦚 㰖 䞮ἶ 㧞㠊 ⏣ 㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 㭧㣪䞲 㧦⬢㤦㧊 ♶ 㑮 㧞┺. 䞮㰖Ⱒ 䡚㨂 ⽊㧻㑮㭖㧊 㩗㠊 Ṗ㧛⮶㧊
⌄┺⓪ 䞲ἚṖ 㧞┺. ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮㦖 ㌆㨂
⁒⪲㧦㢖 ⁎ Ṗ㫇㦮 ㌳䢲㦚 ⽊㧻䟊㭒⓪ 㦮ⶊ
⽊䠮㦒⪲ ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗ 㧦⬢⓪ ₆㠛㡗⏣㧊⋮
⏣㌆ⶒ ṖὋ ❇㦮 ㌂㠛㧻㠦㍲㦮 㨂䟊㥾㦚 䘟 Ṗ䞶 㑮 㧞┺. ⁎⩂⋮ 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒㦮 ἓ㤆 ╖
㧊 㧦㡗⏣㧊₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 䢲㣿Ṗ䂮Ṗ ⟾㠊㰚┺.
㌂ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ 㧦⬢⓪ ㌂ⰳ㤦㧎㍲㦮 ㌂ⰳ㤦㧎 㦚 ₆㽞⪲ ㌳㌆♮⓪ 䐋Ἒ⪲ ㏦㌗㠦 㦮䞲 ㌂ⰳ 㦚 㿪㩫䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ⽊ἶ㤦㧊㰖Ⱒ, 㧊⻞ 㡆ῂ㠦
㍲⓪ 䢮⪖㩫㦮㠦㍲ ⻭㠊⋮⸖⪲ 㩲㣎䞮㡖┺(䚲 5).
⚮㱎, ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㧦⬢㤦㠦 ╖䞲 㢚ἆ㎇ 䘟Ṗ㢖 Ṧ㔲 㧦⬢㦮 㔶⬆㎇ 㩫䢫㎇
䢫⽊⯒ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢㦮 䢲㣿㧊 㣪ῂ♲┺. 㨂䟊Ṗ ㌳䞮㡂 㧦Ṗ 䂮⬢⯒ ⓪ ἓ㤆⯒ 㩲㣎䞮ἶ⓪ ῗ⁏㩗㦒⪲ 㨂䟊Ṗ ㌳䞲 䢮㧦⓪ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦮 㰚⬢⯒ 㦚 㑮㠦 㠜㦒 Ⳇ ㌂ἶ ㌳㧒ὒ 䂮⬢⌊㡃(㏦㌗㥚, 䂮⬢゚
㣿)㦚 㩫䢫䧞 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢⓪ ┺⯎ ⽊ἶ㤦ὒ㦮 㩫⽊㦮 㔲Ṛ㩗 㹾㧊 Ṗ 㧞㰖Ⱒ 㨂䟊 ㌳ 䤚 ⽊ἶ㤦⼚ ⽊㢚㩦㦚
ἂ䞮Ⳇ 㿪䤚 ⽊ἶ㔲㓺䎲㦮 㢚ἆ㎇㦚 㿪ῂ䞮
⓪◆ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢⓪ 䞚㑮㩗㧎 㧦⬢㧊┺.
㎡㱎, Ṧ㔲㧦⬢ ⽊ἶ㤦ὒ 㰖㤦㼊Ἒ 䢫㿿㠦
╖䞲 䞚㣪㎇㧊 㩲₆♮㠞┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㢖 ῃ
⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮, ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲(⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲㢖 ⏣₆ Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲), ㏢㨂㼃, ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮
❇ 㡂⩂ ἓ⪲⯒ 䐋䞲 㧦⬢㦮 ㌗䢎⽊㢚㧊 䞚㣪 䞮┺. ⁎⩂₆ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ⽊Ị⽋㰖, ⏣Ⱂ, 䟟 㩫㧦䂮, ⏎☯㦮 㥶₆㩗㧎 䡧㫆㼊㩲 ῂ㿫㧊 䞚㣪䞮Ⳇ 㧊⯒ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㦮 ⳿㩗ὒ 䞚㣪㎇㠦 ╖䞲 㧎㔳㦚 Ὃ㥶䞮⓪ ộ 㧊 䞚㣪䞮┺.
⎍㱎, ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ Ṳ㍶㦮 䞚㣪㎇㧊 㩲₆♮㠞┺.
Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 䟋㕂㧊㠞▮ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㠦 㦮䞲
⽊ἶ⓪ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒㧊 Ṧ㔲⽊ἶ㍲㠦 㧧㎇㦚 䞮㡂 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲Ṗ 㑮Ệ䞮⓪ 㔳㧊㠞┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒
⹒╖䚲㠦Ợ Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒㦮 㧦⬢⯒ 䀾䞿䞮☚⪳ 䞮
⓪ ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ⓪ 㯟ṗ㩗㧎 ⽊ἶṖ 㧊⬾㠊㰖㰖 㞠ἶ ⽊ἶ㦮 ⧓㧊 ㌳䞶 Ṗ⓻㎇㧊 ⏨㞚 㩚
㼊㩗㧎 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 ′⳾Ṗ 㿫㏢♶ 㑮 㧞┺.
