Petrological and Geological Safety Diagnosis of Multi-storied Stone Pagoda in the Daewonsa Temple, Sancheong, Korea
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(4) . . . . Petrological and Geological Safety Diagnosis of Multi-storied Stone Pagoda in the Daewonsa Temple, Sancheong, Korea Chan Hee Lee1* and Mancheol Suh2 1. Department of Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea NRLCP(Non-destructive Research Laboratory of Cultural Properties), Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea. 2. The multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda (Treasure No. 1112) in the Sancheong, Korea was studied on the basis of deterioration and geological safety diagnosis. The stone pagoda is composed mainly of granitic gneiss, partly fine-grained granitic gneiss, leucocratic gneiss, biotite granite and ceramics. Each rock of the pagoda is highly exfoliated and fractured along the edges. Some fractures in the main body and roof stones are treated by cement mortar. This pagoda is strongly covered with yellowish to reddish brown tarnish due to the amorphous precipitates of iron hydroxides. Dark grey crust by manganese hydroxides occur partly, and some part coated with white grey gypsum and calcite aggregates from the reaction of cement mortar and rain. As the main body, roof and upper part of the pagoda, the rocks are developed into the radial and linear cracks. Surface of this pagoda shows partly yellowish brown, blue and green patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen, moss and bracken. Besides, wall-rocks of the Daewonsa temple and rock aggregates in the Daewonsa valley are changed reddish brown color with the same as those of the pagoda color. It suggests that the rocks around the Daewonsa temple are highly in iron and manganese concentrations compared with the normal granitic gneiss which color change is natural phenomena owing to the oxidation reaction by rain or surface water with rocks. Therefore, for the attenuation of secondary contamination, whitening and reddishness, the possible conservation treatments are needed. Consisting rocks of the pagoda would be epoxy to reinforce the fracture systems for the structural stability on the basements.. multi-storied stone pagoda, reddishness, whitening, fracture system, conservation treatment.
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(95) Major element concentrations (wt. %) in % IL+ AL n<hd. ´AT LM ( constituting rocks of the multi-storied Daewonsa stone i,Y `- ¦% &7 6 L6 Phd pagoda. . ¼,§ ~G c> IP% DA yT ´ No. DW-1 DW-2 DW-3 DW-4 DW-5 DW-6 DW-7 v% 2 &I þ 67 6c) 6 =+ H 65.82 65.74 54.78 21.07 63.78 44.92 66.65 SiO P ,I 2f/ P¤67 Al O 15.81 15.34 15.99 5.81 19.34 24.82 13.74.
(96) . . . . 2. 2. . 3. Fe2O3 6.14 8.25 15.88 0.70 6.05 11.70 8.94 MnO 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.07 MgO 2.33 2.38 2.92 0.63 2.14 4.48 0.97 CaO 1.96 1.93 1.93 30.54 0.94 0.87 3.12 0.83 1.15 0.94 0.01 0.68 0.03 0.95 Na2O 4.68 3.38 3.39 0.83 5.40 4.31 3.16 K2O TiO2 0.77 0.62 1.27 0.08 0.46 1.03 1.14 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.39 P2O5 LOI 1.35 0.28 2.37 32.87 0.52 6.72 0.31 Total 99.82 99.25 99.60 92.65 99.50 99.10 99.44. . . . Fe2O3; total Fe. u)M BÒd / )+ ï*> F+ u©M =7 4- + ï*> ÅpT R B6 äE7 6 n<+ AUh® h ÅN r% +T P h® Ïq ] UG cd. ,G7 q + Ì6 TÂ > %/ + Ì6 P* 7 6 r% +` ¿NG Uá ÔC '( [Ý+ «`% Î t`< F+ 67 vT > %/ #; ) ] LG c> /µ i öQ<p] 3C% rHG . `<G7 . . .). . -4:<. .
