난이도

(1)

텍스트를 입력하세요.

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/28번/유형:어법/난이도:B]

‑ (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

1

*broth: 묽은 수프

(A) (B) (C)

① that is are

② that is do

③ that are do

④ what is are

⑤ what are do

Water has no calories, but it takes up a space in your stomach, which creates a feeling of fullness. Recently, a study found (A)[that/what] people who drank two glasses of water before meals got full sooner, ate fewer calories, and lost more weight. You can put the same strategy to work by choosing foods that have a higher water content over those with less water. For example, the only difference between grapes and raisins (B) [is/are]

that grapes have about 6 times as much water in them. That water makes a big

difference in how much they fill you up. You’ll feel much more satisfied after eating 100 calories’ worth of grapes than you would after eating 100 calories’ worth of raisins. Salad vegetables like lettuce, cucumbers, and tomatoes also have a very high water content, as (C)[are/do] brothbased soups.

(2)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

2

①　patient ②　honest ③　critical

④　thankful ⑤　curious

It takes time for water to soften a sponge. When you are telling an employee, lawn service worker, your teenager, or anyone else, what it is that you want them to do, you may just have to repeat the order and instructions several times before the receiver really gets what it is you want done. That’s not bad. That’s normal communication lag.

Be ___________. When you are asking someone a question, in an effort to learn a fact that you feel is important for you to know, but they just don’t seem to be willing to give you an answer, take it as a signal that you need to rephrase your question a little and repeat it again, and again, and again, until finally you are heard and answered.

(3)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/33번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

3

*diminishing returns: 수확 체감

① more talent hurting the team

② practice leading to perfection

③ top players being more cooperative

④ coaches being the key to team management

⑤ supporters interrupting the flow of the game

While there is no denying that exceptional players like Emmitt Smith can put points on the board and enhance team success, new research suggests there is a limit to the benefit top talents bring to a team. Researchers compared the amount of individual talent on teams with the teams’ success, and they found striking examples of

____________________. The researchers looked at three sports: basketball, soccer, and baseball. In each sport, they calculated both the percentage of top talent on each team and the teams’ success over several years. For both basketball and soccer, they found that top talent did in fact predict team success, but only up to a point. Furthermore, there was not simply a point of diminishing returns with respect to top talent; there was in fact a cost. Basketball and soccer teams with the greatest proportion of elite athletes performed worse than those with more moderate proportions of top level players. [3점]

(4)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/34번/유형:연결사/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

4

(A) (B)

① Similarly On the contrary

② Similarly Consequently

③ For example On the contrary

④ However Otherwise

Healthy living in individuals lays the foundation for healthy living throughout society and the world. For instance, healthy relationships depend upon healthy individuals sharing personally and working mutually to develop winwin agreements on how to grow and maintain the relationship. (A)___________, healthy parenting depends upon healthy parents. Children learn the foundations of how the world works and how to develop their personal reality relative to the consciousness and behaviors of their parents. They model and subconsciously embrace much of their parents’ behavior, so it becomes their own.

Thus, the beliefs and behaviors of parents provide psychological and social information to the children that function almost like food does for the body; in this case, the

information helps build their personal realities and shape their behaviors.

(B)___________, psychological, social, as well as the physical diets provided by parents must all be healthy or the children learn to repeat the unhealthy patterns of their parents.

(5)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/35번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

‑ 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

5

Gold is a relatively soft metal, so much so that rings are very rarely made from pure gold metal because they get scratched quickly.

*crystal lattice: 결정격자 **alloy: 합금(하다)

① (A)－(C)－(B) ② (B)－(A)－(C)

③ (B)－(C)－(A) ④ (C)－(A)－(B)

⑤ (C)－(B)－(A)

(A) The answer is that they sit inside the gold crystal structure, taking the place of a gold atom, and it is this atom substitution inside the crystal lattice of the gold that makes it stronger.

(B) But if you alloy gold, by adding a small percentage of other metals such as silver or copper, you not only change the color of the gold—silver making the gold whiter, and copper making the gold redder—you make the gold harder, much harder.

(C) This changing of the properties of metals by very small additions of other ingredients is what makes the study of metals so fascinating. In the case of gold alloys, you might wonder where the silver atoms go.

(6)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/38번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

‑ 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

6

However, during the same period, there has been no comparable worldwide advance in ethical behavior.

*impoverished: 빈곤한 Over the past century, society has witnessed extraordinary advances in medicine,

science, and technology. (①) These advances came about because an individual, or many individuals, used the full resources of his or her intellectual imagination to solve problems that had previously been thought to be unsolvable. (②) That is, in part, because human beings rarely use the full resources of their intellect to solve moral problems. (③) Exercising moral imagination means using our intelligence to devise creative and innovative ways to help others. (④) Concerning charity, for example, it means not only providing immediate assistance to the impoverished, but also helping the poor in ways that will enable them to support themselves and no longer need help. (⑤) Therefore, in any situation in which help is required, we should use our intelligence to discover the most effective and loving way to help those in need. [3점]

(7)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/39번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

7

*ephemeral: 수명이 짧은 By some estimates, music based on oral tradition had previously seldom been

performed for more than one or two generations. ①By contrast, with the coming of records not only were the “classics” preserved, but formerly ephemeral “hits” could now survive as “oldies.” ②So the music of one generation’s youth could be replayed years later to evoke memories in some (often quite narrow) age group of people. ③Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms of course survived well beyond their social and cultural settings, taking on new meanings in the recordable world. ④Bach mostly followed the complex rules of his day, while Beethoven challenged the rules, thus creating a new musical era.

⑤Memories of falling in love or just being free and having fun also came to be linked to tunes that could be recalled or replayed again and again throughout life, thanks to the recording.

(8)

[2016년/3월/고3/전국/40번/유형:요약문/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

8

When we narrate our firsthand experiences, we tend to (A)_______ what happened in order to make our story (B)_______ for the listeners.

