Effect of Lecithin and Chitooligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and blood Metabolites in Growing Pigs

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(1)동물자원연구. 17:21-27, 2006. Annals of Anirnal Resource Sciences 17:21-27, 2006. Effect of Lecithin and Chitooligosaccharide on Growth Perfonnance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Metabolites in Growing Pigs Won-Tae Kim, Prashant Shinde and Byung Jo αlae‘ 01 Anima1 Resour，αs Sciencζ Ka ngwon National Univer빼 Ozuncheon -2따 701， Korea. D얘artment. ABSTRACf. m 난1e [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. to. present study a total of 112 pigs (55.0 :t0.76kg. ini뼈. body. wei양1t). were. 때 emp 미，10 아 'ye 어 d. in a feeding. 벼i머 σ. 따 d.eterm 따 1. 벼ig d 뿔 않 e stib 뻐 파il) H ψr 뻐 an따 db 비배 100 여 dme 뼈 떠 t abo 벼 olites.. (ρ2.5있 :2.5:돼 돼떼:퍼페이')， 12 (0:5.0:이， 5ε. The addition levels. 아 0f 없lÍma뼈] f;삶 하t， a. 13 (2.5:2.5:0.1) and T4 (0:5.0:0.1) ,. period of 28 days during whlch weekly body. wei양1ts. lecithin and CC6. (tre 얹 atmen 려lts 펴$떼.). were: 1π 1. 땐pectively. The feeding trial was conducted for a. and feed intake were recorded to. c외떼ate. AJX; (잉，. ADFI (잉 and FCR in growing pigs. Bl∞d w:잃 collected at zero day and at 암1e end of the experim밍t (쟁 이 to study the effect of lecithin and CC6 on blood metabolites. total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,. (띠z.. LDL-cholesterol, σi링yceride， nonester퍼ed fatty acid and glucose). A digestion tri머 was conducted to evaluate the effect of lecithin. 뻐d α)s. on digestibility of different nutrients. Results revealed that the inc1usion of. lecithin and/ or CC6 had no effect on the AOC, ADFI, FCR and of tota1 cholesterol of 13 and glucose in a. si맑ific때t. π"4) w:as. nor. bl∞d. w:as. were unaffected due to. effective in reducing. 난1e. cæ had any effect on the redu띠19. of various. nuσients.. The level. significantly lower than 11; however, the levels of HDL, LDL-cholesterol, NEFA die밟y. treatments. The level of triglyceride (TG) at 28 d showed. CCS x lecithin interaction (p<O.01), where 12 had the. was effective in. digestibiliψ. hl양1않t. TG level. Thus from the above. r얹버ts. blood TG level and addition of. α$. it is conc1uded that neither lecithin. growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs, however, CCS. the blood cholesterol level of growing pigs.. Key words: COS, growth, lecithin, nutrient. digestibiliη，. blood metabolites. www.earticle.net I . Introduction π1e s뻐ne ind따며r. supplemen떠1. practice. It withahi양1. has to be. const뻐tly. on the look-out for means of irnproving. fats and oils in piglet diets as dietary energy-yielding. h잃 냥en. shown. 암13t. fats with a. hl방1. 머.， 1988， 198키 .1εcithin. and other phospholipids. Since lecithin is a by-product of the hl양1. use of. has become a wide-spread. content of saturated fatty acids are less digestible than those. content of unsaturated fatty acids (Cera et. composition that is. ingredi밍1ts. producti띠ty. 돼.e. pro않ssing. is made up of. phosphatidylch뻐le. of soyabeans, it has a fatty acid. in linoleic and other tmsaturated fatty acids. Soares and Lopez (2002). r，맴0야ed. that. addition of phospholipids (in the form of vegetable leci뼈n) in diets of pi밍ets irnproved fat digestibility due to its. 밍nuls벼따19. * Corresponding. property. author: Byung Jo Chae, Tel: 82-33-250-8 616, Fax: 82-33-244-2433, E-mail bjcha [email protected].