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(109) . 6. Color change and exfoliation showing constituting rocks of the multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda. (A) Central main body and roof stone coated with reddish brown iron hydroxides and precipitates. (B) Consisting rock of central main body and roof changed the color into dark brown manganese hydroxides, reddish brown iron precipitates and white grey carbonate minerals. (C) Circle-shaped exfoliation of reddish brown precipitates in the roof stone. (D) Reddish brown tough crust of amorphous iron hydroxides and white grey precipitates of carbonate. (E) White grey carbonate minerals dissolved by cement mortar and reddish brown to dark grey precipitates of the manganese and iron hydroxide. (F) Globular shaped manganese, iron hydroxides and white amorphous carbonates along the rain pass way..
(110)
(111) . . Seated four Buddha sculptured four face of the upper basement stone and the man-shaped pillar stones in the four corner of the multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda. There are tarnished and/or covered with dark brown manganese, reddish brown iron and white grey carbonate hydroxides precipitates which are highly corrosion and exfoliation along the edge surface. The eyes and eyebrows of the man-shaped pillar stones are colored with black ink and the low plants live to open cavities in the basement stones.. CXPV+ 3
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(122) Enrichment indices of major elements in vT £ X³% 6íhd. ¿NG Ë< + < constituting rocks of the multi-storied Daewonsa stone ÑÔCR u5G7 L+ < <+ pagoda. X[ ©%/ <+ r% W ¿NG <ÑÔC6 No. DW-1 DW-2 DW-3 DW-4 DW-5 DW-6 DW-7 F R º,O &7 SiO 0.96 0.96 0.80 0.31 0.93 0.65 0.97 6 ÔC¨+ L> ¯j ,%/ u5 jÿ Al O 1.08 1.05 1.09 0.40 1.32 1.70 0.94 ¾£R W ¿N2 LM O O C Fe O 1.31 1.76 3.38 0.15 1.29 2.49 1.90 R á,|« ÔC+ 6íU R MnO 1.68 3.67 2.00 2.33 2.00 3.33 2.33 MgO 1.45 1.48 1.81 0.39 1.33 2.78 0.60 «.6 R T7 CaO 1.00 0.99 0.99 15.58 0.48 0.44 1.59 W/ 6 ã_d. ù4- ä ÔCh i Na O 0.32 0.46 0.36 0.01 0.26 0.12 0.37 h rª«6 û6 ÍO &7 cR KO 1.39 0.99 0.99 0.24 1.58 1.26 0.92 , c67 vT C/µq öQ<) h r 1.60 1.29 2.65 0.17 0.96 2.14 2.38 TiO % +,Y FG< F< Ën UÔC. G PO 0.53 0.48 0.47 0.27 0.87 0.80 2.60 LOI 1.09 0.23 1.99 26.51 0.42 5.42 0.25 cR e á &7 6q > rU ß% 7 mean 1.12 1.21 1.50 4.21 1.04 1.92 1.35 ;<=%/ 6íh® ¹R -I á & C. CIA* 62.26 62.81 64.63 8.90 70.08 79.80 56.29 ò¹ C> y+ U > c¨6 &7 Fe O ; total Fe, CIA*; chemical index of alteration by Nesbitt and Young (1982) CD +) C) +)
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(156) . . Scanning electron microphotographs (SEM) of secondary minerals in the multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda. (A) Tiny aggregate compounds of amorphous iron hydroxide minerals in the stone surface. (B) Bladed gypsum in the white grey precipitates. (C) Some clay minerals between the quartz and feldspar. (D) Subhedral carbonate minerals in the white grey precipitates.. ò2 I¿, / nC¹ ·¸¹ ¹ v F ¹+ U<Pd. G7 6¨6 N R Y nC¹ v C¸¹d. ¹2 juR ` c> C n<+ r) c67 +p% Î )M B . Lò¿C+ $S6 y
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(163) . . Photographs showing biological weathering of the multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda. (A) Some weeds occur boundary between the ground stones, which are covered dark black manganese hydroxides. (B) Green lichen and algae showed the stone surface. (C, D) Scanning electron microphotograph (SEM) show Crustose lichen's rhizoid (?) of green lichen and algae which are aggregate with clay minerals.. .
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