⡦䞲 ⽊ἶ㤦㠦 ➆⯎ ┺㟧䞲 ⽊ἶ䡫㔳㦒⪲ 㧎 䞮㡂 㧦⬢ 䀾✳ 䤚 㩫⽊㦮 㻮Ⰲὒ㩫㠦☚ Ⱔ㦖 㔲Ṛ㧊 ㏢⳾♮⓪ ┾㩦㧊 㧞┺. ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ㦮 ┾ 㧒䢪⧒⓪ 䁷Ⳋὒ 㔶㏣䞮ἶ ⧓♮㰖 㞠⓪ 㩫
⽊㦮 ὖⰂ⧒⓪ 䁷Ⳋ㠦㍲ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㦮 㡾⧒㧎 ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ⯒ ἶ⩺䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
3. 嚓沗櫋沲空 儖柢微塾汞 洢柢
㨂 䟊 Ṗ ㌳ 䞮 Ⳋ 119㏢ ㍲ , EMS (Emergency Medical System) 㧦Ṗ㣿(⻚㓺)
❇㦚 䐋䟊 㧊㏷㧊 㧊⬾㠊㰖ἶ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦚 䐋 䞲 䂮⬢Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㰖Ⳇ, ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮 ⡦⓪
⏣䡧Ὃ㩲(⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲 ⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ 㩲)㠦 Ṗ㧛♲ ἓ㤆 ⽊㌗㧊 㧊⬾㠊㰖ἶ 㨂䟊㦮
㌳ 㰗䤚 ⳾✶ 㨂䟊㦮 ㌗䢿㦖 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲
⯒ 䐋䟊 ⽊ἶ♲┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⯒ 䐋䞲 Ṧ㔲 㼊Ἒ 㧦⬢㦮 䀾䞿㦖 㩚䢪, 䕿㓺, 㤆䘎 㧎䎆
⎍(䢞䗮㧊㰖)㦚 䐋䞮㡂 㧊⬾㠊㰚┺. 㡂₆㠦㍲
⧓♲ 㧦⬢⓪ ㏢㨂㼃, 㦮⬢₆ὖ, Ịṫ⽊
䠮, ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲, ㌆㨂⽊䠮 ㌂ⰳ䐋Ἒ ❇㦮 㧦⬢
⯒ 䐋䟊 ⽊㢚♲┺. ṗ ὒ㩫㠦㍲ 䀾䞿♲ 㧦⬢⯒
㍳䞮ἶ, ㍳♲ 㧦⬢⓪ 㰖㡃㭒⹒ὒ 㰖㡃⏣㠛
㟒㧎⩻ ⽊Ị㦮⬢㧎⩻㠦Ợ ㏢㔳㰖, 㧊Ⲫ 㧒, 㰖㡃㏷, 㔶ⶎ ❇㦚 䐋䟊 ⺆䙂♲┺(⁎Ⱂ 2 ) .
䚲 5. ⽊ἶ㤦⼚ 㧦⬢㦮 䔏㎇
㔲㦮 㩗㩞㎇ 㢚ἆ㎇ 䙂㎇ 㩧⁒㎇
Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲 ㌗ ㌗ 㭧 ㌗
㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆 ㌗ 㭧 㭧 㭧
119 ㏢㍲(㏢㨂㼃) ㌗ 㭧 㭧 ㌗
⽊Ị₆ὖ(⼧㤦 ❇) 㭧 㭧 㭧 䞮
ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 䞮 䞮 ㌗ 㭧
⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲 㭧 㭧 㭧 ㌗
⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲 㭧 㭧 㭧 ㌗
㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮 䞮 㭧 㭧 㭧
㌂ⰳ㤦㧎䐋Ἒ 䞮 䞮 㭧 㭧
処 然
㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒⓪ 㩚䐋㩗㦒⪲ ⏣㠛㧊 㭧㣪 ㌆㠛㧊 㠞㦒⋮ 1 9 6 0⎚╖ 㧊䤚 ㏣䞲 ㌆㠛㩚ὒ ☚ 㔲䢪⪲ 2 , 3㹾 ㌆㠛㧊 ㏣☚⪲ ㎇㧻䞲 Ⳋ ⏣ 㠛㠦 㫛㌂䞮⓪ 㧎ῂ⓪ Ἒ㏣ Ṧ㏢䞮ἶ 㧞┺. ⁎
⩂⋮ 2 0 0 4⎚ 䐋Ἒ㼃㠦㍲ 㔲䟟䞲 ⏣㠊㠛 㽳 㫆
㌂㠦 ➆⯊Ⳋ 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒㦮 ⏣㠛 ㎎╖㦮 㧎ῂ㑮
⓪ 3 4 1Ⱒ 5㻲ⳛ㦒⪲ ὒỆ㠦 ゚䟊 ⏣㠛㧊 ┺⯎
㌆㠛㠦 ゚䟊 Ṗ㰖⓪ ㌗╖㩗 㭧㣪㎇㦖 Ⱔ㧊 Ṧ
㏢䟞㦒⋮ 㞚㰗☚ 㩚 㧎ῂ㦮 7 . 1 %Ṗ ⏣㠛㦒⪲
㌳Ἒ⯒ 㥶㰖䞮ἶ 㧞㠊 㩞╖㩗 㑮䂮⪲ ⽒ ➢ 㩗㦖 ′⳾㦮 ㌆㠛㧊⧒ 䞶 㑮 㠜┺[ 3 4 ] .