(A) (B)

① modify reliable

② modify enjoyable

③ reveal reliable

People tell about their own experiences all the time, but they do not necessarily tell about the same experience in the same way every time. The telling process, even in the relating of a firsthand experience, can be a highly inventive process. That is, the art of storytelling involves finding good ways to express one’s experiences in a way

appropriate to the listener. A fine line exists, therefore, between invented stories and the relation of firsthand experiences. The entertainment factor exists in relating firsthand experiences just as it does in inventing stories. Nobody wants to listen to what happened to you today unless you can make what happened appear interesting. The process of livening up an experience can involve simply telling that experience in such a way as to eliminate the dullest parts, or it also can involve ‘improving’ the dull parts by playing with the facts.

*relate: 이야기하다

(9)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/22번/유형:주제/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

9

*penance: 속죄

① various ways to improve working conditions

② changes in the perception of work over time

③ efforts to raise awareness about workers’ rights

④influences of the working class on modern society

⑤relationships between working hours and productivity

Work was once seen as human penance for evil beginnings in the Garden of Eden. Over the years, as socioeconomic classes arose in society in the Middle Ages, work began to be seen as the curse of the poor. The wealthy in society did all they could to avoid labor, perhaps except for war, which was seen as noble. Eventually enlightened philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and his contemporaries taught that work was important, especially if we used our surplus to help others. Their teachings influenced reformers such as Martin Luther, who explained that work was virtuous if we had integrity and were honest in our dealings with our fellow men. Later, as America and Canada expanded into new territories, work in contemporary society was described as a privilege of the free.

Then, as we entered the 1900s, Henry Ford and other industrialists convinced us that work led to progress for our society and our families.

(10)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/28번/유형:어법/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]

10

*ubiquitous: 아주 흔한 We all want to believe that our brains sort through information in the most rational way

①possible. On the contrary, countless studies show that there are many weaknesses of human reasoning. Common weaknesses in reasoning ②exist across people of all ages and educational backgrounds. For example, confirmation bias is ubiquitous. People pay attention to information that supports their viewpoints, while ③ignoring evidence to the contrary. Confirmation bias is not the same as being stubborn, and is not constrained to issues ④about which people have strong opinions. Instead, it acts at a subconscious level to control the way we gather and filter information. Most of us are not aware of these types of flaws in our reasoning processes, but professionals who work to convince us of certain viewpoints ⑤to study the research on human decision making to determine how to exploit our weaknesses to make us more susceptible to their messages.

(11)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

11

With a power gap, the more hierarchical your culture or background, the greater the power gap is apt to be. This is because hierarchical cultures (A)[decrease/reinforce] the differences between managers and employees. If you tend to be more hierarchical in your orientation, you tend to put those in positions of authority at a higher level, and there is more respect for that status or position, divorced even from the person who occupies it. (B)[Distance/Friendliness] is seen as good if you have a hierarchical preference. It wouldn’t be proper for a manager to be too familiar with his employees.

The effect is that any power gap that exists is magnified through the lens of this dimension. A greater power gap can result in decreased communication as well as increased misunderstandings and conflict, potentially leading to (C)[missed/unlimited]

opportunities for building significant business and career relationships.

(A) (B) (C)

① decrease …… Distance …… missed

② decrease …… Friendliness …… unlimited

③ reinforce …… Distance …… missed

④ reinforce …… Friendliness …… unlimited

⑤ reinforce …… Distance …… unlimited

(12)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/30번/유형:지칭/난이도:B]

‑ 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

12

While working at the cash register in a shop, a young college student saw an elderly couple come in with their granddaughter in a wheelchair. The cashier looked closely at the child; ①she had no arms or legs. As the couple wheeled her up to the counter, the college student turned her head toward the girl and gave ②her a wink. As she took the money from the child’s grandparents, she looked back at the girl, who gave her a beaming smile. All of a sudden the child’s disability was gone and all the young student saw was this beautiful girl; ③her smile was breathtaking and gave the college student a completely new sense of life. ④She took the young cashier from being an unhappy college student into her world of smiles, love, and warmth. Several years later as a successful business person, the once unhappy college student remembered the remarkable lesson about life that the child taught ⑤her that day.

(13)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

13

① Scarcity ② Morality ③ Knowledge

④ Reputation ⑤ Compassion

If we can’t have everything we want today, what do we do? We are forced to make choices. We must choose some goods and services and not others. Sometimes this kind of choosing can be visibly painful. Have you ever watched children in a toy store with a gift certificate in hand? It can take them all day before they make a choice. And instead of bubbling with excitement over the toy they bought, they usually appear frustrated over not being able to walk away with everything! Life is like that. _______ governs us.

Because we cannot have everything all at once, we are forever forced to make choices.

We can use our resources to satisfy only some of our wants, leaving many others unsatisfied. [3점]

(14)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/34번/유형:연결사/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

14

For any product, the last step of the recycling process is selling the new product.

Unfortunately, it can be hard to find markets for some types of recyclables. Plastic companies generally prefer new plastic, (A)_______, because it is of more consistent quality than recycled plastic. The new plastic is guaranteed to be free of incompatible polymers―the chemical from which plastics are made―that sometimes are mixed in when the plastic is not sorted well before recycling. Manufacturers say it is also easier to control the color of plastics that have no recycled content. (B)______, paper

manufacturers complain that recycled paper often gets dirty during collection and sorting.

The added expense of cleaning the paper makes it too expensive to use for some purposes.

(A) (B)

① for instance …… Instead

② for instance …… Similarly

③ therefore …… In contrast

④ however …… Moreover

⑤ however …… In short

(15)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/35번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

15

Who could deny that the human body is a miracle? Imagine: each of us is safely housed within a bundle of blood, bone, and guts nurturing a little glow of life while suspended in a sea of constant change and danger.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A)In other words, traditional housing approaches were specific to the culture, climate, and environment. Consider the igloo, a building using the thermal mass of ice to enclose heat and resist snow, or the ancient Egyptians’ ventilation domes that produced interior cooling amid burning desert heat.

