Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 283-289, November, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFS.2012.28.4.283
Spider Fauna of Mt. Yongmunsan, Gyeonggi-do in Korea
Seung Tae Kim
1,*, Moon-Soon Im
2, Sue-Yeon Lee
1and Han-Mo Koo
31Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
3Department of Plant Resources, Kongju National University, Yesan 340-802, Republic of Korea
Abstract
Spider fauna of Mt. Yongmunsan located in Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, was surveyed from April to October in 1996. A total of 75 species of 51 genera in 22 families from 996 individuals of spiders were identified. Species richness of each family, there were 17 Araneid species (22.7%), followed by each of the 7 Thomisid and Tetragnathid species (9.3%), 6 Salticid species (8.0%), and 5 Lycosid species (6.7%). Zoogeographically, spider fauna of Mt. Yongmunsan represented 1 cosmopolitan species (1.3%), 2 holarctic region species (2.6%), and 9 palearctic region species (12.0%), and 4 Korean endemic species (4.0%). Thus it is suggested that spider fauna of Mt. Yongmunsan was under northern regional influence.
Key Words: spider, fauna, Korea, list, Mt. Yongmunsan
Received: November 1, 2012. Revised: November 17, 2012. Accepted: November 19, 2012.
Corresponding author: Seung Tae Kim
Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea Tel: 82-2-880-4692, Fax: 82-2-873-2319, E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
Spiders are recommended as a biological indicator for the assessment of biodiversity, conservation and environ- mental change in most terrestrial ecosystems because they are diverse, abundant and important in ecological proc- esses, and exhibit various life histories and ecological pref- erences (Clausen 1986, Churchill 1997, Marc et al. 1999, Perner and Malt 2003). Yen (1995) also stated that Spiders, one of the main arthropods which show high relative abun- dance, ease of collection, and high biodiversity in habitat preferences and foraging strategies, allows for effective monitoring of site differences. However, compared with in- sects, relatively few studies were conducted dealing with the development and structure of spider communities in moun- tain ecosystem even though inventories of spiders may pro-
vide useful information for environmental monitoring and
conservation practices. On a global and regional scale,
mountains usually maintain high species richness with
some rare species because they are not much disturbed by
human activity compared to other ecosystems. In view of
the growing importance of distribution data of organisms
for conservation at many scales, biota will depend heavily
on compiled data including many ecological factors such as
time, space, habitat type, community structure, biodiversity,
functional guild and so on. Up to date detailed qualitative
studies of mountainous spiders in Gyeonggi area have not
yet been conducted properly. This survey was conducted in
Mt. Yongmunsan situated in Gyeonggi-do, as a serial work
to understand spider fauna of Korean mountains through
qualitative monitoring and establishing regional inventory.
Fig. 1. Location of Mt. Yongmunsan and surveyed route in Gyeonggi-do Fig. 2. Species richness of each family (Number in the parenthesis means
Materials and Methods
Study site
Mt. Yongmusan is located in Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi- do and situated at 128
o02’ 52’’ E, 36
o14’ 35’’ N with 1,157 m above sea level (Fig. 1).
Survey method and schedule
Survey was made from the Yongmusa to peak of Mt.
Yongmunsan. Main survey sites were selected at every 500 m in the survey route. Sweep net (38 cm in diameter) and hand picking with naked eyes were used for the collection of spiders inhabiting on the plant stands above ground.
Spiders active on ground surface were collected using sieve.
Sieving was made with plant litters every 200 m interval along the survey route. Survey was made 7 occasions peri- odically (24 April, 5 May, 24 June, 10 July, 12 August, 17 September, and 10 October) in 1996.
Identification
The spiders collected were identified using a stereo- scopic microscope (Nikon smz 800) and provisional keys (Paik 1978; Chikuni 1989; Namkung 2001; Ono 2009).
Checklist by Namkung et al. (2009) and catalogue of Platnick (2012) were used for species names and to take in- to consideration recent changes made to scientific names.
List of spider taxa collected from Mt. Yongmusan provide collected number of individuals and their gender.
Specimens collected during the study period were prepared
as immersion specimen using 80% ethylalcohol and were deposited in Konkuk University.
