Assessment of CO2 Emissions of Vehicles in Highway Sections Using Principal Component Analysis

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* ⦽ǎࠥಽŖᔍ ࠥಽƱ☖ᩑǍᬱ Ʊ☖ᩑǍᝅ ŝᱽᩑǍᬱ ([email protected])

Received May 23, 2012/ revised August 13, 2012/ accepted April 10, 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵ǤͷǤͳͻͺͳ ǤǤǤ

⺺⛯⍂⍂⛛ⴂ#ⴲⱧ㬚#ᇂ⛞ᦂḚ#ጪᇂ#⊂#㇦ᶇ#ᢷ#CO² ᢢᶇ#⇮㍚ጪᇂ#㦇ᆾ

ଲଗজȵ׌ۗુȵૈๅ૶

Lee, Yoon Seok*, Kim, Da Ye**, Oh, Heung Un***

Assessment of CO

₂

Emissions of Vehicles in Highway Sections Using Principal Component Analysis

ABSTRACT

CO2 emissions of vehicles vary with vehicle's speeds. In addition, the speeds vary with road type, location, time and traffic volume. In this paper, the section in which a large quantity of CO2 emissions per vehicle is exhausted is determined and analyzed with principal component analysis(PCA). In results of analysis, the principal components analysis were divided into two principal components.. It had been identified that the main component was the time zone one which is able to explain each components' role. The first principal component could explain the role of a major component on CO2 emissions per vehicle in the early morning and afternoon hour, respectively. The second principal component could explain the role of the component on CO2 emissions per vehicle in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively. Therefore, the section in which a large quantity of CO2 emissions per vehicle could be deterimined by PCA scores.

Key words : CO2 emissions, Travel speed, Road type, Sensitivity

Ⅹಾ

₉ప᮹CO2႑⇽పᮡ☖⧪ᗮࠥᨱ঑௝݅෕íӹ┡ӽ݅. ੱ⦽, ₉ప᮹☖⧪ᗮࠥ۵ࠥಽ᮹᳦ඹӹ᭥⊹, ᜽eݡ, Ʊ☖ప॒ᨱ঑௝݅෕íӹ┡

ӽ݅. ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ(PCA : Principal Component Analysis)ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍeᖁࠥಽǍeᄥ읆᜽eݡᄥಽ₉పݚCO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎ eᮥ❱ᄥ⦹ᩍ⠪a⦹ᩡ݅. ᇥᕾđŝ, ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾđŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥŝᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥᮝಽᖒᇥᯕǍᇥࡹ۵äᮥ᦭ᙹᯩᨩŁ᜽eݡabᵝᖒᇥᮥ

ᖅ໦⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᵝ᫵ᖒᇥᯥᮥ᦭ᙹᯩᨩ݅. ᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑᔩᄞ᜽eݡ᪡᪅⬥᜽eݡಽᵝᖒᇥᮥᖅ໦⧁ᙹᯩᨩ݅. ᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑ᪅ ᱥ, ᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽᜽eݡಽᵝᖒᇥᮥᖅ໦⧁ᙹᯩᨩ݅. əญŁᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍᇥᕾ⦽đŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑᔩᄞ᜽eݡᨱࠥᱶℕ⩥ᔢ ᯕḡᗮࡹ۵ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱǍeᯕ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íӹ┡ԍŁᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑ᪅ᱥ,᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽᮹ᱶℕ⩥ᔢᯕɚᝍ⦽

ᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᯕaʭᬕǍeᨱᕽᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íӹ┡ԍ݅. đŝᱢᮝಽᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝ☖⦹ᩍ₉పݚCO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎeᮥ❱

ᄥ⧁ᙹᯩᨩ݅.

áᔪᨕ CO2႑⇽ప, ☖⧪ᗮࠥ, eᖁࠥಽᄥ, ၝqࠥ

İࣀėॡ

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1. ᕽು

1.1 ઴֜ଭࢼլࢫࡧୡ

₉ప᮹CO2႑⇽పᮡ☖⧪ᗮࠥ᪡ၡᱲ⦽šಉᯕᯩ݅. ᗮࠥᨱ

঑௝ ₉ప ݚ CO2 ႑⇽పᯕ ݅෕í ӹ┡ӹʑ ভྙᯕ݅. ੱ⦽,

₉ప᮹☖⧪ᗮࠥ۵ࠥಽ᮹᳦ඹӹ᭥⊹, ᜽eݡ, Ʊ☖ప॒ᨱ঑௝

݅෕í ӹ┡ӽ݅. ᅙ םྙᨱᕽ۵ ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ(PCA : Principal Component Analysis)ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍeᖁࠥಽǍeᄥಽ₉పݚ

CO₂݅ప႑⇽Ǎeᮥ❱ᄥ⦹ᩍ⠪a⦹ᩡ݅. ᗮࠥᄡ⪵۵1₉ᬱᱢᯕ ḡอ┥ᗭaᜅᄡ⪵۵ᗮࠥᄡ⪵۵ݍญ2₉⧉ᙹᱢᯙ᷾qᮥᅕᯕအ ಽ CO2ၽᔾ✚ᖒᯕᗮࠥ✚ᖒŝ ၹऽ᜽ᯝ⊹⦹ḡ ᦫᮝအಽᯕෝ

qᦩ⦹ᩍ Ǎe✚ᖒᯕ ӹ┡ԁ äᮝಽ ᩩᔢࡽ݅.