ỿ䞲 ㌆㠛㩚ὒ ☚㔲䢪⓪ 2, 3㹾 ㌆㠛 ㈦ Ⱒ 㞚┞⧒ ⏣㠛㦮 䡫䌲☚ ⼖䢪㔲䆆⓪◆ ⏣㠛 㫛㌂ 㧎ῂ㦮 Ṧ㏢⪲ 1㧎╏ ἓ㧧 Ⳋ㩗㦮 㯳Ṗ 㢖 ⏣₆Ἒ ⽊ ⮶㦮 㯳Ṗ ❇ ⏣㠛㦮 ₆Ἒ䢪Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㪢ἶ, ┾㥚Ⳋ㩗╏ ㌳㌆⨟㦚 ⓮Ⰲ₆ 㥚䞮
㡂 ⏣㟓ὒ 䢪䞯゚⬢㦮 ㌂㣿㧊 㯳Ṗ䞮⓪ ❇㦮
⼖䢪⯒ Ṗ㪎㢪┺. 㧊⩂䞲 ⼖䢪⓪ 䞚㡆㩗㦒⪲
⏣⹒✺㦮 Ịṫ㌗䌲㠦 㡗䟻㦚 ⹎䂮Ợ ♮㠞㦒Ⳇ
⏣㠛㦮 ₆Ἒ䢪⪲ 㧎䞲 ㏦㌗㦮 㯳Ṗ, ⏣㟓 ㌂㣿 㦒⪲ 㧎䞲 ⏣㟓 㭧☛ ❇㧊 Ịṫ㦚 㥚䡧䞮⓪
╖䚲㩗㧎 㡞⧒ 䞶 㑮 㧞┺. ⏣㠊㠛㦮 㡂Ị ⼖ 䢪㠦 ➆⯎ 㧧㠛╊ṫ䢪, 㥶䟊㧧㠛䢮ἓ㯳Ṗ⪲
⏣㠛㧎㦮 㰗㠛㎇㨂䟊 ㌳㧊 㯳Ṗ䞮ἶ 㧞㦒⋮
⏣㧧㠛ὖ⩾ 㰞䢮㦮 ⽊ἶ 䕦㩫㌂⪖⓪ ⁏䧞 㩖㫆䞮┺. ⏣⹒✺㦮 ╖┺㑮Ṗ 㧦㡗⏣㧊₆ ➢ⶎ 㠦 㰗㠛㎇ 㨂䟊ὖⰂ㼊Ἒ㦮 ╖㌗㧊 ♮㰖 ⴑ䞮 Ⳇ, ἶ㣿⏣㠛㧎㦮 ἓ㤆㠦☚ ⏣㯳 ❇ 㰗㠛㎇
㰞䢮㦮 ⳛ䢫䞲 㰚┾½ 䕦㩫₆㭖㧊 䢫Ⱃ♮㠊㧞 㰖 㞠ἶ, 㩚ⶎ 㦮⬢ 㧎⩻ὒ ₆ὖ㧊 㫇䞲 ộ 㧊 䡚㔺㧊┺.
㧊⻞ 㡆ῂ⓪ ⏣㧧㠛 ☚㭧 ㌳䞮⓪ ㏦㌗ ′
⳾⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆ 㥚䞮㡂 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ ῂ㿫䞮ἶ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䐋䟊 㤆Ⰲ 㔺㩫㠦 ⰴ⓪ ㌞⪲㤊 Ṧ
⁎Ⱂ 2. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ ⳾◎Ṳ㣪 廎汊渂愂(決沫)
滆櫳渂愂 滆櫳嚓櫋把檂汾崫 懺兺汞巒汾崫
1 1 9 (暒愯愯沲熳) E M S
汗匏汞巒時瘶 懺兺匶分
兺儛懺竞 嚓笗击洢 斶沲懺竞 斲廣皻凊 沲空 愢旣 割浶, 割匏, 決暧
儖柢懺処
嚓沗櫋沲空儖柢懾抆
沖巒懺歊
獞 巒 滆匏, 懺旇
朞滗 把昣
愶 磲
㔲⳾◎㦚 Ṳ䞮ἶ㧦 䞮㡖┺. 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲ Ⱎ 㦚㭒⹒╖䚲 ⽊ἶ㠦 㦮䞲 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㥾㦖 3 . 4 %
⪲ 2 0 0 4⎚ ㌆㠛㨂䟊㤦㧎㍳㠦 㦮䞲 ⏣㠛㨂䟊 㥾 1 . 2 %㠦 ゚䟊 ㌗╏䧞 ⏨㦖 Ṩ㧊┺[35]. 䞮㰖 Ⱒ ⌄㦖 㦧╋⮶ὒ 䣢㌗㡺⮮㠦 㦮䞲 㧊㞚㓺 Ṗ ㌳䞶 㑮 㧞ἶ[36], ╖┺㑮㦮 㧦㡗⏣㦖 ㌆ 㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗㦚 㰖 ⴑ䞮₆ ➢ⶎ㠦 䟊㍳㠦 㭒 㦮⯒ 㣪䞲┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⓪ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 䟋㕂 㩗㧎 ⽊ἶ㤦㧊㰖Ⱒ, ⽊ἶ㧦㠦 ➆⧒ ⽊ἶ㦮 㰞 ὒ 㟧㧊 ┺㟧䞮Ợ ⋮䌖⋶ 㑮 㧞┺. ⁎Ⰲἶ Ṧ 㔲㼊Ἒ 㧦⬢㤦㧎 ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖, 㦮ⶊ₆⪳ ❇㦖 Ṳ㧎㩫⽊⽊䢎⻫ ❇㦒⪲ 㧎䟊 㧦⬢㦮 㩧⁒㧊 㠊⩺㤶┺. ⡦䞲 ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮, ⏣䡧Ὃ㩲, ㏢
㨂㼃, ㌆㠛㨂䟊⽊㌗⽊䠮 㧦⬢ ❇㦖 ┺㟧䞲
㟒㠦㍲ ṗ₆ 䞚㣪䞲 䡫䌲⪲ 㑮㰧½ ㍳♮ἶ 㧞㠊, 㨂䟊㦮 㤦㧎㦚 ῂⳛ䞮ἶ 㩫㺛ἆ㩫㠦 䢲 㣿♶ 㑮 㧞⓪ 㩫⽊⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞮⓪◆ 䞲ἚṖ 㧞┺.