(B)Housing, likewise, originally developed slowly within particular human cultures and in response to specific climates and environments. Each culture around the world crafted a unique style of housing from the fabric of their surroundings.

(C)The miracle becomes even more amazing when you consider the long, slow, evolutionary process of give and take that produced the human body. Our bodies developed with nature, within it, as part of it, over time.

(16)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/36번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

16

Adolescence is a stage of development in which teens have superb cognitive abilities and high rates of learning and memory because they are still riding on the heightened synaptic plasticity of childhood.

*synaptic plasticity: 시냅스 가소성

**primed: 준비가 되어 있는 (A)This means a little bit of stimulation to a teenage brain whose synapses are firing all over the place leads to wanting more stimulation that can, in certain situations, result in a kind of overlearning. The more commonly known name for this overlearning is addiction.

(B)These abilities give them a distinct advantage over adults, but because they are so primed to learn, they are also extremely vulnerable to learning the wrong things. How does this happen?

(C)It is all because the brain wants rewards and anything that is learned, good or bad, that stimulates the production of dopamine is interpreted by the brain as a reward.

(17)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/37번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

17

But if you poured a small bucket of water into the line first, the empty space was quickly eliminated, enabling the water to flow with less effort.

Undoing a negative tie begins with giving up something of value rather than asking for a

“fair trade.” If you give and then ask for something right away in return, you don’t

establish a relationship; you carry out a transaction. (①) When done correctly, reciprocity is like getting the pump ready. (②) In the old days, pumps required lots of effort to

produce any water. (③) You had to repeatedly work a lever to eliminate a vacuum in the line before water could flow. (④) Reciprocity with a rival works in much the same way.

(⑤) Reflect carefully on what you should give and, ideally, choose something that requires little effort from the other party to reciprocate.

(18)

[2016년/4월/고3/전국/39번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

18

*homestead: 정부 공여 농지 Not until the rise of ecology at the beginning of the twentieth century did people begin to think seriously of land as a natural system with interconnecting parts. ①A century earlier, Thomas Jefferson had vigorously promoted an orderly division of the American land, beginning with the Northwest Territory. ②Surveyors were sent forth to draw rectangular grids on the land, dividing the wilds into counties, townships, and ultimately homesteads, with little concern for terrain or other natural features. ③They adopted the

environmentally friendly system even though they did not see a profit in it. ④That system had its virtues, but in time ecology made the lines appear artificial. ⑤As some observers would come to see it, the rectangular grid system caused as much harm as it did good.

(19)

‑ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

19

After observers were (A)________ a typically yellow or orange object in an intermediate hue, they thought the intermediate hue of a color-neutral object (B)________ the category of the previous object’s typical color.

Mitterer and de Ruiter used a color categorization paradigm to study the relationship between “world knowledge” and color categories. First, half of the observers saw

typically orange objects (e.g., carrot) in a good orange and typically yellow objects (e.g., banana) in a hue midway between orange and yellow. The other half saw typically orange objects in the intermediate hue and typically yellow objects in a good yellow.

Later, observers were asked to categorize a color-neutral object (e.g., sock) colored somewhere between yellow and orange as either yellow or orange. The researchers found that if the observers had seen typically yellow objects in the intermediate hue, this hue was subsequently categorized as yellow. The reverse was true for the observers who had seen typically orange objects in the intermediate hue.

(A) (B)

① exposed to …… matched

② exposed to …… narrowed

③ distracted by …… contradicted

④ reminded of …… determined

⑤ reminded of …… changed

(20)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/20번/유형:주장/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

20

① 상대방에 대한 자신의 인식에 오류가 없는지 점검하라.

② 정신적 스트레스가 심할 때는 타인과의 만남을 피하라.

③ 처음 만나는 사람에게 좋은 인상을 주도록 노력하라.

④ 상대방의 심리를 파악하고 자신의 감정을 표현하라.

⑤ 언어적 행동과 비언어적 행동을 일치시켜라.

Have you ever met someone while you were experiencing significant emotional,

psychological, or physical stress? Perhaps you stayed up all night studying for a final, or maybe you learned that a grandparent recently died. You likely exhibited behaviors that are not consistent with how you usually act. Meeting someone when you are extremely stressed can create an inaccurate impression of you. For this reason, recognize that our first impressions of others also may be perceptual errors. To help avoid committing these errors, engage in perception checking, which means that we consider a series of

questions to confirm or challenge our perceptions of others and their behaviors. For example, see if you can provide two possible interpretations for the verbal and nonverbal behavior observed and seek clarification of it in order to determine the accuracy of your evaluation.

(21)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/21번/유형:요지/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

21

① 긍정적인 감정은 더 많은 공감을 불러일으킨다.

② 사람과 동물은 모방하는 능력에서 차이를 보인다.

③ 타인과 공감하는 능력을 잘 사용하려면 학습이 필요하다.

④ 얼굴 표정은 상대방의 감정을 파악하는 중요한 단서이다.

⑤ 인간이 타인과 공감하는 정도는 신경계에 의해 결정된다.

When we see a happy face (or an angry one), it subtly generates the corresponding emotion in us. To the degree we take on the pace, posture, and facial expression of another person, we start to inhabit their emotional space; as our body mimics the other’s, we begin to experience emotional matching. Our nervous system is

automatically set to engage in this emotional empathy. But how well we use this capacity is largely a learned ability. Animals－and people－who have been raised in extreme social isolation are poor at reading emotional cues in those around them not because they lack the basic circuitry for empathy but because, lacking emotional tutors, they have never learned to pay attention to these messages and so haven’t practiced this skill.