ᅙᩑǍෝ☖⦹ᩍCO2႑⇽పᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹۵ᵝᖒᇥᮥ❭ᦦ⦹

Ł᭥⊹ᄥ, ᜽eݡᄥಽ₉పݚCO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎeᮥ❱ᄥ⧕ᅕŁᯱ

⦽݅.

Ǎℕᱢᮝಽᗮࠥ᪡ᯕ᪡šಉࡽCO2႑⇽పłᖁᨱ݉ᙽ⦹í

❱ᄥ⦹޹CO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎeᨱݡ⦹ᩍ᜽eŝŖeᮥʑᵡᮝಽ

ə൉⦲⧁ᙹᯩ۵ႊჶು᮹ᱢᬊa܆ᖒᯕᯩᮭᮥ᦭ᦥᅕŁᯱ⦽݅.

1.2 ઴֜ଭ࣐଍ࢫࢺ࣑

ᩑǍ᮹ჵ᭥۵᭥⊹ᨱ঑௝ᙹࠥǭԕ᮹Łᗮࠥಽ, ࠥ᜽Łᗮࠥ

ಽ, ᯝၹǎࠥಽӹ٥ᨕᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽, ☖⧪ᗮࠥᯱഭ᮹Ğᬑ

Ğʑࠥ Ʊ☖ᱶᅕᖝ░ יᖁᄥ, Ǎeᄥ ☖ĥ ᱶᅕෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

ᩑǍ᮹Ŗeᱢჵ᭥۵Ⓧíᙹࠥǭԕ᮹Łᗮࠥಽ᪡ࠥ᜽Łᗮࠥ

ಽ, ᯝၹǎࠥಽӹ٥ᨕᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ᖙᇡᱢᮝಽŁᗮࠥಽ۵ᙹࠥǭ

ԕ᮹ĞᇡŁᗮࠥಽ(ᦩᖒIC~ᦩᖒJC, ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱ), ᕽ⧕ᦩŁ ᗮࠥಽ(⧪ݕࠥ⮕íᗭ~ᕽ⠪┾IC, ᯝḢJC~ɩ⃽IC)ಽᖁᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.

ࠥ᜽Łᗮࠥಽ᮹Ğᬑvᄡᇢಽ(⦽vݡƱ~࠺᯲ݡƱ)᪡ᯱᮁಽ(Ǎ ᔑIC~ᯕᔑ⡍JC), ᯝၹǎࠥ᮹Ğᬑ1ჩǎࠥ(Ğʑࠥĥ~እᱥḡ⦹₉

ࠥᔍÑญ, ᦩ᧲ᮂƱᔝÑญ~ᕽᬙ᜽ĥ)ಽᖁᱶ⦹ᩍᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. Ǎ eᨱᕽ᮹☖⧪ᗮࠥ᮹Ğᬑ00~23᜽ʭḡᱥᯝ☖⧪ᗮࠥෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ

݅. ੱ⦽, ᩑǍǍeᖁᱶᮡᕽᬙ᜽᪡᮹ᯕĊŝšಉᯕʫ݅. ᕽᬙ᜽

ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᨱ঑௝☖⧪ᗮࠥၰƱ☖ప✚ᖒᯕ݅෕íӹ┡ӽ

݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᨱaʭᬕǍeŝຝǍeᮝಽ

Ǎᇥ⦹ᩍ ᩑǍǍeᮥ ᖁᱶ⦹ᩍ ᇥᕾ⧕ ᅕᦹ݅.

ᩑǍ᮹ႊჶುᮝಽ۵ℌṙ, eᖁࠥಽᄥಽ᜽eݡᄥ☖⧪ᗮࠥෝ

ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥᔑ⇽⦹ᩡ݅. ࢹṙ, ᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡

᮹ᯕĊÑญෝʑᵡᮝಽᖁᱶࡽݡᔢǍe᮹₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥ

እƱ⦹ᩡ݅. ᖬṙ, eᖁࠥಽǍeᄥಽᔑ⇽ࡽ₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥ

☖⦹ᩍᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ֘ṙ, ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍ

eᖁࠥಽ Ǎeᄥಽ ₉ప ݚ CO2 ݅ప ႑⇽Ǎeᮥ ❱ᄥ⦹ᩡ݅.

2. šಉྙ⨭᳑ᔍ

2.1 ఙ߆ۥCO2 ࢼౢ߆ւߛটෘ઴֜

ǎพ⪹Ğŝ⦺ᬱ(2011)ᮡ݅ᮭŝzᯕ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ĥᙹ

ᔑ⇽᜾ᮥ ᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅.

Table 1. Equation of CO₂ Emissions Factors Per Vehicle Fuel Speed Equation of CO2 emissions

