Recent Trends of Active Fault Investigation

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(1) , 35, 6 , 589-595, 2002 Econ. Environ. Geol., 35(6), 589-595, 2002. . *.

(2) Recent Trends of Active Fault Investigation Mihn-Soo Oh* Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information Technology & Patent Information Analysis Dept. 52, Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. . . !M+ B+ kl Gm1UV h") *+ uUV - *UV IJ f" %$ Bq uUV, f p$ Q de _! *Q+ $g “lIJ(capable fault)”!M+ B' 2+ AMj *Q. fault)”. 1915 (Alfred Wegener) “ !"#”$ %&' () *+ 20, -. /01 234 “5.67(the theory of the plate tectonics)”! #0) *+ -. 89: !;+ & -5(<=)>! ?@&A BCD E 5 FGH$+ IJ! K>B-) !' L M -N! OPQ. IJ!R IS(fracture) TUV IS9$ WX YZ *+ F[ IJ!M H\Q. IJ] 1UV ^+ _41UV à -V . +b, c IJ! de4 f" $ LMg h"_ IJ i h"_ IJUV . j Q. h"_ IJ!R kl Gm1UV YZ(no) BA) *&A %p$ YZ Bq IJ: rQ. h_IJ!M) ` s de!9g -N: tO + u] vw), I- IJ YZ Bq “”x “f"yz”' {| 5} ~UV ) *Q. 9$ ih"_ IJ!R -1 UV p $ IJ ! Bq uUV IJ P_ ! ! YZ BA- ] IJ: rQ. 2 B IJ! h_IJUV 50Mj !+ IJf"! f p$ BD _! * U, ^ V 4` -N OP! [Q+ !Q. 4! !$ LMg+ “h_IJ(active . h_IJ 62/] I# ( ) ¡] {.6¢ £ .6 #G ¤N #G ~ #, ¥ 3# ¦ §¨¢ © £ H-ª H- «_ W$ h+ V ¬UV+ ® #¢$ H-ª «_ W$ 1 ¯ u!Q. -K [° AM+ kl h_IJ Z±j ²£ ³! 0ć #B *- Eµ$ # H -ª$ ¶1 «_ W Bf ·K vwM #¢ ¤N #G ¸| ¹! ¶1UV !;B z º+ »!Q. aV !a µ' ¼ Z`g+ IJ h_`H, ½, YZ¶ ¦ Avg+ IJ ¾¿ £$ ´ À ¸|, !$ ¸ | µ' ¼ Z`g+ h_IJ 62/ ! ªXBÁK Q. . . .

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(22) BV: 0.1≤S<1, CV: S<0.1D EZ[. \S, ]^_, à, ef gh4 ij. b(., cd] *!k # g: ;l(mno 5p 2000-8B) *k 1997 35,000 !"# %p3 50,000 !"# %pD J7hqU(, !k rHD 35,000 !"# %p3 h5 &j.. 9$ öÂ æFÆ.ø+ )P 4 <V ,(Holocene, -1UV %,)$ YZ * IJ: ~UV ) *U, [°AM+ Âö Ù½Z yø ~: L7)(H ) 2000-8Æ, 2000 6 23) *Q. ö Ù.(IAEA)ø+ h_IJ 5}~ UV Û )P 4$ !"! *+ F[, Þ -8þ S! *+ -=1 Ó: N F[, > IJ: LM G-Nh"! *+ F[ ¦ ? Q\ lIJ Ï ÷ F[ £: ~UV ) *Q. Ã] h_IJ 5}~UV )P 4$ h " 1! *+ IJUV A³] 1≤S(W@YZmj mm/year), B³] 0.1≤S<1 ¦ C³] S<0.1 £ IJ f" W@YZmj' ¶1UV ) *Q. A$ , ÊZÊ, !»°, BAQ ¦ ÈÉÊ £ ] h_IJ 5}~: }jV ½- ) *Q. . . )h_IJ: ´ ! Z`g+ 4 C1J$ C1æF · Jg62, GPS(Global Positioning System)' ! DGM(Digital Geological Mapping) ^+ DFM(Digital Fracture Mapping) £$ )IJj _, IJ ¾(segment)¿$ . 62, «I. 62, )IJ$ )N1 Ô: 1 , )- , ) IJ )Ù 62 ¦ )IJ ÏÖÕ: Z -N¿1 Ï./ £$ g TD _ 1 · ¶1 -À' ¸|V Q. !> { E- {| : S&9 vpx ¡Q. IJ h"_ `H' 5I+ {| ~ { A+ % IJ h"x Y=mj ' Fv¤+ u!Q. IJ h"+ IJ$ P_ ¢: UV ` e1UV h" ' ´4+ u! ª Ô!-K, G Ô: 1 z º: F[+ 14 ÔUV tò zj *Q. H, Q\ 4 IJ$ g ¾I& A IJ: I) *+ J Ï' Õ` Fv K zj *Q. )IJ ÏÕ$g {| ] IJh" ÷L 1D À¢: MN` à - Ô$ ÏÖÕ ¼' ´4), ´ 4 ÏÖÕ À$ ` -1 ÷O¤ ë_: 9P W+ u!Q. )IJ ÏÖÕ: Z -N¿1 Ô] Q Ó, ûû Ô}V ÏÖÕ$ !+ À¢! Q7, ^ û Ô}V ÏÕ Í .