(2) 동물자원연구 제 17 권. 22. Recent studies have indicated that converting of chitin. 뻐d. (2006) chitosan to water-soluble oligosaccharides irnproved. its biological activities. Chi. tin - chitosan are been advertised as food supplements that are effective in lowering blood cholesterol concentration and control 0뾰sity (As aoka, 1996). Oú tosan have shown to increase 때 matter digestib피ty 띠met 매.，. 2006), and. r려uce ile벼. fat digestibility (Razdan and. Pe야ersson，. 1996) in broilers. Several. other studies in different anirnal models have shown chitosan to be hypocholesterolemic 1993; Sugano et It hasbe앙1. 1978, 1980;. 려.，. Razd밍1. and. Pe야ersson，. (μHoux. and Grondin,. 1994).. long recognized that blood cholesterol concentration is an irnportant risk factor for development. of atherosclerosis. However,. th앉'e. grow암1 떠formancε nuσient. digestibility and. are no reports regarding the effect of lecithin with or without bl∞d. metabolites in pigs. Hence, the. 0벼ective 아. the. α)5. on the. pr얹ent. study. was to evaluate the effects of lecithin with or without C03 on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and. [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. blood metabolites in growing pigs.. 11 . Materials and Methods 1. Ex perimental animals and diets A total of 112 pigs of the same ancestry (L x Y x four dietary treatments, each comprising of 2 par뻐ly. slotted and concrete. fl∞.r. average body. replicat않". wei양lt. of 55.0:t 0.76kg) were. and 14 pigs per replicate.. πle. allo야ed. to. pigs were housed in. pens with a pen size of 1.9 x 2.54 rn, with a self feeder and nipple waterer. to allow ad libitum access to feed and water. treatments) were: T1 (2.5:2.5:0), 12. 다. (0:5.0:이，. 깐le. addition levels of animal fat, lecithin and C03 (dietary. 13 (2 .5:2.5:0.1) and T4 (0:5.0:0.1),. to replace animal fat in the die t. Al l the diets met or exceeded the nutrient. respectiveψ.. The lecithin was add어. req버rements. as suggested by NRC. (1998). πle experirnent허. and feed. feeding was carried out for a period of 28 days during which body. 벼sappearance (옮fed. basis) were recorded at the end of each week to. wei양lt. calc버ate. of individual pigs. the average daily gain. (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADF1) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). 2. Ap parent nutrient digestibility. www.earticle.net. Jn order to study 삼le effect of diet없γ lecithin with or without C03 on apparent nutrient digestibility, a digestib피ty 며al. was. 따formed. at the end of. e깐Jeru뼈lt. using. 벼romic 0잉de. as an indicator.. πle. pigs were. fed chromic acid for three days and fecal 잃mples were collected, dried in an air forced dr빼g oven at 600 C for 72 h and ground with a 1mm mesh Wiley mill for chemical 3.. Anal에떠I. 없녕lysis.. methods. Pro성mate 뼈lysis. of the. e째eriInental. diets was carried out following the method of AOAC (1990). Gross. energy was measured by a bomb calorimeter (Model 1261, Parr an automated spectrophotometer. (S바nadzu， Jap뻐). Jnstrum밍lt α.，. Molin,. 1니. according to the procedure of Fenton. and chromium with 뻐d. Fenton (1979).. Blood was collected at 0 d and at the end of the experiInent (28 d) from 2 pigs of each replicate, using a. 1αnl.