(22)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/22번/유형:주제/난이도:B]

22

① the use of a new story in understanding an old story

② the limits of our memory capacity in recalling stories

③ the influence of new stories on challenging our beliefs

④ the most efficient strategy to improve storytelling skills

⑤ the role of our existing beliefs in comprehending a new story

When we hear a story, we look for beliefs that are being commented upon. Any story has many possible beliefs inherent in it. But how does someone listening to a story find those beliefs? We find them by looking through the beliefs we already have. We are not as concerned with what we are hearing as we are with finding what we already know that is relevant. Picture it in this way. As understanders, we have a list of beliefs, indexed by subject area. When a new story appears, we attempt to find a belief of ours that relates to it. When we do, we find a story attached to that belief and compare the story in our memory to the one we are processing. Our understanding of the new story becomes, at that point, a function of the old story. Once we find a belief and connected story, we need no further processing; that is, the search for other beliefs stops.

(23)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/30번/유형:지칭/난이도:B]

‑ 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

23

In the summer of 1972, the actor Anthony Hopkins was signed to play a leading role in a film based on George Feifer’s novel The Girl from Petrovka. That is why ① he traveled to London to buy a copy of the book. Unfortunately, none of the main London bookstores had a copy. Then, on his way home, waiting for an underground train at Leicester Square tube station, he saw a discarded book lying on the seat next to ② him. It was a copy of The Girl from Petrovka. As if that was not coincidence enough, more was to follow. Later, when ③ he had a chance to meet the author, Hopkins told him about this strange occurrence. Feifer was interested. He said to ④ him that in November 1971 he had lent a friend a copy of the book—a unique copy in which he had made notes on turning the British English into American English for the publication of an American version—but his friend had lost the copy in London. A quick check of the copy Hopkins had found showed that it was the very same copy that ⑤ his friend had mislaid.

(24)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

24

* geometric configuration: 기하학적 형태

** fragility: 부서지기 쉬움

① distance ② efficiency

③ mobility ④ direction

⑤ stability

Once a hand or gripper has been directed to an object by reaching, it can be grasped.

Grasping requires that fingers hold an object securely. A secure grip is one in which the object won’t slip or move, especially when displaced by an external force. Your grasp on a hammer, for example, would not be secure if knocking against something caused you to drop it. One precondition of a firm grasp is that the forces applied by the fingers balance each other so as not to disturb the object’s position. The characteristics of an object such as its geometric configuration and mass distribution may demand that some fingers apply greater force than others to maintain __________. The grasp and support forces must also match overall object mass and fragility. An egg requires a more delicate touch than a rock. [3점]

(25)

[2016년/6월/고3/학평/35번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

25

Roles are like a fence. They allow us a certain amount of freedom, but for most of us that freedom doesn’t go very far. Suppose that a woman decides that she is not going to wear dresses—or a man that he will not wear suits and ties— regardless of what anyone says. ① In most situations, they’ll stick to their decision. ② When a formal occasion comes along, however, such as a family wedding or a funeral, they are likely to cave in to norms that they find overwhelming. ③ The increasing social pressure discourages us from fulfilling the social norms and committing ourselves to shared social conventions of behaviour. ④ Almost all of us follow the guidelines for what is “appropriate” for our roles.

⑤ Few of us are bothered by such restrictions, for our socialization is so thorough that we usually want to do what our roles indicate is appropriate.

(26)

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26

Imitation seems to be a key to the transmission of valuable practices among nonhumans.

The most famous example is that of the macaque monkeys on the island of Koshima in Japan.

① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C)

③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B)

(A) In the early 1950s, Imo, a one-year-old female macaque, somehow hit upon the idea of washing her sweet potatoes in a stream before eating them. Soon it was hard to find a Koshima macaque who wasn’t careful to wash off her sweet potato before eating it.

(B) Imo, though, realized that if you threw a handful of wheat and sand into the ocean, the sand would sink and the wheat would float. Again, within a few years most of her fellow macaques were throwing wheat and sand into the sea and obtaining the benefits.

(C) A few years later, Imo introduced another innovation. Researchers on the island occasionally gave the monkeys wheat (in addition to sweet potatoes). But the wheat was given to them on the beach, where it quickly became mixed with sand.

(27)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/18번/유형:목적/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

27

① 단체 숙박 및 할인 가능 여부를 문의하려고

② 저렴하고 깨끗한 호텔 추천을 부탁하려고

③ 결혼식 및 피로연 장소를 예약하려고

④ 청첩장 추가 주문을 취소하려고

⑤ 숙박 일정 변경을 요청하려고 Dear Mr. Spiller,

I am sending this email on behalf of my daughter. She and her fiancé will be married on May 20. The Smalltown Art Museum grounds will be the site of both the ceremony and the reception. My daughter and I anticipate that, between the two families, about fifty couples will need accommodations for the night of May 20. We would like to be able to recommend a quality hotel like Golden Serenity to our guests. We are wondering if you will be able to accommodate our guests for that night and offer them a significant discount. We would appreciate a response by February 20, as we will be printing and mailing invitations soon thereafter.

Sincerely, Laura Diamond

(28)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/19번/유형:분위기/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 상황에 나타난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?

28

① sad and gloomy

② calm and peaceful

③ lively and exciting

④ tense and frightening

⑤ solemn and sacred

Judd stood in front of the elevator, the wave of darkness licking at him like a physical force. He could feel his heart slow and then begin to beat faster. He reached in his pockets for a book of matches. He had left them in the office. Perhaps the lights were working on the floors below. Moving slowly and cautiously, he felt his way toward the door that led to the stairwell. He pushed the door open. The stairwell was in darkness.

Carefully holding onto the railing, he started down into the blackness. In the distance below, he saw the wavering beam of a flashlight moving up the stairs. Bigelow, the watchman. “Bigelow!” he yelled. “Bigelow! It’s Dr. Stevens!” His voice bounced against the stone walls, echoing weirdly through the stairwell. The figure holding the flashlight kept climbing silently upward. “Who’s there?” Judd demanded. The only answer was the echo of his words.