⁎⩂⸖⪲ 㧦⬢㦮 㔶⬆㎇ 㩫䢫㎇㦚 ⏨㡂
┺㟧䞲 㧦⬢⯒ Ṧ㔲⽎Ṗ 䀾䞿䞮㡂, ṗṗ㦮 䔏㎇㦚 ἶ⩺䞮㡂 䟊㍳䞮⓪ ộ㧊 䞚㣪䞮Ⳇ ⽊
┺ ┺㟧䞲 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㧦⬢⯒ 䢫⽊
䞮₆ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㦖 ㌂䟃㦚 ἶ⩺䟊㟒 䞶 ộ㧊┺.
㼁㱎, 䢮⪖ 㩫㦮⯒ ⽊㢚䞲┺. 2004⎚☚ ⏣㧧 㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲ 㔲⻪㰖㡃㠦 㩫㦮♲ 䢮⪖⓪ˈ ⏣₆Ἒ(ἓ㤊₆, 䔎⧯䎆, 䆺㧎
❇)⋮ ⏣₆ῂ(㏦㡆㧻, 䕢㤢㡆㧻 ❇)㠦 㦮䟊 ㏦
㌗㦚 ⓪ ἓ㤆 ⡦⓪ 㧧㠛㧻㠦㍲ 㿪⧓/㩚☚䞮 Ệ⋮, Ṗ㿫㠦Ợ ⶒⰂ⓪ ❇ ⏣㧧㠛 ☚㭧 ㌳䞮
⓪ ⳾✶ ⏣㧧㠛 ㏦㌗ 㭧 1㹾 㦮⬢₆ὖ 㧊㌗㠦
㍲ 㰚⬢⯒ 㦖 㧦ˉ⪲ 㩫㦮䞮㡂 ┺⯎ Ṧ㔲㼊 Ἒ⯒ 䐋䟊 䢫⽊䞲 㧦⬢✺ὒ ゚ᾦ Ṗ⓻䞮☚⪳
䞮㡖┺. ⁎⩂⋮ 㦮⬢₆ὖ 㩧⁒㧊 㣿㦮䞮㰖 㞠 Ệ⋮, 䢮㧦 䢏㦖 ⽊䢎㧦㦮 ⶊ㰖 ❇㦒⪲ 㔺㩲⪲
1㹾 㦮⬢₆ὖ 㧊㌗㦮 㰚⬢Ṗ 䞚㣪䞮㰖Ⱒ 㧊⬾
㠊㰖㰖 㞠⓪ ἓ㤆Ṗ 㧞㦚 㑮 㧞┺. ⁎⩂⸖⪲
㧊⻞ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㍲☚ 㨂䟊㦮 ′⳾Ṗ 㩖䘟Ṗ ♮ 㠞㦚 Ṗ⓻㎇㧊 ⏨┺. 㔲⻪㤊㡗 㧊䤚㦮 ⏣㧧㠛 㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㠦㍲⓪ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦮 㰚⬢Ṗ 䞚㣪 䟞㰖Ⱒ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦮 㰚⬢⯒ 㰖 㞠㦖 ἓ㤆☚
䢮⪖㠦 䙂䞾㔲䅲 㨂䟊㦮 ′⳾㢖 䔏㎇㦚 ⯊
Ợ 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
⚮㱎, Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲 㭧㕂㦮 ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ⯒ 䢫㿿 䞲┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⓪ 㰖㡃㦮 㔺㩫㠦 ἶ ⼧ 㤦 䂮⬢⯒ 㦚 㩫☚㦮 ㏦㌗㦚 㧛㦖 㰖㡃㭒⹒
㠦 ╖䞲 䕢㞛㧊 ゚ᾦ㩗 㓂㤊 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲 㼊Ἒ㦮 䟋㕂㩗㧎 ⽊ἶ㤦㧊┺. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲 㼊Ἒ㦮 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䐋䞮㡂 ⽊ἶ♲ 1 1Ị㦮 䢮
⪖ 㭧 1 0Ị㧊 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲⯒ 䐋䞮㡂 ⽊ἶ♮
㠞┺. 䞮㰖Ⱒ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䐋䟊 㯟ṗ㩗㧎 ⽊ἶ Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㰖㰖 㞠⓪ 䣢㌗㡺⮮Ṗ ㌳䞶 Ṗ⓻
㎇㧊 㧞㦒⸖⪲ 㭒┾㥚 ⡦⓪ 㤪┾㥚⪲ Ⱎ㦚㭒
⹒╖䚲㦮 ⽊ἶ㠦 ╖䞲 䢫㧎 䢮⮮⯒ 䐋䟊 ザ㰦㧊 㠜⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 ₆⪳㦮 䀾䞿㧊 㧊⬾
㠊㰞 㑮 㧞☚⪳ 䟊㟒 䞲┺.