(3) Effect of. l..e디뼈1. and. on Growth Performance, Nutrient Metabolites in Growing 뀐gs. Orit∞ligosaccharide. and Bl∞d. Table 1. Formula and chemica1 composition of. experiment매. 23. 다gestib퍼ty. diet use during the feeding tria1 Treatmene. 11. 1'2. 54.90 21.60 15.50 2.50 2.50 1.20 0.75 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.03. 54.90 21.60 15.50. 100.00 3,300 15.5 0.76 0.25 0.90 0.53. T4. T3. Ingredient (%). Com Wheat bran SBM-44% Animal fat Leci thin Lirnestone Tricalcium phosphate. [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. 않lt. L-Lysine 1 Mineral premix Vitamin premix2. crc Choline chloride. 100.00. 54.80 21.60 15 .50 2.50 2.50 1.20 0.75 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.10 100.00. 5.00 1.20 0.75 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.10 0.1 0 0.03 0.1 0 100.00. 3,250 15 .5 0.76 0.25 0.90 0.53. 3,300 15.5 0.76 0.25 0.90 0.53. 3,250 15.5 0.76 0.25 0.90 0.53. 5.00 1.20 0.75 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.03. Chitooligosacαcha 값ride. Total Chemical composition N모 (kc허jkg). α. (%) (%) Av-P (%) Lysine (%) τSAA (%). ca. 54 .80 21.60 15.50. ~ Supplied per kg 며et: 16강ng Fe, 96mg Cu, 72mg Zn, 46.49 mg Mn, 0.9mg 1, 0.9rng Co, 0.3mg ‘ Supplied per kg diet: 9,600IU 띠t없nin A, l ,800IU 띠t없nin D3, 24mg 띠t없nin E, l .5m몽ritamin B1, 1강ng 띠tarnin B2, 2.4rng vitarnin B6, O.045mg vitarnin B12, l .5mg 띠t없피n K3, Pantothenic acid , 45 mg Niacin,. se. 3. 0.09mg Biotm, 0.75mg Folic add/ 18 mg Ethoxyq띠n. 11: Anirnal fat 2.5% + leci앙ún 2.5%, 1'2 : Anirnal fat 0% + leci납ún 5 %; T3 : Animal fat 2.5% + lecithin 2.5% + Chi tooligosaccharide 0.1 %; T4: Animal fat 0% + lecithin 5.0% + Chi tooligosaccharide 0.1 %.. www.earticle.net. vaccurntainer (Bec ton 다때nson Co., USA) , the collected bl∞d was stored at 4 C for 8 h after which it was 0. æntrifuged at 3(뼈 x g for 30 min for the separation of serum. The serurn 삶ter separation was stored at -2Cfc ind않p. freezer for. lipoprotein. 뻐머ysis. αDL-<그. using clinica1. of metabolites. Total cholesterol. triglyceride (IG),. chemis따. 링uco똥. and. σ디， hi양1. nonest앉ified. density lipoprotein (HDL-q , low. d잉lSiη. fatty acids (NEFA) were estimated in the serum. diagnostic reagents kits rnanufactured by M/ s Asan Pharrnaceuticals. (동0버， Kor않).. AlI the data generated was su비 ected to statistical 뻐alysis using GLM procedure of SAS (1985) by using a. complete randomized design. For the comparison, the effects of lecithin, CC6 and their interaction were observed. wh앉1. significant differences were noted, the means were compared using Duncan' s multiple range tests. All. statements of significance were based on. probab피ty. 111 . Res ul t s and discussion. p<O.OS, unless otherwise noted..

(4) 24. 동물자원연구 제 17권. (2006). 1. Chemiæl ∞mposition of experirnental diets The chemical composition of experimental diets is present，때 in Table 1. The ME content (kcaljkg) of 11 and. 13 diet was. 3，301이. where as due to the inclusion of lecithin by replacing the animal fat the ME of. π. and T4. was decreased, however, all the diets were iso- proteinous in all the treatments. I..eci thin had hi뺑eramountoflin이eic (08: 2n6) , lin이e띠c (08: 잃 :3n 퍼뼈 켜)， decosa 3 빼 he 얹 xa 않 enOlc ac디i띠 d ρHA， α2:6β6퍼폐) 뻐 an to 야t떠a 외 뻐lun m뼈 끄 s잃 atu 따 rrated fa며T sim뻐. so없. to that reported by. and. unsaturated: saturated (U: S) of 3.3 was. Table 2.. Fa야y. 1.0햄. 2). The. Acid (%). Animal Fat. (P따mÏtic). 25.69. C18:0. sirr뻐. (Palmit이eic). Lecit비n. 20.20. 4.26. (Stearic). 12.73. 6.42. C18 :1n9. (01머c). 8.14. 6.42. C1 8:1n7. (Vaccenic). 0.24. 0.20. C18: 2n6. (벼01머c). 47.85. 