(23) . 592. Z Q7Q. 4.1.1. [MQ iW=G Õ(U-Th-Pb. series :. CHIME method). [MQ iW=G Õ] (R)§T (S)§T 2! °, T£! BA 9 §T UVÒ ! ! §T UVÒ V t-- Eµ $ Ô2_ W=» vW Ô2_ iW= » Q. H, U Th] à - X¢ YY 2! ZGz$ *Bg -K [\ ã! *Q. L Mg YY P_, ] ¦ X¢! ]+ $ g U UVGS$ m+ Th] §T4 U + Q\ ZiÒV YY ^] X¢¤V !" Q. ¼ !$+ 1! U Th 2! h"j i 1$g _BA Q. !a iW=» + G(system) Q ¨`G' t-9 ! -A 9g Ô2 W=: !;+ ÔaUV NXB, ? ! ü79 §T §T h"j iÒ] p V 1V bQ. ! E b$ 2°+ , H h "j iÒ! $ LMg Y¿+ iÒ] § T .$ LMg 8MNQ. !a °' !9 1c §T §T: ª` Ô2 iW= ÷G Á 23 OP ' Õ z *Q. V ->] )C1J {$ dtB *+ Æ, ò"¢ ^+ IJ9 Ô$ dt "Z .' !` ÏÖÕ: zX, “Fþ ÏÔ2 Õ” ! !B Q, ef Pj [z “S!¿ ¶ ”(Thermal ionization mass spectrometry) ùOV Õ Ï ã ÍZ' gU, %$+ “Qh] tj¼D iMjY ¶ ”(Multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) ùOV Q k 7) l À ñm! Q. ! Ô$ ÏÕ! ÏÖÍZ+ 1UV . 510Z !¤ ! Eµ$ §T .$ LMg z 100K ÍZ )6 j' n+ ÏÖ ¼' o: z *Q. 4.1.2. ESR(Electron Spin Resonance, ¹ 0) Õ ¹0] B ¢ m$ 1 Ô2$ p Ó: Õ+ T Ô2 ¾ÏÖ Õ!Q. Zeller(1968) ©qUV - ¾Ï ÖÕ$ ! Ô: j !p, 1982 HÌ+ Ãr 1UV ÏÕ$ !), Ikeya(1993)$ 238. 230. 238. 238. 230. s OU, )6j' Ç+ ÏÖÕ ÍZ + 200K 400K !Q. IJÐ(fault clay)$g ° Å: ¢V + UV, ¾ÏÖÕ$ ¸| ] Å m$ 0l+ à - ESR signals(the E', OHC, Al and Ti signals amongst others) , IJh" { IY= $ g 0(zero)! Q + u!Q. IJh" !$ ESR signal>] -A $ it` ESR signal , u+ u$ Ë' () *Q. ÏÕ ¼ë V IJh" Î' A vwQ+ ÏÖÕ ¢(Å): x M N z *Q+ : -) *Q. ESR ÏÖÕ Ô] 4 C1¢! º+ ¿J -á!A Y_J -á$ O8+ IJi-' !` IJ h"' ¼+b y] Ô!j Q. ^ p IJh" ESR z] IJ h" {$ ºB-+ Fa! * Eµ$ ! ÔUV + ÇBN À IJh" K: ¼ Q. 4.1.3. OSL(Optically Stimulated Lumine-scence) Õ 1996HÌ Ãr1UV ÏÖÕ$ ! OSL ÏÕ ¼ë+ C1J$ dt Å, ¦ {B| £ X¢! }~: Ã Y- ' -+ uUV, f "«!A C1-$g ? c }~: v OSL )Æ 0(zero)UV Qq Z C1J$ }~! -) q ! ÇY$ * + U, Th, K £ ÏÔ2_ VHÌ ] Ô2 $ 1ª¶(equivalent dose): Õ ) ' Ïª¶Ò(annual dose rate)V A ! OSL Ï Q. aV OSL Ï+ Å!A , ^+ {B| £: åd C1J C1' -Q(Aitken, 1998; £, 2000; ,@ £, 2001; , 2002). OSL ÏÕ À )6j *+ ÕG + 50K !Q. 4.1.4.. 14. C AMS(Accelerating Mass Spectro-metry,. m¶ ) Õ [Ç "Z {$g C(carbon)] 4 Ï Õ$ ! !+ Ô2_ Vg 5,730 .' -) N(nitr-gen)UV UV, ' d t+ ® À ¢ ÏÖ Õ! Q. )6 j *+ ÏÖÕ ÍZ+ z 100 ¤5$g 5~6K 14. 14.