Pa s se ng er ca r

Compact car

Gasol ine

< 65.4km/h y = 887.12x-0.5703

G65.4km/h y = 0.9303x + 30.821

Small car

Gasol ine

< 65.4km/h y = 1313.7x-0.6

G65.4km/h y = 0.5447x + 78.746

Diesel < 65.4km/h y = 1133.1x-0.587

G65.4km/h y = 0.6175x + 62.478

Midsize car

Gasol ine

< 65.4km/h y = 1555.5x-0.578

G65.4km/h y = 0.0797x + 144.19

Diesel < 65.4km/h y = 1818.1x-0.6643

G65.4km/h y = 0.3184x + 95.66

LPG < 65.4km/h y = 1539.4x-0.5748

G65.4km/h y = 0.5056x + 117.39

Taxi LPG < 65.4km/h y = 1805.7792x-0.6322

G65.4km/h y = 0.3239x + 114.0621

RV 

Van 

Heavy

vehicle 

* Source : National Institute of Environmental Research

₉ప᮹᳦ඹᄥ, ᩑഭᄥ, ₉ᗮᄥಽᖙᇥ⪵⦹ᩍ₉పݚCO2႑⇽

ĥᙹ ᔑ⇽᜾ᮥ ᱽᦩ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

✚⯩, ₉పᗮࠥ ᄥಽ ႑⇽ĥᙹ ᔑ⇽᜾ᮥ ݍญ ᱽᦩ⦹ᩡ݅۵

ᱱᯕ ⩥ᝅᖒᮥ Ⓧí ၹᩢ⦹ᩡ݅Ł ❱݉⦹ᩍ ᅙ םྙᨱᕽ ₉ప

ݚ CO2 ႑⇽ప ᔑ⇽ ᜽ ᔍᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

ᔢݡᱢᮝಽǎԕᖁ⧪ᩑǍᅕ݅ǎ᫙ᨱᕽ۵₉ప᮹CO2႑⇽ŝ

šಉࡽ ᩑǍa ⪽ၽ⦹í ḥ⧪ࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

Alessandra(2002)۵᪉ᝅaᜅ႑⇽పᔑᱶᮥ᭥⦽༉ߙᮥ}ၽ

⦹ᩍࠥಽƱ☖᮹ᇡᱶᱢᩢ⨆ᮥ᪥⪵⦹ŁƱ☖ᱶ₦᮹⠪a⃺ࠥಽ

ᔍᬊ⦹ʑ ᭥⦹ᩍ CO2 ႑⇽ప ᩑǍෝ ᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

Fig. 1ᮥᅕ໕ᱥℕᱢᮝಽLᯱᨱaʭᬕUᯱ⩶┽ෝ஥Łᯩ݅.

ੱ⦽႑⇽పᮡ↽ݡ469g/kmᨱᕽ↽ᗭ125g/kmʭḡᇥ⡍⦹Ł

ᯩᮝ໑ ⠪Ɂᱢᮝಽ 199g/km᮹ ႑⇽పᮥ ӹ┡ԕŁ ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽, ᱡᗮǍeᨱᕽ ฯᮡ CO2a ႑⇽ࡹ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

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Fig. 2. Principal Component Scores and Variations

* Source : Jung,S.J., Risk Evaluation of Slope Using Principal ᖁ⧪ᩑǍၰྙ⨭Łₑᨱᕽ᦭ᙹᯩॐᯕᗮࠥᨱ঑௝CO2႑⇽ప

ᮡ ᔢᯕ⦹í ӹ┡ӽ݅۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

Fig. 1. CO₂ Emissions Per Vehicle by Travel Speeds Source : Alessandra, C. (2002), "Modeling Traffic Flow Emissions"

2.2 சনंंজւߛটෘ઴֜

ᱶᙹᱶ ᫙(2010)۵ ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ᔍ໕᮹ ᭥⨹ᖒᮥ

⠪a⦹ᩡ݅. ᔍ໕᮹ᯕᔢÑ࠺ၰᇶƕqḡෝ᭥⧕ᝅᱽĥ⊂᜽ᜅ▽

ᖅ⊹⬥ᯕᔢᅕŁaᯩᨩ޹ᔍ໕ᮥݡᔢᮝಽእ༉ᙹᱢ☖ĥႊჶᯙ

ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ(PCA : Principal Component Analysis)ᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

ᇥᕾđŝ, Fig. 2᪡zᯕᔍ໕᮹ᯕᔢÑ࠺ᩍᇡෝӹ┡ԕ۵⃺ࠥ

ᯙᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹ۵ᯕᔢḶ⬥ ၽᔾ᜽ᱶᔢᔢ┽ᨱእ⧕ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ

ⓍÑӹ ԏᮡ sᮥ ӹ┡ԕᨕ ᄡ⪵పᨱ ⓑ ₉ᯕෝ ᅕᩡ݅.

ᯕෝ☖⧕ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᔍ໕᮹ᯕᔢÑ࠺ၰᇶƕෝ

qḡ⧁ᙹᯩ۵äᮥ⪶ᯙ⦹ᩡ݅. ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᯝ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍᱶపᱢᯙ

ᔍ໕Ñ࠺ ၰ ᯕᔢ Ḷ⬥᮹ ᩩ⊂ᯕ a܆⧁ äᮝಽ ❱݉⦹ᩡ݅.

ʡᩢᯝ᫙(2004)۵ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍŁᗮࠥಽ᮹ᩍaᖒ

ࠥಽǍe❱ᄥᨱš⦽ᩑǍෝᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ᵝ5ᯝᱽɝྕᱽaᅙĊ ᱢᮝಽ᜽⧪ࢉᨱ঑௝ᩍaᨱݡ⦽šᝍᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱ঑ෙྙᱽॅᯕ

ၽᔾ⧁äᮝಽᩩᔢࡽ݅. ᯕᨱ঑ෙᩍa☖⧪᮹᷾aಽᱶℕa

ၽᔾ⦽ Ǎeᮥ❱ᄥ⦹Ł ᇥඹ⦹ᩍ ᯕᨱݡ⦽ ࠥಽƱ☖ ᬕᩢၰ

ᱶእ ॒᮹ ݡ᮲ႊᦩᯕ ⦥᫵⧁ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡹᨕ ᵝᖒᇥ ᇥᕾᮥ

ᝅ᜽⧕ ❱ᄥ⦹ᩡ݅.