59.19. C18:3n3 (Linolenic). 0.19. 6.10. C20:1n9 (Gondoic). 0.18. C20: 4n6 (Arachidonic). 0.01. C22:6n3 (DHA). 0.12. 2.88. Total. 100.00. 100.00. fatty acid, %). 39.01. 25 .21. 60.99. 74.79. 100.00. 100.00. SFA. (sat따ated. ratio of. for leci thin.. 0.59. C16:1n7. acid composition of lecithin was. (2002) and Reis de Souza (1995) , wherein a. reφrted. C14:0 (Myristic) C16:0. fa며T. acid composition of animal fat and lecithin. Fa야Y. [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. π'able. acids as compared to anima1 fat. USFA (unsaturated fatty acid, %) Total. www.earticle.net 2. Growth performan∞ and apparent nutrient digestibility πle. effect of lecithin. 뻐d. cæ on the average d없ly. 쟁in. (AIC), average daily feed intake (ADFl), and FCR. in growing pigs is shown in Table 3. The AIX;, ADFl and FCR did not show any statistical differences on companson e歐t. 뻐ong differ따 뼈tments. on the. gro빼. who found that growth. performance of growing. cæ. pe바órmance. at. of. 산le. pi힘ets. Simi뻐y，. that. pi뚱. These. cæ. adding. line값. fin，이ngs. WI않버ng pi밍ets. em벼S퍼ers. Gones et. neither. are in. agr'얹ment. st않ter. in the form of. 려.，. lecit빼. nor. cæ. with. t뼈t. had any. benefici려. 뻐n. 어. (21α끼. of. et. and grower, had no effect on. leci뻐n 뻐d ly떼따t매. 1992). However,. 뻐n. et. 려.. 암le. had no effect. (2007) in the. san똥. at the level of 0.3 % was beneficial in reducing feed intake and improved FjG. in grower piglets. Supplementation of the choline-free a. in이cat얹 야mt. level of 0.2% and 0.1 % respectively in. on AIC, ADFl and FjG of e째eriment repo야ed. (p>o.05). This. (p<0.01) increase in feed intake and. p따ified 벼잃1. wei양t g밍n. diet with choline or deoiled lecithin induced (Emmert et 머.， 1996)..

(5) Effect of. Table 3.. 타fect. of. 냐cithin. and Où tooligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Bl∞d Metabolites in Growing Pi gs. lec~tlùn. digestibiliη. and clùtooligosaccharide on the growth of growing pigs.. perform뻐ce. and apparent nutrient 2. Treatrnene. [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. 25. P-value. SE~. 11. 1'2. 1'3. T4. ADG (g). 869.77. 842.54. 835 .26. 838.48. ADFI (g). 2331.91. 2404.05. 2263 .57. FCR. 2.68. 2.87. DM. 76.09. GE. C. L. CxL. 51.71. NS3. NS. NS. 2양2.03. 259.21. NS. NS. NS. 2.71. 2.87. 0.26. NS. NS. NS. 73.23. 73.41. 74.67. 2.17. NS. NS. NS. 76.36. 73 .59. 74.20. 76.64. 52.02. NS. NS. NS. CP. 74.06. 71.81. 73.98. 78.06. 2.99. NS. NS. NS. EE. 56.89. 63.21. 62 .22. 62.32. 4.95. NS. NS. NS. As h. 45.87. 43 .52 53.91. 5.00 7.87. NS NS. NS. 43.41. 50.04 49.12. NS. ca. 51.92 52 .52. NS. NS. P. 52.79. 50.09. 50.00. 53.71. 13.20. NS. NS. NS. 1 11: Animal fat 2.5% + lecithin 2.5%, 1'2 : Animal fat 0% + lecithin 5%; 1'3: Animal fat 2.5% + lecithin 2.5% + Chi tooligosaccharide 0.1%; T4: Animal fat 0% + leci야ún 5.0% + Chi tooligosaccharide 0.1 %. 2 C (αitooligosaccharide)I L;(I’feScEitM 빼:S)/taCndxaLrd (Chitooligosaccharide x I￡Ci뻐n). 3 NS: Not sig1iHcant (p> 0.05) error of me mean. The apparent. treatments. dig'않tib피ty. σ'able. their nutrient. of nutrients (DM, GE,. æ , EE, Ash, ca and P) did not differ (p>O.05) due to dietary. 3). Similar to our findings, clùtosan added to the diets of weanling piglets had no effect on. digestib피ty. (Kim et al. , 1999). In their. expe띠뼈lt， Soares. lecithin supplernentation had no significant effect on dry 6따 digestib파ty.. rna야er，. However, they observed a significant decrease in. and Lopez (2002) reported that. crude protein, total rninerals, Ca, P and σude. fat. digestib퍼ty. 뾰. diet. 