(29)

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29

① 반복 학습이 지식의 내재화에 효과적이다.

② 정보화 사회에서 정보검색 능력보다 분석 능력이 요구된다.

③ 업무 집중도 향상을 위해 직장 내 독립된 공간이 필요하다.

④ 인터넷에서 얻은 지식보다 경험으로 얻은 지식이 더 유용하다.

⑤ 인터넷 시대에 많은 지식의 보유보다 일에 대한 집중력이 중요하다.

Before the Internet, most professional occupations required a large body of knowledge, accumulated over years or even decades of experience. But now anyone with good critical thinking skills and the ability to focus on the important information can retrieve it on demand from the Internet instead of from his own memory. However, those with wandering minds, who might once have been able to focus by isolating themselves with their work, now often find they must do their work with the Internet, which simultaneously furnishes a wide range of unrelated information about their friends’ doings, celebrity news, and millions of other sources of distraction. How well an employee can focus might now be more important than how knowledgeable he is. Knowledge was once an internal property, and focus on the task at hand could be imposed externally; with the Internet, knowledge can be supplied externally but focus must be achieved internally.

(30)

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30

① a problem of accepting customer input on specifications

② ways to obtain information for purchasing products

③ the importance of increasing customer satisfaction

④ the necessity of surveying customer preferences

⑤ reasons to improve product specifications

Customers often focus on product specifications, giving interviewers detailed instructions on particular design characteristics: size, weight, color, shape, look, or feel. Razor users may request “a wider handle” or “a lighter weight” or “a shiny look.” By accepting this input from customers, companies assume that the customer knows the best

solution―which is often not the case. A wider handle, for example, may have been requested to prevent the razor from slipping out of the user’s hand while shaving.

Although a wider handle may be helpful in solving the problem, a better option might be a regularsize handle with a ribbed, rubberized grip. Although this type of feedback may be appropriate in certain situations, accepting specifications as customer inputs

inherently prevents engineers and designers from using their creative skills to devise breakthrough products and services.

(31)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

31

The theory of Eprime argues that if you wrote and spoke English without the verb to be, you’d describe events more accurately. For example, when you say, “Johnny is a failure,”

the verb is implies that “failure” is in Johnny rather than in your observation of Johnny.

The verb to be (in forms such as is, are, and am) also implies (A)[permanence/variation];

the implication is that because failure is in Johnny, it will always be there; Johnny will always be a failure. A more (B)[erroneous/precise] statement might be “Johnny failed his last two math exams.” Consider this theory as applied to your thinking about yourself.

When you say, for example, “I’m not good at public speaking” or “I’m unpopular” or “I’m lazy,” you imply that these qualities are in you. But these are simply (C)[evaluations/

solutions] that may be incorrect or, if at least partly accurate, may change over time.

(A) (B) (C)

① permanence … erroneous … evaluations

② permanence … precise … evaluations

③ permanence … precise … solutions

④ variation … erroneous … solutions

⑤ variation … precise … solutions

(32)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

32

*finite: 유한한, 제한된

① safer ② wiser ③ busier

④ greedier ⑤ happier

If you increase people’s awareness of time—by placing a big clock in front of them—they do more stuff. Think about how much work you get done on the day before vacation. It makes sense that by getting more done, we’d feel more in control. More than that, it’s one of the great fantasies of time management: If you get more organized, you will get on top. However, that works only in a finite world. We haven’t lived in that world for quite a while. In our infinite world, we will never be able to get on top of everything. When we complete more tasks, more take their place—send more emails, get more replies. If we do more as a result of better managing our time, we just become _______. [3점]

(33)

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*scribe: 필기사

①moves words away from their association with sound

② offers unrestricted dimension to this space

③ locks words into position in this space

④ enhances the inherent concept of words

⑤ confines words to limited meanings

With the invention of typography, spacing and punctuation solidified from gap and gesture to physical artifact. Punctuation marks, which were used differently from one scribe to another in the manuscript era, became part of the standardized, rulebound system of the printed page. The communications scholar Walter Ong has shown how printing converted the word into a visual object precisely located in space: “Alphabet letterpress printing, in which each letter was cast on a separate piece of metal, or type, marked a psychological breakthrough of the first order.... Writing moves words from the sound world to the world of visual space, but print _____________________________.”

Typography made text into a thing, a material object with known dimensions and fixed locations. [3점]

(34)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/33번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

34

① one’s mind is driven by work on demand

② one is tired of repeated routines at work

③one’s mind is unable to keep away negative thoughts

④one is alone and there is nothing that needs to be done

⑤one has many acquaintances but doesn’t have true friends

Adolescents, adults, and old people all report that their worst experiences have taken place in solitude. Almost every activity is more enjoyable with another person around.

People are more happy, alert, and cheerful if there are others present, compared to how they feel alone, whether they are working on an assembly line or watching television. But the most depressing condition is not that of working or watching TV alone; the worst moods are reported when _______________________________________. For people in our studies who live by themselves, Sunday mornings are the lowest part of the week, because with no demands on attention, they are unable to decide what to do. The rest of the week psychic energy is directed by external routines. But what is one to do Sunday morning after breakfast, after having browsed through the papers? For many, the lack of structure of those hours is devastating. [3점]

(35)

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35

① what triggers gender stereotypes

② a quality with no absolute standard

③ a factor for selection and not the result

④ what helps people boost their selfesteem

⑤ the product of constant care and investment

As essayist Nassim Taleb resolved to do something about the stubborn extra pounds he’d been carrying, he considered taking up various sports. However, joggers seemed skinny and unhappy, and tennis players? Oh, so uppermiddleclass! Swimmers, though, appealed to him with their wellbuilt, streamlined bodies. He decided to sign up at his local swimming pool. A short while later, he realized that he had been caught by an illusion. Professional swimmers don’t have perfect bodies because they train extensively.