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(25) 593 ¸z14 j. , `$ ò` ÏÕ !Q. P¢Î v*+ "«] UV$ C . À+ ¼ $ ÷3! Q. «I.$ ÏÕUV+ Û ¾Ï Õ + N$ g @=: !; -K, aA P¢ Î ) A9 l N {IV C T , Þ Ï Õ, ¦ > -= i £! j+ ! Fd$ LMg UV Q. À ¤ *Q. ¾Ï Õ] -N¿1 Ï. Ô$g ù $ ²+ C Tj' kl ) *+ t2 T ² u i% 9 Y-UV C: N u {$g CHIME Ô, OSL Ô, ¦ C F , H P¢Î ] F : Õ AMS Ô: !) *Q. z *Q. Ï Õ] -=14 ÐÓ14 ! Ô Õ¼ë+ C1J$ dt t¢$ $ g Õ+b, -=1 UV+ I. Ô2_ ÏÕ ¼V, 1UV+ C1 )« ¾] H 29 C1J$ ` I! J C1' e1UV -+ u] vw t V ! Fd$ LMg F2 õK Y ¢! ] ' -Q. aV ! ¼+ C Q. l d Y¿+ I. C1¢ Ð 1J9 C1”(C1 dt ¢ ° Ó1 UV+ ÐX¢ Ó X¢6_, ¿ Õ ¼)' -&A ^+ 9 C1”(C1 j, ÐÓ¿ ! BA+ J(solum) (x 1 ] ¢ °A v t¢ Õ¼)' - j, Ò, ph, Tj(Si, Ca, Mg, K, Q. Na) £: > z *Q. 4.1.5. K-Ar ^+ Ar-Ar Õ -= i] Ò: ), ¾ÏÖ J¾ÏÖÕ+ }jV IJh" !$ =_ À *+ I. )jVHÌ Q\ )j$ Zë+ IJÐ =_' Õ+ UV, J¤ I. ¾ÏÖ: .+ Ô!Q. ! F[ Ò $ Ô2_ UVV 4 1 Ar(argon)Ê Ó: j' . Zg+ & z9 Y": ! Õ` J P_Ï' Õ+ Ô!Q. + u! ¸z1!Q. K(potasium)+ -.-û: ._+ 8 V Ç % Â £ ªN$g+ )j Pj' n+ | 6JX¢ Ç._ !Q. K "Z {$g GPS' !` Q ´ -=)j $ zW ÏÖÕ$ !+ K+ Î K 0.012%' ã- å : 8+ «/«I. mappingÔUV , K+ Ï1UV Cax ArUV UVQ. !{ o] ¶1 À$ -1 _: ½0) $g 11.2% ArUV UV+ u: %&V ÏÖÕ *Q. : + u!Q. !" K-Ar ¦ Ar-Ar ÏÖÕ] !71UV K! dt IJ ¾¿R IG, c Ù G$ B *+ J!A X¢!9 ( Q -K, ¶ h]! *), c %$ K>BN J g ¤N #G 1UV 6.61 (tectonic origin) F[+ Ar! 99% ! Eµ 4 h_IJ(active fault): ½-: E$ ¸|V + $ Ô2_ Ar Ó: ´ + u! h_IJ ½ { sUV, 6() [ {|Q. kl öË- Ï. ø$g h_IJ !' ÂQ. H Û A h_IJ! ÏQ ¯ E- ! !&A, Þ ! K-Ar ÏÖÕ: zX) *Q. - Mj Q\ IJ gV û÷GV KA&A ^+ gV ¹ ÷G' `Ç B Av¡ E$ 4 IJ] H ! 3 IJ! l h" u +, V Zë ¾+ uUV ), > h_IJ >V, 6.61 `H' ½09, 4$ = ! Q\ IJ$ ¾I F[$j ¾ uUV ÇQ. _ I.(, terrace) YZ zBÁQ. Â «ÜÝvÊ IJ] ¾ ! W@ «I.+ & æ ÷LB AvA+ z9 Y" - $ =_ 12km jV ´4U, ¤ ÓIJG ¾¿ -=!V, !' ´ !Q+ u] ) -Î + 6.61 ½V v Ú 10km ÂK uUV ) f", 4 z9 Y" Y¿ £: +b *Q( Z¢ £, 1999). 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 40. 40. 40. 40. . .