Results and Discussion
A total of 75 species which belong to 51 genera of 22 families
were identified from 996 individuals of spiders (Appendix). In
terms of species richness of each family, there were 17 Araneid
species (22.7%), followed by each of the 7 Thomisid and
Tetragnathid species (9.3%), 6 Salticid species (8.0%), and 5
Lycosid species (6.7%) (Fig. 2). Zoogeographically, 1 cosmo-
politan species (1.3%, Parasteatoda tepidariorum), 2 holarctic
region species (2.6%, Tetragnatha extensa and Larinioides
cornutus), and 9 palearctic region species (12.0%, Argiope
bruennichi, Hypsosinga sanguinea, Neoscona adianta, Agelena
labyrinthica, Micrommata virescens, Ebrechtella tricuspidata,
Synema globosum, Tmarus piger and Asianellus festivus), and 3
Korean endemic species (4.0%, Pholcus extumidus, Cybaeus
mosanensis and Alloclubionoides lunatus). Thus it is suggested
that spider fauna of Mt. Yongmunsan was under northern re-
gional influence. And this result was coincides with the fauna
of Korean spiders (Namkung et al. 2009). Mountainous
areas have very high biodiversity due to small environ-
mental disturbance and habitat for many creatures, consid-
ered as a very important ecosystem for many local unique
species and conserving biodiversity (Lomolino 2001). Van
der Merwe et al. (1996) and Churchill (1997) argued that
spiders operate as a dominant predator group which can in- fluence the structure of terrestrial invertebrate communities.
In the case of spiders, therefore, continuous monitoring in mountains will become important data for the general un- derstanding and use of the various traits of spiders. This survey provides a past collected inventory of mountainous spiders and information regarding the region’s biodiversity.
Thus the results will not only useful for the effective man- agement and long-term use of national biological resources but also become a highly important data for the preserva- tion of biodiversity based on changes in distribution over time and space.
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Appendix. List of Spider taxa collected from Mt. Yongmunsan Family PHOLCIDAE C. L. Koch, 1850
Pholcus crypticolens Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 산유령거미 2♀♀1♂(20-IV-1996)
Pholcus extumidus Paik, 1978 엄지유령거미 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996)
Family ULOBORIDAE Thorell, 1869
Octonoba sybotides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 꼽추응달거미 2♀♀(10-VII-1996)
Family THERIDIIDAE Sundevall, 1833
Parasteatoda kompirensis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 석점박이꼬마거미 1♀(17-IX-1996)
Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) 말꼬마거미 3♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 4♀♀(17-IX-1996)
Takayus latifolius (Yaginuma, 1960) 넓은잎꼬마거미 1♀(5-V-1996), 1♀(24-VI-1996), 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996) Family LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859
Neriene albolimbata (Karsch, 1879) 살촉접시거미 1♀(12-VIII-1996)
Neriene limbatinella (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 쌍줄접시거미 1♀(10-X-1996)
Neriene longipedella (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 농발접시거미 3♀♀1♂♂(5-V-1996), 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 1♀(12-VIII-1996) Neriene nigripectoris (Oi, 1960) 검정접시거미
1♀1♂(5-V-1996)
Family TETRAGNATHIDAE Menge, 1866 Leucauge celebesiana (Walckenaer, 1842) 꼬마백금거미
2♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 13♀♀(10-VII-1996), 1♂(12-VIII-1996) Leucauge subgemmea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 금빛백금거미
2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 4♀♀(12-VIII-1996) Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955 가시다리거미
2♀♀(12-VIII-1996), 1♀(17-IX-1996)
Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg &Strand, 1906) 병무늬시내거미 14♀♀2♂♂(24-VI-1996), 7♀♀(10-VII-1996)
Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758) 큰배갈거미 1♀(10-VII-1996)
Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895 민갈거미 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996)
Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 장수갈거미 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996)
Family NEPHILIDAE Simon, 1894 Nephila clavata L. Koch, 1878 무당거미
2♀♀(10-VII-1996), 32♀♀4♂♂(12-VIII-1996), 6♀♀(17-IX-1996) Family ARANEIDAE Simon, 1895
Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 먹왕거미 3♀♀(5-V-1996)
Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 노랑무늬왕거미 1♀(24-VI-1996)
Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch, 1878) 산왕거미
2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 5♀♀1♂(12-VIII-1996), 1♀(17-IX-1996), 1♀10-X-1996)
Appendix. Continued
Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 호랑거미
2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 3♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996), 1♀(10-X-1996) Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) 긴호랑거미
4♀♀(24-VI-1996), 35♀♀9♂♂(10-VII-1996), 112♀♀2♂♂(12-VIII-1996), 32♀♀7♂♂(17-IX-1996), 7♀♀(10-X-1996) Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 꼬마호랑거미
2♀♀1♂♂(10-VII-1996)
Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch, 1879 여덟혹먼지거미
1♀(20-IV-1996), 2♀♀(5-V-1996), 1♀(24-VI-1996), 1♂(10-VII-1996) Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell, 1895 큰새똥거미
2♀♀(10-VII-1996)
Eriophora sachalinensis (Saito, 1934) 북왕거미 2♀♀1♂♂(5-V-1996), 2♀♀(24-VI-1996) Hypsosinga sanguinea (C. L. Koch, 1844) 산짜애왕거미
1♀(5-V-1996)
Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) 기생왕거미
2♀♀1♂(20-IV-1996), 2♀♀3♂♂(5-V-1996), 4♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀(10-X-1996) Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802) 각시어리왕거미
23♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 20♀♀6♂♂(10-VII-1996), 1♀(17-IX-1996) Neoscona melloteei (Simon, 1895) 검은테연두어리왕거미
2♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 7♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 6♀♀12-VIII-1996), 6♀♀1♂(17-IX-1996) Neoscona pseudonautica Yin et al., 1990 어리집왕거미
2♀♀1♂♂(12-VIII-1996)
Neoscona punctigera (Doleschall, 1857) 적갈어리왕거미 1♀(12-VIII-1996)
Neoscona scylla (Karsch, 1879) 지이어리왕거미
4♀♀(20-IV-1996), 45♀♀(5-V-1996), 20♀♀11♂♂(24-VI-1996), 1♀4♂♂(10-VII-1996), 4♀♀3♂♂(12-VIII-1996), 1♀
(17-IX-1996)
Neoscona scylloides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 연두어리왕거미 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996), 1♀(10-X-1996)
Family LYCOSIDAE Sundevall, 1833 Pardosa astrigera L. Koch, 1878 별늑대거미
15♀♀(20-IV-1996), 21♀♀2♂♂(5-V-1996), 2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 5♀♀(10-VII-1996), 12♀♀3♂♂(12-VIII-1996), 5♀♀4♂
♂(17-IX-1996), 5♀♀ (10-X-1996) Pardosa brevivulva Tanaka, 1975 뫼가시늑대거미
2♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀(10-VII-1996) Pardosa hedini Schenkel, 1936 중국늑대거미
5♀♀1♂(5-V-1996)
Pardosa laura Karsch, 1879 가시늑대거미
2♀♀(20-IV-1996), 2♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 2♀♀1♂12-VIII-1996) Pirata procurvus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 좀늑대거미
3♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 2♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 4♀♀12-VIII-1996), 1♂(17-IX-1996) Family PISAURIDAE Simon, 1890
Dolomedes sulfureus L. Koch, 1878 황닷거미 2♀♀(20-IV-1996), 1♀(5-V-1996)
Pisaura lama Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 아기늪서성거미
35♀♀(20-IV-1996), 22♀♀(5-V-1996), 9♀♀2♂♂(24-VI-1996), 6♀♀(10-VII-1996) Family OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1870
Oxyopes licenti Schenkel, 1953 아기스라소니거미