Rather, they are good swimmers because of their physiques. Similarly, female models advertise cosmetics and thus, many female consumers believe that these products make them beautiful. But it is not the cosmetics that make these women modellike. Quite simply, the models are born attractive, and only for this reason are they candidates for cosmetics advertising. As with the swimmers’ bodies, beauty is ___________________.

Taleb calls the confusions like the cases above the swimmer’s body illusion. [3점]

(36)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/37번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

36

These clouds are very shortlived, though, and they usually disappear within minutes after they are formed as their water droplets mix with drier air and evaporate.

Clouds are formed when moist air is carried upward by warm air currents rising from the earth’s surface during the day. ( ① ) When this air reaches high altitudes where the temperature and air pressure are lower than at the earth’s surface, the moisture comes out of the rising air and forms the water droplets we see as clouds. ( ② ) Thus, during the daytime, clouds are continually being formed and then evaporated. ( ③ ) At night, when the surface of the earth cools, the cloudproducing process cuts off. ( ④ ) The existing clouds continue to evaporate, but they are not replaced by new ones. ( ⑤ ) The result:

cloudless skies in the morning.

(37)

[2016년/7월/고3/전국/39번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

37

Once you have made a decision, you have to be able to live with it. Sometimes we make bad decisions that are irreversible. ①If you make a commitment in a negotiation, you have to uphold it, even if you know it was a bad decision on your part. ②You can always go back and ask to renegotiate a deal or issue, but you have to maintain your

commitment if renegotiation is not possible or is unsuccessful. ③If you break a

commitment made in a negotiation, you can be sure that you will not get the opportunity to negotiate with that particular party again. ④Acquiring the information you need to have a successful negotiation is a critical component of your overall effort. ⑤Sometimes it is painful to fulfill a commitment, but it is more painful and can be fatal to lose business because you failed to fulfill a commitment.

(38)

‑ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

38

(A)_________ in one’s memories of personal circumstances at the time one heard about national tragedies does not guarantee their (B)_________.

National tragedies create what psychologists call “flashbulb” memories, named for the vivid images that we retain: where we were when we got the news, how we learned it, how we felt, what we did. These memories are thought to be unforgettable, and it is true that the broad outlines of such catastrophes, thoroughly reported in the media, are well remembered, but your memory of your personal circumstances surrounding the events may not necessarily be precise. There have been numerous studies of this

phenomenon, including surveys of fifteen hundred Americans’ memories of the

September 11 attacks. In this study, the respondents’ memories were surveyed a week after the attacks, again a year later, and then again three years and ten years later.

Respondents’ most emotional memories of their personal details at the time they learned of the attacks are also those of which they are most confident and, paradoxically, the ones that have most changed over the years relative to other memories about 9/11.

(A) (B)

① Confidence …… uniqueness

② Confidence …… accuracy

③ Vividness …… symbolism

(39)

[2016년/9월/고3/학평/21번/유형:요지/난이도:B]

39

* multi-faceted: 다면의

① 아동문학 번역에서는 아동의 특성에 기반을 둔 창의성이 요구된다.

② 아동문학 속 다양한 의성어는 아동의 창의성 발달에 도움이 된다.

③ 아동문학 번역가는 아동의 태도를 긍정적으로 변화시키는 데 기여한다.

④ 아동문학가는 아동의 성장 과정을 구체적으로 표현할 수 있어야 한다.

⑤ 아동문학은 아동 언어 발달에 도움이 되는 다양한 요소들을 담고 있다.

One of the most demanding, and at the same time inspiring, aspects of translating for children is the potential for such creativity that arises from what Peter Hollindale has called the ‘childness’ of children’s texts: ‘the quality of being a child ― dynamic,

imaginative, experimental, interactive and unstable’. The ‘unstable’ qualities of childhood that Hollindale cites require a writer or translator to have an understanding of the

freshness of language to the child’s eye and ear, the child’s affective concerns and the linguistic and dramatic play of early childhood. Translating sound, for example, whether in the read-aloud qualities of books for the younger child, in animal noises, children’s poetry or in nonsense rhymes, demands imaginative solutions ― as indeed does

working with visual material. Such multi-faceted creativity has, at times, placed children’s literature at the forefront of imaginative experimentation.

(40)

[2016년/9월/고3/학평/23번/유형:제목/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

40

* stone mason: 석공 ** cathedral: 대성당

① What Makes a Strategic Vision Successful?

② Why Is Creating a Vision Statement Difficult?

③ Building a Future: Innovative Leadership Training

A strategic vision has little value to the organization unless it’s effectively communicated down the line to lower-level managers and employees. It would be difficult for a vision statement to provide direction to decision makers and energize employees toward achieving long-term strategic intent unless they know of the vision and observe management’s commitment to that vision. Communicating the vision to organization members nearly always means putting “where we are going and why” in writing, distributing the statement organizationwide, and having executives personally explain the vision and its justification to as many people as possible. Ideally, executives should present their vision for the company in a manner that reaches out and grabs people’s attention. An engaging and convincing strategic vision has enormous motivational value

― for the same reason that a stone mason is inspired by building a great cathedral for the ages.