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(27) 594. . #$ % & ' 1970 ËK ÜMj Â L £ ªN$ g6ãj -Nl' g! Z ÔUV á2-N z G-NzK: !` h_IJ: W -K K£K ¼' o- ¤Q. aV % H $g+ Ç| #¢ Ï÷ IJ$ )-N1 À' %&V ` h_IJ$ W' j) *Q. H, - "«$ -N$ =_ à -1 Àx u&' !` IJ ¹1 IJh" _: ) *Q. `g [°$ ¸ | IJh" ¹1 _UV+ Û IJh" !$ z ® Y= Ç_ þÿ, Þ IJJ Â,.6' ! IJh" Ç_ þÿ, ¦ > Jg1 Àx .6-1 À' ! IJh" Ç_ þÿ £: > z *Q. . &( !' IJh"$ g P_ IJ9¤$ O8+ I JÐ(fault clay) ^+ IJi-(fault gouge)$ åd B *+ ÐX¢$ )- : '` h_IJ Y- h"' ¼+ Ô/V g, ÐX¢ )Ù(high-coercivity) áÙ (reverse polarity) _ ] ¿1 ²(chemical remanent magnetization)Vg IJ Y- h" !$ IJ: '+ tÎ$ =_V, ¿ 1 ² =_ V IJ h"' - Q. aA ! ¼ë+ Q\ ¾ÏÖ Õ: ! ` : `Á + ¥l! *Q(Hailwood et . al., 1992). . . -N] IJ f"$ OP+ uUVg, N Õ ¦ þÿ: Zg+ )IJ ´ åx f" _ ¦ h__ `H' P 5I + u! {|Q. ¤$gj 21,' N¦9g GPS (Trimble XR model, zW&° ãG z cm !¤, )j ãG Ú 50cm !¤)$ «I. mapping Ô! j) *U, À©° ^ Pathfinder Officex MS Office, Fieldmate £ SoftwareV k$g UV ©°' ) *UV ¬UV ´ À $ )ã ¼ Ó¯ u!, !V 4 ). IJ -1 ' ! h_IJ 62 ³m O! §Q. h_IJ ×{1 62: ' -.6 À database .), h_IJ ªN W! ´` h_IJ ÇY -Nl' W z *: u!Q. h_IJ ¶1 62 O: Zg+ µ4Ù] ¢7 Õ ^+ i h Ø¦! ¸|Q. aA ¤ k] !a 4Ù i$ Ø ¨Ú` & Ë1 IG$gK 62 /Ï. zX) *Q. 401 F1 lq: ©ª zj *+ N h_IJ$ 62+ ¼ê Â« z º+ ³ !Q. aA ¤$g -N Ï.+ Ë 14 IG$ ¥, !' Zg+ j ¤$ å+ h_IJ ´ å ¦ =_, f" _ _1 ¶1 À ñm! [ {|V 6mc XBÁ u!Q. 2,000j$ >Bg9g ªN $g+ -¬®` “T!(-=j) -62(Paper Geological Mapping; PGM)Ô”$g9Digital Geological Mapping(DGM):V æ) *UV, p HÌ ¹ Á$g |.) *+ ® - À zë¿ ¤-+ ¶¿ f ¤$ !; B u!Q. ® I Á, c Ù Á$g |. + Ë --62 -1 À+ 2y1U VA F1UV, Avg+ ¤ 51UV ¯. Ã À V, 1 ¦ Ó1UV °R `- º+ ¶14 u!BÁ d: .«Q9 62 Ô: -¬- -=j )$ GIS(Geological Information System)$ 2± zë-=þV Î DGM 2] a ® -À P$ ¸ z1!Q. . ! . ) h_IJ$ Ï./62] 1 ë ·K vwM )j ¿$ L\ 4. P×¿x = .6¢ ¦ Ù # £ «: Zgj ¸| ¥¼ u!Q. h_IJ 62] ® #¢ H- ª ¦ «_ Wx P ÷L !V z |+ ²Q. c #¢ {$g x ¿,.