㎡㱎, ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ㦮 㢚ἆ㎇㦚 ṫ䢪䞲┺. 㨂䟊㦮
㌳ὒ ☯㔲㠦 㧊⬾㠊㰖⓪ 㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 ὒ㩫㦚 䐋䟊 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲㦮 㨂䟊 ⽊ἶ 㔲 ⧓♶ 㑮 㧞⓪ 㧦⬢㦮 㢚ἆ㎇㧊 㧊⬾㠊㰚┺. Ⲓ㩖 㨂䟊 㦮 ㌳ 䤚 䂮⬢ 㦚 㑮 㧞⓪ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦒⪲
㦮 㤊㏷┾Ἒ㧊┺. 119㏢㍲⯒ 䐋䟊 㤊㏷㧊 㧊
⬾㠊㰖Ⳋ ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖⯒ 㧧㎇䞮☚⪳ ♮㠊 㧞 㦒Ⳇ, 㡂₆㠦⓪ ㌂ἶ㦮 㩚㩗㧎 ⌊㣿 㧊㣿
₆ὖ 㧊㏷ 䡫䌲 ❇ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㠦㍲ 䞚㣪䞲 㡂⩂
㩫⽊⯒ 䙂䞾䞮ἶ 㧞ἶ ㏢㨂㼃㠦㍲⓪ 㧊㠦
╖䞲 㩫⽊⯒ ◆㧊䎆㧊㓺䢪䞮ἶ 㧞┺. ⁎⩂⋮
Ṳ㧎㩫⽊⽊䢎⻫ ❇㦒⪲ 㧎䟊 㧦⬢ 䢲㣿㠦 㩲 㟓㦚 ⓪┺. 㧊⻞ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㠦㍲㢖 ṯ㧊 ῂ 䢲☯㧒㰖⯒ Ṳ⼚ 㡊⧢䞶 ἓ㤆 㧦⬢㦮 ⧓㧊
㌳䞶 Ṗ⓻㎇㧊 㧞㦒⸖⪲ ㏢㨂㼃㦮 ◆㧊 䎆㧊㓺䢪♲ 㧦⬢㦮 䢲㣿㧊 䞚㣪䞮Ⳇ ⡦䞲 Ṳ㧎㩫⽊⽊䢎⻫㦮 㡞㣎㌂䟃㦒⪲ Ṳ㧎㩫⽊㦮 㩲Ὃ㧊 Ṗ⓻䟊㟒 䞮Ỷ┺. ⁎ 㣎 ⼧㤦ῂ 㹾, EMS(Emergency Medical System) 㧦Ṗ㣿 㦚 䐋䞲 㤊㏷㧊 Ṗ⓻䞮Ỷ㦒⋮ Ṗ㩗㧎 㩫⽊
⯒ 㠑₆⓪ 䧮✺┺. ⁎Ⰲἶ 㨂䟊Ṗ ㌳䞮㡂 㦮
⬢₆ὖ㦒⪲㦮 㧊㏷㧊 㧊⬾㠊㰖Ⳋ 䂮⬢Ṗ 㧊⬾
㠊㰚┺. 㦮⬢₆ὖ㠦⓪ 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆, Ṳ㧎㦮㤦, 2㹾⼧㤦 㧊㌗㦮 㫛䞿⼧㤦, ⽊Ị㏢, ⽊Ị㰖㏢Ṗ 㧞㦒Ⳇ ṗ ₆ὖ㦮 㦮ⶊ₆⪳㦖 㨂䟊㦮 㤦㧎
₆㩚ὒ 㨂䟊⪲ 㧎䞲 ㏦㌗㦮 ㎎㌂䟃㦚 㧮 ₆ 㑶䞮ἶ 㧞⓪ 㧦⬢㧊┺. ⁎⩂⋮ Ṳ㧎㩫⽊㠦 ὖ Ἒ♲ 㧦⬢⯒ 䀾䞿䞲┺⓪ ộ㦖 㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 㧊㥶
⪲ 䡚㔺㩗㦒⪲ 㩫⽊䀾✳㧊 㠊⪋┺. Ⱎ㰖Ⱏ㦒⪲
㨂䟊㦮 ㌳ 䤚 㧊㏷ὒ 䂮⬢Ṗ 㧊⬾㠊㰖ἶ 㰚
⬢゚ 㰖 㦮 㩞㹾Ṗ ⋾⓪┺. 㰚⬢゚⓪ 㰚⬢㦮
╖Ṗ⪲ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㠦 䢮㧦Ṗ 㰖䞮Ợ ♮⓪◆, Ệ㦮 ⳾✶ ἓ㤆㠦㍲ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮㦮 㑮 ╖㌗
㧊 ♲┺. ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮㦒⪲ ⽎㧎 ╊⁞㦚 㧒
㰖 䞮ἶ ⋮Ⲏ㰖⓪ ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮Ὃ┾㠦㍲
㦮⬢₆ὖ㠦Ợ 㰖䞮Ợ ♲┺. 㰚⬢゚ 㭧 ⽎㧎
╊⁞㦮 㧒⓪ ⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲 ⡦⓪ ⏣₆ Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲㠦 Ṗ㧛♲ ἓ㤆 ⽊㌗㦚 㦚 㑮 㧞┺. 㧊 ὒ㩫㠦㍲ ⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲 ⡦⓪ ⏣₆ Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲㠦 㩫⽊⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞮Ợ ♮⓪◆ ⁎ 㩫
⽊⯒ ⏣㠛㧎 㞞㩚Ὃ㩲 ⡦⓪ ⏣₆Ἒ 㫛䞿Ὃ㩲 㠦㍲ 㦚 㑮 㧞┺. 㦮⬢₆ὖ㧊 ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 Ὃ┾㠦 㦮⬢゚⯒ 㼃ῂ䞮₆ 㥚䟊㍲ 㩲Ὃ䞮⓪ 㩫⽊ ⡦䞲 䀾䞿 Ṗ⓻䞲 㩫⽊㧊⋮ Ṳ㧎㩫⽊㦮
⽊䢎 㹾㤦㠦㍲ 㩲䞲㦚 Ợ ♲┺.
⎍㱎, Ịṫ⽊䠮 㕂㌂䘟Ṗ㤦 㧦⬢⯒ 䐋䞲 ⏣ 㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 㩚㼊㩗㧎 ′⳾㢖 䔏㎇㦚 䕢㞛䞲┺.