(41)

[2016년/9월/고3/학평/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

41

① affection ② creativity ③ sociability

④ intolerance ⑤ sensitivity

A sleeping mother has the ability to identify the particular cry of her own baby. This is one of the bonding factors that has been forgotten because of the way in which we live today. Typically, there is now only one newborn baby in any family house or apartment, so there is no way to test this ability. In an ancient tribe, however, living in small huts in a tiny village settlement, a mother would have been able to hear any of the babies crying in the night. If she woke up every time one of them screamed for food, she might get no sleep at all. During the course of evolution she became programmed to awake only at the sound of her own particular baby. This ________ is still there to this day, even though it is seldom used. [3점]

(42)

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42

① but to yield to the situations within their control

② but to disregard immune response when stressed

③ but to recognize when further control is impossible

④ and to fight against uncontrollable situations persistently

⑤ and to try harder to conquer uncontrollable stressful situations

When people try to control situations that are essentially uncontrollable, they are inclined to experience high levels of stress. Thus, suggesting that they need to take active control is bad advice in those situations. What they need to do is to accept that some things are beyond their control. Similarly, teaching people to accept a situation that could readily be changed could be bad advice; sometimes the only way to get what you want is to take active control. Research has shown that when people who feel helpless fail to take control, they experience negative emotional states such as anxiety and depression. Like stress, these negative emotions can damage the immune response. We can see from this that health is not linearly related to control. For optimum health, people should be encouraged to take control to a point ______________________. [3점]

(43)

[2016년/9월/고3/학평/33번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

43

① how the letters were visually represented

② how the letters sounded than how they looked

③ how the length of the letter sequence was recognized

④ how the letters were ordered than how they were pronounced

⑤ how often the letters appeared than how long they were shown

A good deal of the information stored in working memory is encoded in an auditory form, especially when the information is language based. For example, in an early study by Conrad, adults were shown six-letter sequences, with letters being presented visually, one at a time, at intervals of three-fourths of a second. As soon as the last letter of a sequence had been presented, participants in the study wrote down all six of the letters they had seen, guessing at any letters they couldn’t easily recall. When people recalled letters incorrectly, the letters they said they had seen were more likely to resemble the actual stimuli in terms of ___________. For example, the letter F was “remembered” as the auditorially similar letter S 131 times but as the visually similar letter P only 14 times.

Similarly, the letter V was remembered as B 56 times but as X only 5 times. [3점]

(44)

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44

The hunters, armed only with primitive weapons, were no real match for an angry

mammoth. Many were probably killed or severely injured in the close encounters that were necessary to slay one of these gigantic animals.

* slay: 죽이다

① (A) — (C) — (B) ② (B) — (A) — (C)

(A) Some of them may have traveled by small boat along the coast, but many walked.

Twenty thousand years ago, at the height of the last glacial period, sea level was so low that dry land joined what are now separate continents.

(B) But the rewards were great when one was brought down. A single mammoth could feed, clothe, and supply a band for a long time. The hunters had followed the mammoths and other large animals eastward from Asia across what is now the Bering Sea.

(C) Slowly, imperceptibly, and probably unconsciously, hunters had moved across the land bridge and become the first immigrants to the new land. Without the ice age, North America might have remained unpopulated for thousands of years more.

(45)

[2016년/9월/고3/학평/39번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

45

This dynamic can be illustrated with the example of parents who place equal value on convenience and concern for the environment.

* diaper: 기저귀 Our total set of values and their relative importance to us constitute our value system.

( ① ) The way that we behave in a given situation is often influenced by how important one value is to us relative to others. ( ② ) For instance, deciding whether to spend Saturday afternoon relaxing with your family or exercising will be determined by the relative importance that you place on family versus health. ( ③ ) You feel value conflict when you do something that is consistent with one value but inconsistent with another equally important value. ( ④ ) They may experience value conflict if they buy disposable diapers for their babies. ( ⑤ ) Consumers facing such decisions consider not only the product’s immediate consumption outcomes but also the product’s general effect on society, including how the manufacturer behaves (e.g., toward the environment).

(46)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

46

*lubricant: 윤활유 One reason conversational life can lack depth and excitement is that we easily fall into using ①formulaic questions to open a dialogue―How are you? What was the weather like? What do you do? How was your weekend? Although such questions can be

important social lubricants, in themselves they generally fail to ②spark an engaging and enriching empathic exchange. We answer “Fine” or “OK,” then move on down the corridor. The way a conversation ③begins can be a major determinant of where it goes.

So it is worth experimenting with adventurous openings. Instead of greeting a workmate with “How are things?” try taking your conversation in a different direction with something mildly ④unusual like, “What have you been thinking about this morning?” or “What was the most surprising thing that happened to you over the weekend?” You need to come up with the kinds of questions that suit your own personality. The point is to ⑤follow conventions so your conversations become energizing, memorable, and vehicles for empathic discovery.

(47)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/32번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

47

① Authenticity ② Tolerance

③ Dedication ④ Compassion

⑤ Responsibility

_____________ is one of the keys to leadership effectiveness. We want realness in the executive suite, in the superintendent’s office, and in our religious leaders. We yearn for leaders who are themselves rather than a copy of someone else. We want leaders who will be fully human with us, men and women who are vulnerable enough to acknowledge their strengths and weaknesses, their gifts and limits, and who are appropriately

transparent about their hopes and fears, their motivations and their agendas. We trust leaders who are real, who walk their talk, who act on their core values, and who tell us the truth. We authorize others to lead who author their own life. Those we deem not trustworthy we don’t authorize to lead. [3점]

(48)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/33번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

48

① every person counts

② change is on its way

③ memories live forever

④ it never rains but it pours

⑤ the past never comes back

Life is rhythmic, cyclical, and always evolving. It’s difficult not to notice repetition and renewal going on all around you. Just as darkness comes at the end of each day, so also comes the dawn to spread light across the land. Just as plants must die at the end of their life cycle, the seeds they have produced will emerge as new plants in the spring.

Understanding the cyclical nature of life will reassure you that difficult times won’t last forever, and you will feel joy and happiness again. The rough times must be endured and taken as they come, but they are not constant, nor do they last forever. There will always be good times and bad, feasts and famines, hot summers and cold winters. Whenever you feel stuck, spiritually dry, or just plain gloomy, take time to remind yourself that __________________.