Ʊ☖పᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍŁᗮࠥಽ᮹ᩍaᖒࠥಽǍeᮥᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ

ᮥ ☖⦹ᩍ ❱ᄥ⦹۵ ᩑǍෝ ᙹ⧪⦹ᩍ ᩍaᖒ ࠥಽ᪡ እᩍaᖒ

ࠥಽ☖⧪✚ᖒšĥෝbᄡᙹॅ᮹✚ᖒᮥȽ໦⦹ᩍᩑǍᙹ⧪᮹

ɝÑෝ ᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥ☖⦹ᩍᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦽đŝŁᗮࠥಽ᮹

ⅾ 197}᮹ Ǎe ᵲ ᩍaᖒ ࠥಽǍeŝ እ ᩍaᖒ ࠥಽǍeᮥ

⇵⇽⦹ᩍ ᇥඹ⦹Ł b ᄡᙹॅ᮹ እ ᩍaᖒ ࠥಽǍeŝ ᩍaᖒ

ࠥಽǍeᮝಽᇥඹ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ʑᵡᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ᅙםྙᮡᵝᖒᇥ ᇥᕾᮥ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ᩍaᖒ ☖⧪Ǎe᮹ ᇥඹa܆ᖒᮥ ᩑǍ⦹ᩡ݅.

3. ᯱഭᙹḲၰᇥᕾႊჶು

3.1 ୀ߹৤ு

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᔍᬊ⦽ᯱഭᙹḲ᮹Ğᬑࢱaḡಽӹ٭ᙹᯩ݅.

ℌṙ, ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప᮹Ğᬑǎพ⪹Ğŝ⦺ᬱ(2011)᮹₉ప

ݚCO2႑⇽ĥᙹᔑ⇽᜾ᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥᔑ⇽⦹

ᩡ݅.

ࢹṙ, ᗮࠥᯱഭ᮹ĞᬑĞʑࠥƱ☖ᱶᅕᖝ░᮹יᖁᄥ, Ǎeᄥ

⠪Ɂ☖⧪ᗮࠥᯱഭ(ᔢ⧪ʑᵡ)ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑2010֥10ᬵᖬṙ

ᵝ ᙹ᫵ᯝ 00᜽~23᜽ ᜽eᄥ ᯱഭෝ ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

3.2 ंজࢺ࣑ߨ

3.2.1 சনंंজंজࢺ࣑

ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ(PCA : Principal Component Analysis)ᯕ௡ᕽಽ

ᔢšᖒᯕ ᯩ۵ ݅ᄡప ߑᯕ░ෝ ԕ⡍ࡽ ᱶᅕ᮹ ᗱᝅᮥ a܆⦽

ᱢí ⧕ᕽ ᱡ₉ᬱ᮹ ߑᯕ░ಽ ⇶᧞⦹۵ ݅ᄡప እ༉ᙹᱢ(non- parametric)ႊჶᯕ݅. ᷪ, ᅖᰂ⦽ߑᯕ░ᖙ✙ෝ݉ᙽ⪵⦹ʑ᭥⦽

݅ᄡప ☖ĥ ʑჶᯕ݅.

ᵝᖒᇥᮡbᄡᙹᨱaᵲ⊹ෝᵝᨕ⧊ᖒ⦹۵äᨱ᮹⧕Ǎ⦹ᩍ

ḥ݅. əভᬱ௹ᄡᙹaaḡŁᯩ۵ᱶᅕෝ↽ݡ⦽ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ}ℕe ᮹ᇥᔑᯕ↽ݡaࡹࠥಾaᵲ⊹ෝᇺᯙ݅. ᬱ௹᮹ᄡᙹaaḡŁ

ᯩ۵݅ᙹ᮹ᵝᖒᇥᯕ᳕ᰍ⦹۵Ğᬑᨱ۵bb᮹ᵝᖒᇥᮡᕽಽ

ᔢš(correlation)ᯕᨧࠥಾ, ᷪᕽಽ݅ෙᵝᖒᇥe᮹Ŗᇥᔑᯕ

0ᯕࡹࠥಾđᱶ⦽݅. ᯕॅ᮹šĥ۵݅ᮭ᮹Eq. (1)ŝzᯕ⢽⩥⧁

ᙹ ᯩ݅.

Ƙ_Îá ſ_ÎÎƖ_ſâſ_ÎÏƖ_Ïâſ_ÎÐƖ_Ðâzzâſ_ÎƌƖ_ƌ ƘÏá ſ_ÏÎƖſâſ_ÏÏƖÏâſ_ÏÐƖÐâzzâſ_ÏƌƖƌ

Ƙ_Ðá ſ_ÐÎƖ_ſâſ_ÐÏƖ_Ïâſ_ÐÐƖ_Ðâzzâſ_ÐƌƖ_ƌ ƘƋá ſ_ƋÎƖſâſ_ƋÏƖÏâſ{_ƋÐƖÐâzzâſ_ƋƌƖƌ

(1)

(4)

Table 2. Speeds and CO2 Emissions Per Vehicle (by Sections)

section Time 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Anseong IC -

Anseont JC(58.5km)

Speeds 93 64 67 68 65 62 64 70 74 73 69 67 67 65 66 64 67 73 79 86 92 93 92 95 CO₂

Emissions 152 141 150 150 139 145 141 150 150 150 150 150 150 139 149 141 150 150 150 151 152 152 152 152 Janwon IC -

Hamam Bridge(1.2km)