㦮⬢₆ὖ㧊 㦮⬢゚㦮 㼃ῂ⯒ 㥚䟊 ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊
䠮Ὃ┾㠦 㼃ῂ䞲 㧦⬢⓪ Ịṫ⽊䠮 㕂㌂䘟Ṗ㤦 㠦㍲ 㦮⬢゚㦮 㩗㩫㎇ 㡂⯒ 㕂㌂䞮㡂 㦮⬢
₆ὖ㠦 㰚⬢゚⯒ 㰖 䞮Ợ ♲┺. Ịṫ⽊䠮 㕂
㌂䘟Ṗ㤦㦖 Ṳ㧎㦮 䂮⬢㧒, 㰚⬢䆪✲, 㰚⬢゚
(⽎㧎╊⁞, 㩚㼊 㰚⬢゚)❇㦮 㩫⽊⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞶 㑮 㧞㦒⋮, Ṳ㧎㩫⽊ ⽊䢎㹾㤦㠦㍲ Ṳ㧎 㞚㧊
❪㢖 ⋮㧊⯒ ㌳⨋䞲 㧦⬢⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
㧊 㧦⬢㠦㍲ ㏦㌗㠦 ὖἚ♲ 䆪✲Ⱒ ㍳䞮㡂
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 㩚㼊㩗㧎 ′⳾㢖 䔏㎇㦖 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
㧊⻞ 㡆ῂ⯒ 䐋䟊 Ṧ㔲 㧦⬢㦮 㢚ἆ㎇ὒ ㌗ 䢎⽊㢚㧊 䞚㣪䞮㡖ἶ, ˄ Ṳ㧎㩫⽊⽊䢎⻫˅ὒ ṯ 㦖 㧎ῢ⽊䢎 䁷Ⳋ㦮 ṫ㫆⪲ 䟻䤚 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ Ṗ
☯㠦 㠊⩺㤖㧊 㧞㦚 ộ㦒⪲ 㡞㌗♲┺. 䞮㰖Ⱒ
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 㡞ὒ ὖⰂ⧒⓪ 䋆 ⳿㩗㦚 ╂
㎇䞮₆ 㥚䞮㡂 ṗ ₆ὖὒ㦮 㟧䟊ṗ㍲( M O U ) 㼊ἆὒ 㥺Ⰲ㩗㧎 䁷Ⳋ㦮 ⽊㢚 ⁎Ⰲἶ 㻮 Ṛ
䡧㫆㼊Ἒ 㑮Ⱃ㧊 䞚㣪䞮┺ἶ 䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
㾲⁒㦮 㦮⬢㔲㓺䎲㦖 ὒỆ 㠊ⓦ ➢⽊┺ 䄺
┺⧖ ⼖䢪⯒ ἀἶ 㧞┺. 㦮⬢Ὃ 㼊Ἒ⓪ 㦮⬢
⽊䠮㦮 䢫╖⪲ ṗ 㦮⬆┾Ἒ㠦㍲ 㠑㦚 㑮 㧞⓪ 㩫⽊㦮 㰞ὒ 㟧㧊 ┺⯊Ⳇ, 䔏䧞 ⏣㽢㰖㡃㦮 ἓ 㤆 ⽊Ị㰚⬢㏢, ⽊Ị㰖㏢, ⽊Ị㏢ ⡦⓪ 㰖㡃 㭧 㕂⼧㤦 ❇㦒⪲ 㧊㠊㰖⓪ 㼊ἚṖ Ṧ㔲㧦⬢ 䀾
✳㤦㧊 ♶ 㑮 㧞┺. 䔏䧞 㦧 㦮⬢㼊ἚṖ 㭧㣪 䞲 㡃䞶㦚 䞮Ợ ♶ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 ἓ 㤆 ṗ 㦮⬢₆ὖ㦮 㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆 ⡦⓪ 㦧 㔺,
⁎Ⰲἶ 1 1 9㏢㍲㦮 㦧 䢮㧦 䤚㏷㼊Ἒ㦮 㧦
⬢Ṗ 㭧㣪䞲 㡃䞶㦚 䞶 ộ㧊┺. 㩚ῃ㧊 㩚㌆ⰳ 㦒⪲ 㡆ἆ♮㠊 㧞ἶ 㦮ⶊ₆⪳ ⡦⓪ 䢮㧦㦮 㑮 㰚㧦⬢Ṗ 㩚㌆䢪♮㠊 㧞┺⓪ ộ☚ 㦮⬢ 㧎䝚
⧒㦮 ⼖䢪㧊┺. 㦮⬢㦮 㩚㌆䢪⓪ 䢮㧦㦮 㧦⬢⯒ 㓓Ợ 䀾✳䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ 㧻㩦ὒ, 㩫⽊㦮
⽊㞞, ゚⹖ ❇ 㧦⬢ 㧊㣿 㔲 㭧㣪䞮Ợ ἶ⩺䟊 㟒 䞶 ㌂䟃☚ 㧞┺⓪ ộ㦚 㦮⹎䞲┺. 㧊 㟒
⓪ Ὃ㭧⽊Ị Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ㦮 Ṗ㧻 㭧㣪䞲 㧎䝚⧒
㧊┺. Ὃ㭧⽊Ị䞯㩗㦒⪲ 㭧㣪䞲 㦮⹎⯒ Ṗ㰖⓪ Ṧ㡒㎇ Ⱒ㎇㰞䢮, 䢮ἓ½ ㌆㠛⽊Ị, ⁎Ⰲἶ Ịṫ㯳㰚 㡗㡃㦮 㡃䞯 㧦⬢㢖 㔺䠮 Ỗ㌂㧦
⬢⯒ 㩫⽊䞯㦮 ⻫ὒ ₆㑶㦚 㧊㣿䞮㡂 ⽊Ị 㦮 㔺ⶊ㢖 㡆ῂ㠦 㩗㣿䞮⓪ ⻫ὒ 䢲㣿㞞 㦚 ṫῂ䞮⓪◆ 㭧㣪䞲 㡃䞶㦚 䞮Ⳇ, Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㦮 㤊㣿㠦 㧞㠊㍲⓪ ▪㤇 ⁎⩂䞮┺. ῃ⹒Ịṫ
⽊䠮 㑮㰚㧦⬢⓪ 㩚 ῃ⹒ Ịṫ⽊䠮 Ṗ㧛㦒⪲
╖㦮 㦮⬢䟟㥚㦮 㭧㣪䞲 㩫⽊㤦㧊 ♲┺.