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(30) F, <X, ªXBÁ Q. H ¥, %¶, { ³!¥, ÙO <NO YN , Z[\, Z] (2002) A !GH 4 & , ¹I £: 3 E H- «_ W ªX K 2# ^($ OSL )%. _`-I11a <bI cdI(ef), gh gA gh%i, BÁ Eµ$ ! h_IJ ùO z 5 24-25, p. 35-36. |+ ² u!Q. TUV, E<S, <j, EkO, <NO (2001) Wl m h_IJ 62/Ï.' ' -Nl nopqr s 8 ^($ )%R<. `-I &, 103, p. 202-211. Ç| .] ¢7 14 -Nl © http://www.asahi.com/science/news/ Ù! ¿ ¯ u!Q. http://www.eurekalert.org j h_IJ åj, -.61 _, -NZ±j http://www.iaea.org/worldatom ¶1 £! !;B-9 µ1 1 O http://www.koreath.net http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/CFR/PART100/part100appa.html ] ¢7 # «_ W$ {| ÀV h Aitken, M.J. 1998 An introduction to optical dating. B lÔ-!$ ` u!Q. Oxford Science Publications, Tokyo, 267p. % ¤$g -m1UV OP+ ½ 4.0 ! Buhay, W.M. et al. 1988 ESR dating of fault gouge; the effect of grain size. Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 7, p. -Nh"] j ! -N «- vw, 5 FGH Q+ &°-K ) -Î.6f" Chen,515-522. J.H. and Wasserburg, G.J, (1988) High precision mass spectrometric determinations of U234 and Th230 ! hOQ+ 4! ´B ) h_IJ$ -Application to Quaternary geology. Chemical Geology, 62/Ï. hO NX¯ u!Q. v. 70, 173p. % ¤$g+ Ù { Ï ¹"Ï Doblas, M. (1998) Slickenside kinematic indicators. Tectonophysics, v. 295, p. 187-197. .2 æUV ¤ -æF$ 1D h_IJ Haliday, A.N., Lee, D.C., Christensen, J.N., Rehkaemper, 5}~ WÔ ùO ¦ H- -N«_ M., Yi, W., Luo, X., Hall, C.M., Ballentine, C.J., Pettke, T. and Stirling, C. (1998) Applications of multiple col$ Åa: Âë+ -k ½0 £: 8V hO lector-ICPMS to cosmochemistry, geochemistry, and Ï. NX {$ *UV, ¬UV 2010F$+ [ paleoceanography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, p. 919-940. °j [° AýV h_IJ 5}~] ¢7 {. Ikeyav. 62, et al. (1982) Dating of a fault by Electron Spin Res6¢ .6 #G, ^+ IH- ª £ ¤N onance on intra fault materials. Science, v. 215, p. 1392$ ¸| ¶1 - À' 1UV ¼ 1393. Lee, H.K. and Schwarcz, H.P. (1994) Criteria for complete z *: u!Q. zeroing of ESR signals during faulting of the San Gab. . . "#$% (2000)

(31) , . 2000-8(2000 6 23), 2p. , , Okada, A. (1999) !"#$% &' ( ) - *

(32) &+ ,- ./ 0, &12, 2 3 3. p. 155-168. 45, 67 (1991) 8#$ 9:% ;<=>. & ?, 53, p. 44-48. @A, BCD, E

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(34) F, BCD (1999) !" J&K. . riel fault zone, Southern California. Tectonophysics, v. 235, p. 317-337. Muhs, D.R., (2000) Dating marine terraces with relativeage and correlated-age methods. In Noller, J.S., Sower, J.M. and Lettis, W.R.(eds.) Quaternary geochronology: Methods and applications. AGU Reference Shelf 4, American Geophysical Union, p. 434-446. Schwarcz, H.P. and Lee, H.K. (1998) Electron Spin Resonance dating. In Sowers, J., Noller, J. and Lettis, W.J. (eds.) Dating and Earthquakes: review of Quarternary geochronology and its application to paleoseismology. U. S. Nuclear Reg. Comm. NUREG/CR 5562p.. 8 19 tu, 2002 12 23 vwx.. 2002.

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