Speeds 42 82 - - - 32 29 21 25 24 20 27 31 31 29 27 28 29 28 27 31 30 31 31 CO₂

Emissions 179 151 - - - 210 222 268 242 248 275 231 214 214 222 231 227 222 227 231 214 218 214 214 Haengdamisland

rest area - west pyeongtaek IC(64.0km)

Speeds 101 99 99 98 97 94 97 101 101 102 98 88 102 101 103 102 100 102 101 99 98 99 99 101 CO₂

Emissions 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 151 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152 152

Iljic JC - Yisanpo JC(32.0km)

Speeds 103 96 99 98 97 97 86 25 14 13 28 86 86 84 72 40 21 16 16 19 44 83 86 90 CO2

Emissions 152 152 152 152 152 152 151 242 338 353 227 151 151 151 150 184 268 313 313 284 175 151 151 151 Kusan IC - Yisanpo

JC(320km)

Speeds 78 79 80 80 80 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 82 81 81 69 80 80 78 79 80 80 81 81 CO2

Emissions 150 150 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 150 151 151 150 150 151 151 151 151 Hanriver

bridge-Dongjak bridge(4.2km)

Speeds 79 79 79 79 79 79 50 29 16 21 26 36 78 53 35 32 31 30 19 20 57 72 74 79 CO2

Emissions 150 150 150 150 150 150 162 222 313 268 237 196 150 157 199 210 214 218 284 275 150 150 150 150 Gyeonggi-do

boundary - Bijununder Pass(320.km)

Speeds 62 - 71 - 75 60 64 60 - 61 63 64 63 62 64 62 62 66 56 63 66 63 65 63 CO2

Emissions 143 - 150 - 150 146 141 146 - 145 142 141 142 143 141 143 143 149 152 142 149 142 139 142 Anyangviaduct -

Seoul-si boundary(4.2km)

Speeds 41 - 43 - 43 40 39 28 - 36 37 36 37 37 35 37 33 34 34 34 36 37 38 40 CO2

Emissions 182 - 177 177 184 187 227 196 193 193 193 193 199 193 206 203 203 203 196 193 190 184 cf) () : Separation distance from part of access in seoul

ᩍʑᕽ, z1~z_mᮡᵝᖒᇥ, x1~x_nᮡᬱ௹᮹ᄡᙹ, a11~a_mnᮡaᵲ⊹

ᯕ݅. ᇥᕾđŝᨱ᮹⧕, bᵝᖒᇥ᮹Łᮁ⊹a1 ᯕᔢੱ۵٥ᱢʑᩍ ᮉᯕ80%ෝչ۵äᮥʑᵡᮝಽ⦹ᩍᵝᖒᇥᮥᖁ┾⦽݅. ᵝᖒᇥ

z1~zm᮹᜾ᯕǍ⧕ḡ໕ə᜾ᨱx1~xn᮹Ǎℕᱢᯙᙹ⊹ෝݡ᯦⧉ᮝ ಽᕽ b š⊂ݡᔢษ݅ ᵝᖒᇥ sᮥ Ǎ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮝ໑ ᯕ ᙹ⊹ෝ

ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹ௝Łᇡෙ݅. ᯕভ, ᔑᱶࡽᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹaᔢݡᱢᮝಽ

׳Ñӹԏᮡsᮥӹ┡ԕ໕ᷪᯕᱥsŝእƱ⦹ᩍⓑᄡ⪵పᯕ

ᅕᯕ໕ ᯕᔢ ߑᯕ░ෝ ӹ┡ԕí ࡽ݅.

঑௝ᕽ, ᅙםྙᨱᕽ۵ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥ☖⦹ᩍ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప ᯕ᭥⊹ᨱ঑௝ᨕਁ⦽✚ᖒᮥᅕᯕŁᯩ۵ḡə൚⪵ࡹ۵ᵝᖒᇥᮥ

❭ᦦ⦽݅. əญŁᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍeᖁࠥಽǍeᄥಽ₉ప

ݚ CO2 ႑⇽ప ݅ప ႑⇽Ǎeᮥ ❱ᄥ⦹ᩡ݅.

3.2.2 ఙ߆ۥCO2ࢼౢ߆ंজࢺ࣑

ᅙםྙᨱᕽ₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥᔑ⇽⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍʑ᳕ྙ⨭ᨱᕽ

ᱽ᜽ࡽǎพ⪹Ğŝ⦺ᬱ(2011)᮹CO2႑⇽ĥᙹᔑ⇽᜾(᜚ᬊ-ᵲ⩶-

⭹ၽᮁ)ᮥ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍᔑ⇽⦹ᩡ݅. ᔑ⇽᜽ᔍᬊࡽ᜾ᮡ݅ᮭŝz݅.