䔏䧞 1㹾 㦮⬢₆ὖ 㧊㌗㦮 ⳾✶ 㰚⬢㠦 ╖䞲 䕢㞛㧊 Ṗ⓻䞮┺. ➆⧒㍲ Ịṫ⽊䠮 㕂㌂䘟Ṗ㤦 㦚 䐋䞲 ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢Ṗ 䢫⽊♮ἶ ㏦㌗
◆㧊䎆㧊㓺⯒ ῂ㿫䞮㡂 ㍳㧊 Ṗ⓻䞮┺Ⳋ,
┺⯎ ⽊ἶ㤦㦮 㧦⬢㠦 ╖䞲 㢚ἆ㎇ ⽊㢚㧊 Ṗ
⓻䞶 ộ㦒⪲ 䕦┾♲┺.
㨂䟊㦮 ㌳, 㤦㧎, 䂮⬢ ⁎ ἆὒ⯒ ⳾┞
䎆Ⱇ 䞮⓪ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 䣾ὒ㩗㧎 㡞ὒ ὖⰂ㠦 䞚㑮㩗㧊┺. 㧊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ 㧦
⬢⯒ ⳾㦒ἶ, ㍳䞮ἶ 䟊㍳䞮㡂, 㩫⽊䢪♲ ἆ ὒ⯒ 䞚㣪⪲ 䞮⓪ 㧊✺㠦Ợ ⺆䙂䞲┺. ⏣㧧㠛 㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ ┺㟧䞲 㟒㠦㍲ ⏣㠛㧎㦚
㥚䞲 㩫㺛ὒ 䝚⪲⁎⧾ ṗ ㍲゚㓺⯒ ₆䣣䞮 ἶ 䘟Ṗ䞮⓪◆ 䞚㣪䞲 㩫⽊⯒ 㩫㺛ἆ㩫㧦㠦Ợ 㩲Ὃ䞶 ㈦ 㞚┞⧒, 㔲㦮 㩗㩞䞲 㩫⽊㌳㌆㧦⪲
㍲㦮 㡃䞶㦚 䞶 ộ㦒⪲ ₆╖♲┺.
2 0 0 4⎚䎆 㰞⼧ὖⰂ⽎㠦㍲⓪㧦㌊, ㌂ἶ
❇ ῃṖṦ㔲㼊Ἒ Ṳૹ㡆ῂ⯒ 㔲㧧㦒⪲ 㦧 㔺㏦㌗䢮㧦Ṧ㔲 㧛㤦㏦㌗䢮㧦㫆㌂㢖 ㏦㌗
㌂ⰳṦ㔲㠦 ╖䞲 ㏦㌗Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⯒ ῂ㿫䞮ἶ 㧞 㦒Ⳇ, 2005⎚ 3㤪䎆 ⰺ㤪˄ ㏦㌗Ṧ㔲㩫⽊˅⯒
Ṛ䞮㡂 㩚ῃ㦮 1 6Ṳ ῢ㡃㦧 㦮⬢㎒䎆㠦㍲
㑮㰧♲ 㦧 㔺㏦㌗䢮㧦Ṧ㔲 㧦⬢⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞮ἶ 㧞┺. 㧊 㩫⽊⓪ 㩚㼊㩗㧎 ㏦㌗㦮 㩫☚, ᾦ䐋㌂
ἶ㢖 㧦㌊㠦 㦮䞲 ㏦㌗㦮 䔏㰫✺, ⁎Ⰲἶ ㏢㞚 㠦㍲㦮 ㏦㌗㦮 㩫☚⯒ 䕢㞛䞶 㑮 㧞┺⓪ 㧻㩦 㧊 㧞㦒⋮ 㰗㠛⮮Ṗ 㠜㠊 㰗㠛ῆ㠦 ╖䞲 䐋 Ἒ⯒ ㌳㌆䞮₆ 㠊⪋ἶ, ㏦㌗₆㩚 ⮮㠦 ╖䞲 㧛⩻ 㿿㔺☚Ṗ 70% 㑮㭖㧊㠊㍲ ㏦㌗₆㩚㦮 㩫䢫䞲 䕢㞛㧊 㠊⪋┺⓪ 䞲ἚṖ 㧞┺[37-38].
殚 檃
㌆㠛㨂䟊Ṗ ㌳䞮⓪ 㤦㧎㦖 ₆㑶㩗 㤦㧎, ᾦ㥷㩗 㤦㧎, ὖⰂ㩗 㤦㧎㦒⪲ ⮮♲┺. ₆㑶 㩗 㤦㧎( e n g i n e e r i n g )㦖 Ịⶒ, ₆Ἒ㧻䂮 ㍺Ἒ
⨟, ῂ㫆½ 㨂⬢㦮 㩗䞿, ㌳㌆ Ὃ㩫㦮 㩗╏, 㩫゚ ⨟ ❇㧊Ⳇ ᾦ㥷㩗 㤦㧎( e d u c a t i o n )㦖 㞞 㩚㦮㔳 㫇, 㞞㩚 㑮䂯 㡺䟊, ἓ䠮½ 䤞⩾ ⹎ 㑯, ᾦ㥷 㿿 ❇㧊┺. ὖⰂ㩗 㤦㧎 ( e n f o r c e m e n t )㦖 㞞㩚ὖⰂ 㫆㰗 ἆ䞾, 㞞㩚㑮䂯
⹎㩲㩫, 㧧㠛㭖゚ 㿿, 㧧㠛㰖㔲 㩗╏ ❇ 㦚 ✺ 㑮 㧞┺[39]. ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊⯒ Ṧ㏢㔲䋺₆ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ₆㑶㩗, ᾦ㥷㩗 ὖⰂ㩗 㩧⁒㧊 䐋 䞿㩗㦒⪲ 㧊⬾㠊㰖⓪ ộ㧊 䞚㣪䞮Ⳇ 㧊⯒ 㥚 䟊㍲⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊䡚䢿(䐋Ἒ)㠦 ╖䞲 㩫䢫䞲 㧊䟊㢖 㧊⯒ 䏶╖⪲ 䞲 ⏣㠛㧎 㨂䟊㠦 ╖䞲
₆㽞 㧦⬢㦮 䢫⽊Ṗ Ṗ㧻 㭧㣪䞮┺.