아 gr뼈ng. piglets. si맑ificantly. irnproved. σude. fat. αude. with the diets containing. lard, and lecithin supplernentation was found to irnprove the digestibility of lard. In contrast to our S at the level of 0.3 % in. diet값Y. findin뿜". 이gestib피ty (l-뼈. CO. et 매.， 2007).. Similarly, lecithin was found to irnprove the digestibility of tallow, but decrease the digestibility of lard Gones et al., 1992).These inconsistence in the attributed to source of lecithin ern띠S벼ring proper따.. of. 뻐ed. fin이ngs regarφng. in the. l tibility dig않. the effect of lecithin on fat. experirn밍lts. Differ밍lt. sources of lecithin may have. may be φfferent. www.earticle.net This could be due to the fatty acid cornposition of the lecithin as well as to the degree. refin앉1ent.. 3. Blood metabolites πle. in. effect of lecithin and ca; on the blood rnetabolites is presented in Table 4. The level of total. bl뼈 W잃. 1'3(Ar파nal. bl∞d. found to be. si맹ific뻐tly. higher (p<0.058) in 11. (Ar뼈1. fat 2.5% +. lecit뼈. 2.5 %) as. corn햄red. to. fat 2.5% + lecithin 2.5% + CC6 0.1%) indicating that addition of CC6 was effective in lowering the. cholesterollevel. The blood triglyceride level showed a significant (p<0.003) lecithin x CC6. level of triglyceride was r려uced. cholester이. si맑앞icantly hi양ler. the level of triglyceride. in. 따" Ar따nal 삶t. cæ was effective in lowering the blood. π. (Ar1irnal fat 0% +. 0% +. tri앙yceride.. lecit뼈. 5.0% +. leci뻐n. interac섬011. πle. 5.0%); however, addition of CC6. αútooligo앓cc빼de. 0.1 %). 뼈ca빼g t뼈t. The addition of lecithin with or without CC6 had no effect. (p>O.05) , on the blood HDL, LDL-cholesterol, NEFA and glucose levels of growing pigs. The cholesterol in the.

(6) 동물자원연구 제 17 권. 26. (2006). Table 4. Effect of lecithin and chitooligosaccharide on blood metabolites in growing pigs Treatment1 TC (mgjdl) d 0 d 28 HDL- C (mgj dl) d 0 d28 LDL-C (mgj dl). [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. d 0 d 28 TG (mgjdl) d 0 d 28 NEFA (l.tEqjl) d 0 d 28 Glucose (mgj dl) d 0 d 28 ab. 1. 2 3. 2. S~. p-value C. L. CxL. 3.08 4.26. NS3 0.058. NS NS. NS NS. 56.41 57.98. 2.95 4.51. NS NS. NS NS. NS NS. 36.34 24.06. 38 .59 23.02. 5.46 6.12. NS NS. NS NS. NS NS. 63.12 90.91 a. 69.03 84.20ab. 69.12 73.31 b. 7.54 11.17. NS NS. NS NS. NS 0.003. 269.66 159.46. 271.81 151 .56. 272.36 172. 25. 276.41 170.22. 86.89 23.11. NS NS. NS NS. NS NS. 49.83 66.92. 48.14 62.71. 48.75 60.59. 49.51 63.00. 9.78 6.39. NS NS. NS NS. NS NS. 11. T2. 1'3. T4. 93.41 87.83a. 95.48 80.94ab. 93.19 80.30b. 95.00 81.ooab. 54.76 54.9. 56.44 59.66. 56 .85 56.24. 38.65 32.93. 39.04 21.28. 66.81 71.21 b. V，허U얹 with different superscripts in the same row differ 뺑ificantly (p<0.05). 11: Animal fat 2.5% + ledthin 2.5%, T2 : Anirnal fat 0% + lecthin 5%; 13: Animal fat 2.5% + lecithin 2.5% + Orit∞ligosaccharide 0.1%; T4: Anirnal fat 0% + lecithin 5.0% + Oritooligosaccharide 0.1%. C (αit∞ligosaccharide)l L;야 4SdE뻐4;nS)/taCndxarLd (αit∞ligosaccharide xl.eci뼈n). NS: Not sigm&cant (p>O.05); 'talf: Standard error of the mean.. liver was significantiy reduced in rats fed diet containing chitosan plus lard as C비tin pl뻐. cholesterol. lowering the serum con때ning. βimunek. ch이ester이. 5% chitosan. and Bartonova, 2005). in rats fed a norma1. 뼈d si맑표ic뻐tiy. lower. Simila피， c비tosan f，때. ch이esterol. bl∞d. com댐red. at 5% of the diet was effective in. diet (Fakada et a. ,. 1991). Mice fed with diets. cholesterol levels (Ormrod et al., 1998). Thus from. results of the present study it can be conc1uded that addition of lecithin with or without growing pigs had no effect on. 암le. to those fed lard or. growthwww.earticle.net performance and nutri밍lt. 0α;. 