65.4km/hၙอ y = 1555.5x-0.578

65.4km/hᯕᔢ y = 0.0797x + 144.19 (2)

Eq. (2)ෝ ☖⦹ᩍ ₉ప ݚ CO2႑⇽పᮥ ᔑ⇽⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵

☖⧪ᗮࠥa⦥᫵⦹݅. ☖⧪ᗮࠥ᮹ĞᬑĞʑࠥƱ☖ᱶᅕᖝ░᮹

יᖁᄥ, Ǎeᄥ⠪Ɂ☖⧪ᗮࠥᯱഭ(ᔢ⧪ʑᵡ)ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑2010

֥10ᬵᖬṙᵝ᮹00᜽~23᜽ʭḡᱥ᜽eݡᯱഭෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

4. ᇥᕾđŝ

4.1 சনंंজէր

ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥ᭥⧕ᇥᕾ⚕ᮡSPSS ver.12ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᙹࠥ

(5)

Table 5. PC Scores by Sections

The first component

The second component

westpyeongtaek IC (64.0km) -0.35812 -0.69163

(4.2km) -0.2559 1.10086

bijununderpass (32.0km) -0.78705 -0.63086 Anyangviaduct

ǭԕeᖁࠥಽ8}᮹Ǎeᮥݡᔢᮝಽ24}᮹ᄡᙹෝᔍᬊ⦹ᩍ

ᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. Ǎe᮹Ğᬑeᖁࠥಽᄥಽᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᨱ

঑௝ᖁᱶ⦹ᩡᮝ໑ᄡᙹ᮹Ğᬑ2010֥10ᬵᖬṙᵝᙹ᫵ᯝ00

᜽~23᜽ʭḡ᜽eݡᄥ☖⧪ᗮࠥෝʑᵡᮝಽ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప

ᮥ ᔑ⇽⦹ᩍ ᄡᙹಽ ḡᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ᵝᖒᇥ ᇥᕾđŝ ݅ᮭŝ zᯕ

ᖒᇥ⧪಍ᯕ ᔑ⇽ ࡹᨩ݅.

ᦥ௹᮹Table 3ŝzᯕᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾđŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥŝᱽ2ᵝᖒ ᇥ, 2}᮹ᵝᖒᇥᮝಽᖒᇥᯕᇥඹࡹᨕə൚⪵ࡹ۵äᮥ᦭ᙹ

ᯩ݅.

Table 3. Rotated Component Matrix

Variables(times) The first component The second component

22 .985 .087

21 .984 .073

23 .981 .072

06 .970 .206

13 .959 .182

05 .894 .081

11 .889 .317

00 .883 .080

16 .872 .316

14 .852 .333

15 .724 .645

01 .714 .443

04 .710 .094

03 .708 -.093

02 .706 -.022

12 .700 .013

18 .106 .986

08 .041 .977

09 .107 .977

19 .177 .967

17 .123 .948

20 .296 .935

10 .639 .743

07 .644 .728

⫭ᱥࡽ ᖒᇥ⧪಍ᮥ ᱶ಍⦹໕ Table 4᪡ z݅.

᭥᮹Tableᮥ☁ݡಽᵝᖒᇥᄥᖒᇥ⧪಍ᄡᙹॅᮥᔕ⠕ᅕ໕

ᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑᔩᄞ᜽eݡ᪡᪅⬥᜽eݡᨱᄡᙹॅᯕ⡍⧉ࡹ

ᯩ۵äᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ᯕ۵Ʊ☖పᯕᱢᮡ᜽eᷪ, ᯱᮁᗮࠥಽ

ᬕ⧪⦹Łᯩ۵᜽eݡ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡹᨩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅.

ᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑ᪅ᱥ℉ࢱ᜽᪡᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕ⡍⧉ࡹ

ᯩ۵äᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ᯕ۵Ʊ☖పᯕฯᮡ᜽eᷪ, ᱶℕaɚᝍ⦽

ᔢ┽᮹᜽eݡ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡹᨩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ঑௝ᕽ,

₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప᮹Ğᬑ᜽eݡᨱ঑௝݅෕í႑⇽ࡹ໑✚⯩

ᯱᮁᗮࠥಽᵝ⧪⧁Ğᬑ᪡ᱶℕaɚᝍ⧁Ğᬑ᮹☖⧪ᗮࠥ₉ᯕᨱ

঑௝ ₉ప ݚ CO2 ႑⇽పࠥ ₉ᯕa ӹ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

Table 4. Variables by Principal Components The first component

(non-peak hour)

The second component (Peak hour) Variables

(times)

00,01,02,03,04,05,06,11,12,

13,14,15,16,21,23 07,08,09,10,17,18,19,20

4.2 சনं୥৤ॺ୨էր

ᱽ1 ᵝᖒᇥŝᱽ2 ᵝᖒᇥᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ24}᜽eݡᄥᄡᙹෝ

ݡᔢᮝಽbᄡᙹᨱݡ⦽ᱢᰍsᮥǍ⦹ŁbᵝᖒᇥᄥŁᮁ⊹እᮉ

ᮥaᵲ⊹⦽aᵲ⠪Ɂᮥ☖⧕ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ۵b

ᵝᖒᇥᯕᖅ໦⦹۵እᮉᨱ঑௝aᵲ⊹ෝᇡᩍ⧉ᮝಽᕽᯱ᮹ᱢᯕ Ł ⠙❭ᱢᯙ ❱݉ᮥ ⦹ḡ ᦫࠥಾ ࠥ᪡ᵡ݅.

ᦥ௹᮹ Table 5۵ Ǎe ᄥಽ ᔑ⇽ࡽ ᵝᖒᇥ ᱱᙹᯕ݅.

Table 5ෝᅕ໕ᱽ1 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱǍeᯕ

ᵝᖒᇥ ᱱᙹa ׳í ᔑ⇽ࡹᨩ݅.

┡Ǎeᨱᕽ۵༉ࢱ0~1ᱱᔍᯕᨱᇥ⡍⦹ŁᯩᮝӹᰁᬱIC~

⦽ԉݡƱǍeᮡ2.22ᱱᮝಽ݅ෙǍeᨱእ⧕׳ᮡᱱᙹaᔑ⇽ࡹ

ᨩ݅.