㧊⯒ 㥚䟊 㤆Ⰲ⋮⧒ 㔺㩫㠦 ⰴ⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂 䟊 Ṧ㔲 ⻫⪶㦚 Ṳ䞮ἶ, 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦚 䞮㡖
┺. 㧊⻞ 㔲⻪㤊㡗㦖 ἓ₆☚ 㟧䘟ῆ 㧒Ṳ Ⳋ㦚
╖㌗㦒⪲ 2 0 0 4⎚ 1㤪 1㧒䎆 1 2㤪 3 1㧒₢㰖 1
⎚ ☯㞞 ⏣㧧㠛 ☚㭧 ㌳䞮⓪ ㏦㌗㠦 ╖䟊 㫆㌂䞮㡖┺. 㭒⽊ἶ㤦㦖 Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲, 㦧 㦮
⬢㎒䎆, 119㏢㍲㡖ἶ, 㽳 1 1Ị㦮 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṗ ⽊ἶ♮㠞┺. Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲Ṗ ⽊ἶ䞲 ⏣㧧㠛 㨂䟊㥾㦖 3 . 4 %㡖ἶ, ⏣₆Ἒ㏦㌗㧊 ╖㧊㠞 ἶ, ㏦㌗₆㩚㦖 ₆Ἒ㦮 㩚⽋㧊 Ṗ㧻 Ⱔ㞮┺. 㔲
⻪㤊㡗㦚 䐋䟊 㧦⬢㤦㦮 ㎇ỿ㦚 䕢㞛䞮㡖ἶ,
⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ 㧦⬢㤦㦮 㢚ἆ㎇ 䘟Ṗ㢖 Ṧ㔲 㧦⬢㦮 㔶⬆㎇ 㩫䢫㎇ 䢫⽊㦮 䞚㣪㎇
㧊 㩲₆♮㠞┺. ⡦䞲 Ṧ㔲㧦⬢ ⽊ἶ㤦ὒ 㰖㤦 㼊Ἒ 䢫㿿 ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ Ṳ㍶㠦 ╖䞲 䞚㣪㎇㧊 㩲₆♮㠞┺. 㧊⩂䞲 㩦✺㦚 ἶ⩺䞮㡂 䢮⪖ 㩫 㦮⯒ ⽊㢚䞮ἶ, Ⱎ㦚㭒⹒╖䚲 㭧㕂㦮 ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ
⯒ 䢫㿿䞮Ⳇ, ⽊ἶ㼊Ἒ㦮 㢚ἆ㎇㦚 ṫ䢪䞮ἶ, ῃ⹒Ịṫ⽊䠮 㧦⬢⯒ 䐋䞲 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 㩚㼊 㩗㧎 ′⳾㢖 䔏㎇㦚 䕢㞛䞮⓪ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ 㔲㼊Ἒ ⳾◎㦚 Ṳ䞮㡖┺.
䣾ὒ㩗㧎 ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊㦮 㡞ὒ ὖⰂ⯒ 㥚䟊
㍲ 㨂䟊㦮 ㌳, 㤦㧎, 䂮⬢ ⁎ ἆὒ⯒ ⳾┞
䎆Ⱇ 䞮⓪ Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ 䞚㑮㩗㧎 㔲㓺䎲㧊┺.
Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ⓪ 㧦⬢㦮 㑮㰧, ㍳, 䟊㍳ 㩫⽊ᾦ
⮮⯒ 䙂㩗㦒⪲ 㑮䟟䞮⓪ 㔲㓺䎲㦚 䞚㣪⪲
䞲┺. 䡚㨂 Ṧ㔲㼊ἚṖ 䞚㣪⪲ 䞮⓪ 㧦⬢✺㦖 㦮⬢⽊䠮, ⽊Ị㦮⬢₆ὖ, ⏣㠛㟒, ㌆㨂⽊㌗
❇ ┺㟧䞲 㟒㠦㍲ ṗ₆ 䞚㣪䞲 䡫䌲⪲ 㑮 㰧½ ㍳♮ἶ 㧞㠊, 㨂䟊㦮 㤦㧎㦚 ῂⳛ䞮ἶ 㩫㺛ἆ㩫㠦 䢲㣿♶ 㑮 㧞⓪ 㩫⽊⯒ 㩲Ὃ䞮⓪
◆ 䞲ἚṖ 㧞┺. ➆⧒㍲ ⏣㧧㠛㨂䟊 Ṧ㔲㼊Ἒ
⓪ 㡂⩂ 㟒㠦㍲ ⼚☚⪲ 㧊⬾㠊㰖ἶ 㧞⓪ 㧦
⬢㦮 㑮㰧, Ὃ㥶, 䢲㣿 ❇㦚 䙂䞮⓪ ῃṖ㩗 ὒ㩲⪲ ⏒㦮♮㠊㟒 䞲┺.
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