4♀♀(5-V-1996), 4♀♀(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996)
Appendix. Continued
Oxyopes sertatus L. Koch, 1878 낯표스라소니거미
3♀♀(24-VI-1996), 3♀♀(10-VII-1996), 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996) Family CTENIDAE Keyserling, 1877
Anahita fauna Karsch, 1879 너구리거미
2♀♀(20-IV-1996), 1♀(5-V-1996), 7♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996) Family AGELENIDAE C. L. Koch, 1837
Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) 대륙풀거미 7♀♀2♂♂(12-VIII-1996), 1♀(17-IX-1996) Agelena silvatica Oliger, 1983 들풀거미
6♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 7♀♀(10-VII-1996) Allagelena difficilis (Fox, 1936) 타래풀거미
6♀♀1♂(17-IX-1996), 5♀♀(10-X-1996) Family CYBAEIDAE Banks, 1892
Cybaeus mosanensis Paik & Namkung, 1967 모산굴뚝거미
2♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 4♀♀2♂♂(24-VI-1996), 4♀♀(10-VII-1996) Family Coelotidae F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893
Alloclubionoides lunatus (Paik, 1976) 속리가게거미 2♀♀(5-V-1996)
Pireneitega spinivulva (Simon, 1880) 한국깔때기거미 1♀(12-VIII-1996), 2♀♀(17-IX-1996)
Family MITURGIDAE Simon, 1886
Cheiracanthium japonicum Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 애어리염낭거미 6♀♀(24-VI-1996)
Cheiracanthium uncinatum Paik, 1985 갈퀴혹어리염낭거미 4♀♀(24-VI-1996)
Family CLUBIONIDAE Wagner, 1887
Clubiona japonicola Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 노랑염낭거미 2♀♀(10-VII-1996)
Clubiona jucunda (Karsch, 1879) 살깃염낭거미 1♀(10-X-1996)
Family CORINNIDAE Karsch, 1880
Orthobula crucifera Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 십자쌈지거미 6♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 12♀♀11♂♂(24-VI-1996) Family GNAPHOSIDAE Pocock, 1898
Drassodes serratidens Schenkel, 1963 톱수리거미 2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀(10-VII-1996)
Gnaphosa kompirensis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 넓적니거미 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996)
Sernokorba pallidipatellis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) 석줄톱니매거미
4♀♀(20-IV-1996), 2♀♀1♂(5-V-1996), 6♀♀(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀(17-IX-1996) Zelotes kimwha Paik, 1986 김화염라거미
5♂♂(20-IV-1996), 7♂♂(5-V-1996), 2♂♂(24-VI-1996) Family SPARASSIDAE Bertkau, 1872
Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) 이슬거미 1♀(5-V-1996), 1♀(10-VII-1996)
Family PHILODROMIDAE Thorell, 1870
Philodromus subaureolus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 갈새우게거미 1♀(12-VIII-1996)
Appendix. Continued
Family THOMISIDAE Sundevall, 1833
Diaea subdola O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 각시꽃게거미 2♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 1♀(12-VIII-1996) Ebrechtella tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) 꽃게거미
1♀(20-IV-1996), 16♀♀(5-V-1996), 12♀♀2♂♂24-VI-1996), 9♀♀6♂♂(10-VII-1996), 5♀♀(12-VIII-1996) Oxytate striatipes L. Koch, 1878 줄연두게거미
1♀(5-V-1996)
Pistius undulatus Karsch, 1879 오각게거미 1♀(12-VIII-1996)
Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) 불짜게거미 3♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 2♀♀(12-VIII-1996) Tmarus piger (Walckenaer, 1802) 참범게거미
1♀(20-IV-1996), 1♀(5-V-1996)
Xysticus ephippiatus Simon, 1880 대륙게거미
1♀(5-V-1996), 6♀♀1♂(24-VI-1996), 2♀♀1♂(10-VII-1996), 1♀2♂♂(17-IX-1996), 2♀♀(10-X-1996) Family SALTICIDAE Blackwall, 1841
Asianellus festivus (C. L. Koch, 1834) 산길깡충거미 2♀♀1♂(5-V-1996)
Evarcha albaria (L. Koch, 1878) 흰눈썹깡충거미 2♀♀(24-VI-1996), 1♀1♂(12-VIII-1996)
Heliophanus ussuricus Kulczyn'ski, 1895 우수리햇님깡충거미 1♀(5-V-1996)
Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879) 살깃깡충거미 2♀♀(20-IV-1996), 1♀(12-VIII-1996) Phintella arenicolor (Grube, 1861) 눈깡충거미
1♀(24-VI-1996)
Telamonia vlijmi Prószynski, 1984 검은날개무늬깡충거미 1♀(5-V-1996), 1♀1♂(10-VII-1996)