ᱽ1 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕᱢᮡᯱᮁᗮࠥಽᵝ⧪⦹۵᜽eݡ ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡽ✚Ḷᯕᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽✚Ḷᮥ☁ݡಽᔕ⠕

ᅝভ, ᰁᬱIC~ ⦽ԉݡƱǍeᮡ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕Ʊ☖పᯕᱢᮡ

(6)

Fig. 3. The First PC Scores

Fig. 4. The Second PC Scores

᜽eݡ௝Ł⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᔩᄞᯕӹ᪅⬥᜽eݡᨱࠥĥᗮ⧕ᕽᱶℕ⩥

ᔢᯕ ၽᔾ⦹Ł ᯩ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

Table 2ෝ☁ݡಽᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥᨱ⡍⧉ᄡᙹ᮹⠪Ɂ₉పݚCO2

႑⇽పᮥ⪶ᯙ⧕ᅕᦹ݅. ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱǍeᮥᱽ᫙⦽ᱥǍe ᨱᕽ150~190(g/km/ݡ)ᨱᇥ⡍⦹۵äᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ⦹ḡอᰁᬱ IC~⦽ԉݡƱǍe᮹⠪Ɂ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప᮹Ğᬑ211.3(g/km/

ݡ)ಽ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕᧞20~70(g/km/ݡ)ᯕᔢฯᯕ႑⇽ࡹ۵äᮥ

⪶ᯙ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱǍeᮡ24᜽eĥᗮ⧕ᕽ

ᱶℕ⩥ᔢᯕ ᯝᨕӹʑ ভྙᨱ ᵝᖒᇥ ᱱᙹa ݅ෙ Ǎeᨱ እ⧕

׳í ᔑ⇽ࡽ äᮝಽ ❱݉⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

݅ᮭᮝಽᱽ2 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱ, ᯝḢJC~ɩ⃽

IC, ⦽vݡƱ~࠺᯲ݡƱǍeᯕᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íᔑ⇽ࡹᨩ݅.

ᱽ2 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯᮡᱶℕ⩥ᔢᯕၽᔾ⦹۵᜽eݡ ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡽ✚Ḷᯕᯩ݅. ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íᔑ⇽ࡽ

ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱ, ᯝḢJC~ɩ⃽IC, ⦽vݡƱ~࠺᯲ݡƱǍeᮡŖ

☖ᱢᮝಽᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᯕaʭᬕǍeᮝಽᕽ✚⯩᪅ᱥ, ᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽ᨱɚᝍ⦽ᱶℕ⩥ᔢᮝಽᯙ⦹ᩍ☖⧪ᗮࠥaๅᬑԏ݅

۵ ✚Ḷᯕ ᯩ۵ Ǎeᯕ݅.

ᱽ1 ᵝᖒᇥŝᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍ✚Ḷᮥ

ᔕ⠕ᅙđŝᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íᔑ⇽ࡽǍeᨱᕽ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕

݅ప᮹ ₉ప ݚ CO2a ႑⇽ࡹ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

5. đŝᇥᕾ

ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥᯕᬊ⦽ᙹࠥǭԕeᖁࠥಽ᭥⊹ᄥ₉పݚCO2

႑⇽ప እƱෝ ☖⧕ ᇥᕾ⦽ đŝ۵ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.

ℌṙ, ᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾᮥ☖⦹ᩍᇥᕾđŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥŝᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ, 2}᮹ᵝᖒᇥᮝಽᖒᇥᯕᇥඹࡹᨕə൚⪵ࡹ۵äᮥ᦭ᙹᯩᨩ݅.

ᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕᱢᮡᔩᄞ᜽eݡಽᵝᖒᇥᮥᖅ໦

⧁ᙹᯩᨩ݅. ᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯᮡ᪅ᱥ,᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽

᜽eݡಽ ᵝᖒᇥᮥ ᖅ໦⧁ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

঑௝ᕽ, ₉ప ݚ CO2 ႑⇽ప᮹ Ğᬑ ᜽eݡᨱ ঑௝ ݅෕í

႑⇽ࡹ໑✚⯩ᯱᮁᗮࠥಽᵝ⧪⧁Ğᬑ᪡ᱶℕaɚᝍ⧁Ğᬑ᮹

☖⧪ᗮࠥ₉ᯕᨱ঑௝₉పݚCO2႑⇽పࠥ₉ᯕaӹ۵äᮥ

ə൚⪵ࡽ ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ ✚ᖒᮥ ☖⧕ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

ࢹṙ, ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍእƱ⦽đŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑ

ᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱǍeᯕ2.22ᱱᮝಽ݅ෙǍeᨱእ⧕׳ᮡᱱᙹ a ᔑ⇽ࡽ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

ᱽ1 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕᱢᮡᯱᮁᗮࠥಽᵝ⧪⦹۵᜽eݡ ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡽ✚Ḷᯕᯩ݅. ᯕ్⦽✚Ḷᮥ☁ݡಽᔕ⠕

ᅝভ, ᰁᬱIC~ ⦽ԉݡƱǍeᮡ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕Ʊ☖పᯕᱢᮡ

᜽eݡ௝Ł⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᔩᄞᯕӹ᪅⬥᜽eݡᨱࠥĥᗮ⧕ᕽᱶℕ⩥

ᔢᯕၽᔾ⦹Łᯩᨕ₉పݚCO2a݅ప႑⇽ࡹ۵Ǎeᯥᮥ᦭

ᙹ ᯩ݅.