야le. in the diet of. digestibility, however, COS was effective. in lowering the blood total cholesterol leve l.. Acknowl edgement πle. authors sincerely acknowledge for the financial support provided by the Institute of Animal Resources,. Kan양νon. National. UniVI앙sity，. Korea.. IV. Refere nces 1. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of αficial Analytical 다lemists， Arlington,. VA. 2. Asaoka, K. 1996. Chitin-chitosan: πle choice food supplement for over 10000 physicians in Japan. Vantage Press, Inc., New York, US A. 3. Cera, K. R., D. C. Mahan. 뻐d G. A.. Reinhar t. 1988. Weekly. digestibi1iη. of diets supplemented with com.

(7) Effect of Leci thin and. [Provider:earticle] Download by IP 118.70.52.165 at Monday, December 20, 2021 8:14 PM. on Growth Performance, Metabolites in Growing Pigs. Oút∞ligosaccharide. and. Bl∞d. Nuσi밍lt 다gestib피 ty. 27. oil, lard or tallow by weanling swine. J. Anim. Sci. 66: 1430 -1437. 4. Cera, K. R., D. C. Mahan 뻐d G. A. Reinhar t. 1989. Apparent fat digestibility and performance responses of postweaning swine fed diets supplemented with coconut oil, corn oil or tallow. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 2따0 2047. 5. Emmert, J. L., T. A. Garrow and D. H. Baker. 1996. Development of an experimental diet for determining bioavailable choline concentration and its application in studies with soybean lecithin. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2738-2744. 6. Fakada, Y., K. Ki mura and Y. Ayak. 1991. Effect of chitosan feeding on intestinal bile acid rnetabolism in rats. Lipids. 26: 395-399. 7. Fenton, T. W. 없1d M. Fenton. 1979. An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and faeces. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 59: 631 - 634. 8. Han, K. N., 1. K. Kwon, J. D. Lohakare, S. Heo 뻐d B. J. Chae. 2007. Chi to-oligosaccharide as an altemative to antimicrobials in improving perforrnance, digestibility and rnicrobial ecology of the gut in weanling pigs. As ian-Aus t. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 556-562. 9. Jones, D. B., J. D. Hancock, D. L. Harmon 뻐d C. E. Walker. 1992. Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, and growth perforrnance in weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 3473 - 용82. 10. Kim, J. D., W. B. K없19， Y. K. Han and In K. Han. 1999. Study on the development of antibiotic - free diet for weaned pigs. Kor. J. Anim. Nutr. Feed. 23: 277-282. 11. LeHoux, J. G. and F. Grondin. 1993. 50me effects of chitosan on liver-function in the ra t. Endocrinology. 132: 1078-1084. 12. Lim, H. 5., 1. K. Paik, T. 1. Sohn 뻐d W. Y. Kim. 2006. Effects of supplementa까 cooper chelates in the forrn of methionine, chitosan 뻐d yeast on the performance of broilers. As ian-Aus t. J. Anim. Sci. 19: 1322-1327. 13. NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine (10th Ed). National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 14. Ormrod, D. J. , Holmes, C. c., and Mil ler, T. E. 1998. Diet값y chitosan inhibits hyperch이esterolaemia and atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 138: 329-334. 15. Razdan, A. and D. Pettersson. 1994. Effect of chitin and chitosan on nutrient digestibiliψ and plasma lipid concentrations in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 72: 277-288. 16. Razdan, A. and D. Pettersson. 1996. Hypolipidaemiι gastrointestinal and related responses of broiler www.earticle.net chickens to chitosans of different viscosity. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 387-397. 17. Reis de Souza T. , J. Peiniau,.

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