(49)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/34번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

49

① where they are used

② what we already know

③ what we want to forget

④ how much we can earn

⑤ how inventors explore

Technology is the basis of many of our metaphors and is important in terms of how we think and how our ideas progress. The use of metaphor and the process of design and the evolution of science and technology are cyclic in the sense that metaphors help to shape technology, and new technology leads to new metaphors. Major changes arise periodically, such as moving from horsedrawn carriages to motordriven vehicles. The initial description of the latter is naturally metaphorical, as in the term “horseless carriage.” The association with the previous technology is both verbal and visual. The early designs of such vehicles show visual evidence of the metaphor, as they retained much of the appearance of horsedrawn carriages. The horsedrawn carriage was itself a technological innovation, as were the horseless carriage and later automobiles. We tend to not only base new inventions on old, but also explain and try to understand new inventions in terms of ___________.

(50)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/35번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

50

*reclaim: 복원하다

① Asphalt is the land’s last crop

② Wasteland is a treasure of biodiversity

③ The end of the road leads to another road

As the new century begins, the competition between cars and crops for cropland　is intensifying. Until now, the paving over of cropland has occurred largely in industrial countries, home to four fifths of the world’s 520 million automobiles. But now, more and more farmland is being sacrificed in developing countries with hungry populations, calling into question the future role of the car. Millions of hectares of cropland in the industrial world have been paved over for roads and parking lots. Each U.S. car, for example, requires on average 0.07 hectares of paved land for roads and parking space.

For every five cars added to the total number of cars in the U.S., an area the size of a football field is covered with asphalt. More often than not, cropland is paved simply because the flat, welldrained soils that are well suited for farming are also ideal for building roads. Once paved, land is not easily reclaimed. As environmentalist Rupert Cutler once noted, “__________________________.” [3점]

(51)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/36번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

51

One of the most notable examples of the collaboration of film director and composer was that of Eisenstein and Prokofiev in the making of Alexander Nevsky (1938).

*rough: 초안, 개략

① (A)－(C)－(B) ② (B)－(A)－(C)

③ (B)－(C)－(A) ④ (C)－(A)－(B)

⑤ (C)－(B)－(A)

(A)At other times, a reverse procedure would be followed. Music would be written after a sequence had been shot and edited, to conform to a rough of the final picture “cut.” The aim was to relate music and picture through an identical fluidity of aural and visual structure.

(B) Following these talks, the composer would sometimes rough out and record musical passages for a scene or sequence. The director would then film these sections and try editing them in accordance with the musical construction.

(C) In the book Film Sense, Eisenstein describes how closely composer and director worked to achieve a structural harmony between picture and sound. First there were lengthy discussions about the intention and construction of each film section.

(52)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/38번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

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It isn’t, however, such a hit with police officers and district attorneys, who have criticized the series for presenting a highly misleading image of how crimes are solved.

*forensic: 과학 수사의

**pathologist: 병리학자 Since its debut in 2000, an American drama centered around crime scene investigation has become very popular. (①) In 2002, it was the most watched show on American television, and by 2009 the worldwide audience was estimated to be more than 73 million. (②) Their fears have been echoed by Monica Robbers, a criminologist, who found evidence that jurors have increasingly unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence. (③) Bernard Knight, formerly one of Britain’s chief pathologists, agrees. (④) Jurors today, he observes, expect clearer proof than forensic science is capable of delivering. (⑤) And he attributes this trend directly to the influence of television crime dramas.

(53)

[2016년/10월/고3/전국/39번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

53

Positive rights reflect the vital interests that human beings have in receiving certain benefits.

*Bill of Rights: 권리 장전 Rights, and in particular human rights, can be divided into two broad categories:

negative rights and positive rights. Negative rights reflect the vital interests that human beings have in being free from outside interference. ( ① ) The rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights―freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and so on―fall within this category, as do the rights to freedom from injury and to privacy. ( ② ) Correlating with these are duties that we all have not to interfere with others’ pursuit of these interests and activities. ( ③ ) They are rights to have others provide us with certain goods,

services, or opportunities. ( ④ ) Today, positive rights often are taken to include the rights to education, medical care, equal job opportunity, comparable pay, and so on. ( ⑤ ) Correlating with these are positive duties for appropriate parties to assist individuals in their pursuit of these interests.

(54)

‑ 다음 글을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

54

*pathogen: 병원균**xenophobic: 외부인을 꺼려하는 High language densities found in the tropics can (A)________ contact between communities and thus prevent (B)________ from spreading.

(A) (B)

① hinder infections

The fact that dreaded diseases are more common in the tropics than at higher latitudes may in part explain a curious feature of how languages are distributed: near the equator, language densities (the number of languages per unit area) are much higher, and

language communities (the number of people speaking a given language) very much smaller, than they are at higher latitudes. One explanation for this might be that it is a culturally evolved strategy to reduce the risk of crossinfection in areas where pathogens are more densely concentrated. Language barriers significantly reduce the opportunities for contact between different populations, thus minimizing the risk of contamination.

Creating smaller, more inwardlooking, xenophobic societies may thus help to reduce exposure to diseases to which one has no natural immunity.

(55)

[2016년/11월/고3/수능/21번/유형:주제/난이도:B]

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* aura: 기운, 분위기 ** cartographic : 지도 제작(법)의

① the authority derived from trustworthy maps

② political and social conflicts caused by maps

③ ideologies lying beneath the objectivity of maps

④the conditions essential to making a map accurate

⑤ subjectivity defining the creativity of map-making

The precision of the lines on the map, the consistency with which symbols are used, the grid and/or projection system, the apparent certainty with which place names are written and placed, and the legend and scale information all give the map an aura of scientific accuracy and objectivity. Although subjective interpretation goes into the construction of these cartographic elements, the finished map appears to express an authoritative truth about the world, separate from any interests and influences. The very trust that this apparent objectivity inspires is what makes maps such powerful carriers of ideology.

However unnoticeably, maps do indeed reflect the world views of either their makers or, more probably, the supporters of their makers, in addition to the political and social conditions under which they were made. Some of the simple ideological messages that maps can convey include: This land is and has long been ours; here is the center of the universe; if we do not claim this land, the enemies you most fear will.