ᱽ2 ᵝᖒᇥ᮹ĞᬑƱ☖పᯕฯᮡᱶℕ⩥ᔢᯕၽᔾ⦹۵᜽eݡ ᮹ᄡᙹॅᯕə൚⪵ࡽ✚Ḷᯕᯩ݅. ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹa׳íᔑ⇽ࡽ

ǍeᮡᰁᬱIC~⦽ԉݡƱ, ᯝḢJC~ɩ⃽IC, ⦽vݡƱ~࠺᯲ݡƱǍ eᯥᮥ᦭ᙹᯩᨩ݅. Ŗ☖ᱢᮝಽᕽᬙ᜽ᱲᗮᇡ᪡᮹ᯕĊᯕaʭᬕ

Ǎeᮝಽᕽ✚⯩᪅ᱥ, ᪅⬥℉ࢱ᜽ᨱɚᝍ⦽ᱶℕ⩥ᔢᮝಽᯙ⦹ᩍ

☖⧪ᗮࠥaๅᬑԏ݅۵✚Ḷᯕᯩ۵Ǎeᯕ݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ ᨱᕽࠥ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕₉పݚCO2a݅ప႑⇽ࡹ۵Ǎeᨱᕽ

ᵝᖒᇥ ᱱᙹa ׳í ᔑ⇽ࡹ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

6. đು

ᙹࠥǭԕeᖁࠥಽ᭥⊹ᄥ₉పݚCO2႑⇽పᮥᵝᖒᇥᇥᕾ⦽

đŝ ᜽eݡa b ᵝᖒᇥᮥ ᖅ໦⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᵝ᫵ ᖒᇥᯥᮥ ᦭

ᙹᯩᨩ݅. əญŁᵝᖒᇥᄥಽ✚Ḷᮥᔕ⠕ᅙđŝᱽ1ᵝᖒᇥ᮹

Ğᬑᔩᄞ ᜽eݡ᪡ ᪅⬥᜽eݡಽ ᵝᖒᇥᮥ ᖅ໦⧁ᙹ ᯩᮝ໑

22᜽aݡ⢽᜽eᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ᱽ2ᵝᖒᇥ᮹Ğᬑ᪅ᱥ,᪅⬥℉ࢱ

᜽ ᜽eݡಽ ᵝᖒᇥᮥ ᖅ໦⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮝ໑ 18᜽a ݡ⢽᜽eᮝಽ

ӹ┡ԍ݅. ᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝᔑ⇽⦹ᩍእƱ⦽đŝ۵ᱽ1,2 ᵝᖒᇥ

༉ࢱᨱᕽ┡Ǎeᨱእ⧕CO2a݅ప႑⇽ࡹ۵Ǎeᨱᕽᵝᖒᇥ

ᱱᙹa ׳í ᔑ⇽ࡹ۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

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᭥᮹đುॅᮥ☖⧕⇵ು⧕ᅕᦹᮥভ₉పݚCO2႑⇽ప᮹

Ğᬑ᜽eݡaᵝ᫵⦽ᖒᇥᯥᮥ᦭ᙹᯩᨩ݅. əญŁᵝᖒᇥᱱᙹෝ

☖⦹ᩍ ₉ప ݚ CO2 ႑⇽ ݅పǍeᮥ ❱ᄥ⧁ ᙹ ᯩᨩ݅.

Ǎℕᱢᮝಽᗮࠥ᪡ᯕ᪡šಉࡽCO2႑⇽పłᖁᨱ݉ᙽ⦹í

❱ᄥ⦹޹CO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎeᨱݡ⦹ᩍ᜽eŝŖeᮥʑᵡᮝಽ

⦽ᗮࠥᇥ⡍ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍə൉⦲⧁ᙹᯩ۵ႊჶು᮹ᱢᬊa܆ᖒᯕ

ᯩᮭᯕ ᷾໦ࡹᨩ݅.

঑௝ᕽࠥಽ᮹Ǎeᄥ᜽eᄥ✚ᖒᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍCO2݅ప႑⇽Ǎ eᮥ ॒ɪ⪵ ⧁ ᙹ ᯩí ࡹᨩ݅.

qᔍ᮹ɡ

ᯕםྙᮡƱᮂŝ⦺ʑᚁᇡ᮹ᰍᬱᮝಽ᜽⧪⦹۵⦽ǎŝ⦺ᰍ݉᮹ ᩑǍḡᬱ⥥ಽəఉᮝಽḡᬱၼᦹ᜖ܩ݅(ᩑǍŝᱽšญ⎵ऽ: 2013 R1A1A2012547).

᦭ฝ

“ᱽ66⫭ݡ⦽Ʊ☖⦺⫭⦺ᚁၽ⢽⫭”ᨱᕽၽ⢽ࡽ⥥ಽ᜽ঊᮥᙹ ᱶ⦹ᩍ ⠙Ḳ⦹ᩡ᜖ܩ݅.

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Barrth, M. and Kanok, B. (2009). Traffic congestion and greenhouse gases, Research Report, Transportation Research at the University of California, Access 35, 2-9.

Ericssin, E., Sturm, P. and Minarik, S. (2001). “Driving pattern, exhaust emission and fuel consumption over a street network.”

Proceedings of 11th interational symposium. Vol. 1, pp. 331-340 (in Austrian).

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Hesham, R., Ahn, K. H., Ihan, E. S. and Jang, S. B. (2003).

“Emission model development using in-vehicle on-road emission measurements.”

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