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A Study on Defect Formation Energies in UO 2 and UN Nuclear Fuels and on Xenon Stability in the Defects

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A Study on Defect Formation Energies in UO 2 and UN Nuclear Fuels and on Xenon Stability in the Defects

Sung-ryul Kim · Yong-Uhn Kim

Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea

Hee-moon Kim · Chang-je Park

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353, Korea

Youn-suk Yun

Nuclear Energy and Safety, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland (Received 1 April 2013 : revised 13 April 2013 : accepted 4 June 2013)

Atomic Xenon one of the fission products of uranium nitride (UN) and uranium dioxide (UO

2

) in nuclear reactors, diffuses as a gas. We investigated defect formation and xenon mobility in the fuel by using first-principles calculations as implemented in the VASP code. Frenkel defects in uranium were more difficult to find than Frenkel defects in anions and Schottky defects in the UN and the UO

2

fuels. Our calculations of the formation energies of extrinsic defects showed that the vacancy formation energies of anions were higher than the vacancy formation energy of the uranium. When xenon diffused in the UN and the UO

2

fuels, it preferred sites of vacancy clusters to single vacancies.

This means that xenon in Schottky defects site is difficult to remove.

PACS numbers: 21.60.-n

Keywords: UN, UO

2

, Xenon, First-principles calculation, VASP, Defect formation energies

UO 2 õ m Í UN { ¿ ?Ž ì Åz »8 ý + s Ç] K ¤ ] k ùV R Ë ; c .U Ñ ÷ + s Ç] K ¤; c" e8 ý Xe8 ý  Ž Ò Þ Ž ì ŏ Œ

™ ») ç † ~ x · ™ » ÷ 7 Bª <

Ø 

æ· ¡ ¤ @ /† < Ɠ § Ó ü t o † < Æõ , ' õ AÅ Ò 361-763

™ »r )' Ö < · ƒ ‘ š‡ ç ¡< K

ô

 Dz D G" é ¶  § 4 ƒ  ½ ¨" é ¶, @ /„   305-353

*

× <a : @\ 8 ;

Paul Scherrer ƒ  ½ ¨™ è, 5232 Villigen PSI, Û ¼0 AÛ ¼

(2013¸   4 Z 4 1{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, 2013¸   4 Z 4 13{ 9  à º& ñ ‘ : r ~ à Î6 £ §, 2013¸   6 Z 4 4{ 9  > F  S X ‰& ñ )

| 9

 oÓ ü t Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ s   í ß – oÓ ü t Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ UO

2

_  Ù þ ˜ì  r\ P – Ð Ò q t$ í  ) a Xe“ É r l ^ ‰ © œI – Ð Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Ò\ " f S X ‰ í

ß –  ) a  . s  Xel ^ ‰ Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Җ Ð S X ‰ í ß – | ¨ c M : Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Ò_    † < Ê 0 Au ü < Xe_  s 1 l x € ª œI \  ¦ · ú ˜ 

˜

Ðl  0 A # Œ VASP  ï× ¼\  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç ] j1" é ¶ o  > í ß –Ü ¼– Ð Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Ò_    † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t ü < Xe_    ½ + Ë

\

 -t \  ¦ > í ß – % i  . > í ß –   õ   H 6 £ § s “ : r _  Frenkel   † < Ês  € ª œs “ : r Frenkel   † < ʘ Ð   8 ~ 1 >  + þ A$ í

661

(2)

÷

&“ ¦, Schottky   † < Ês  € ª œs “ : r Frenkel   † < ʘ Ð   8 ~ 1 >  + þ A$ í H † d`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  . ¢ ¸    & h _  O, N, Us  s

» 1 Ïô  Ç ‘     & h    † < Ês       ç ß –F G _  " é ¶    † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t  > í ß –  õ   H O   N_  ‘     & h  + þ A$ í

\

 -t  U_  ‘     & h  + þ A$ í \  -t ˜ Ð  ß ¼>    z Œ ¤ . Xes  Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Җ Ð S X ‰ í ß – | ¨ c M :, Xe“ É r f . ­ ‘  

 

 & h ˜ Ð   H Á ºo – Ð e ”   H ‘     & h \  Ÿ í S \ ‰ ÷ &l  ~ 1    H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜€ Œ ¤ . > í ß –  ) a   õ [ þ t“ É r Schottky   

†

< Ê 0 Au \  Xes  ” > r F ½ + É 0 p x$ í s   © œ ß ¼ 9, s  0 Au \ " f Xes    É r / B M Ü ¼– Ð s 1 l x l  # Q§ >    H  כ

`

 ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  .

PACS numbers: 21.60.-n

Keywords: UN, UO

2

, Xe, ] j1" é ¶ o  > í ß –, VASP,   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t 

I. " e  ] Ø

‰

&

³F  1 l x ÷ &“ ¦ e ”   H @ / Òì  r _  " é ¶  § 4 µ 1 τ  ™ è\ " f  H UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ\  ¦  6   x “ ¦ e ”  . s [ þ t µ 1 τ  6   x " é ¶  – Ð_    6

 

x Ê ê Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ4 Ÿ x ? / Ò\   H “ ¦~ ½ Ó 0 p x € Œ •w  s × ¼ " é ¶ ™ è[ þ t s 



| ¾ Ó † < ÊÄ »÷ &# Q e ”  . Gen-c International Forum [1]\ " f



 H ‰ & ³” > r " é ¶„  \ " f_   6   x Ê ê Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ\  ¦ “ ¦5 Å q7 £ xd ” – Ð_  UN Ù þ

˜ƒ  « Ñü < † < Êa   © œ„  ô  Ç + ', “ ¦5 Å q×  æ$ í  \  ¦ › ¸  # Œ “ ¦ ~ ½ Ó



$ í " é ¶ ™ è\  ¦ ™ èY > r v   H ~ ½ ÓZ O  > hµ 1 Ï\  › ' a d ” `  ¦ t “ ¦ e ” 



. ƒ  ™ è½ + É M : Ò q t$ í ÷ &  H Xe õ  ° ú  “ É r l ^ ‰  H ™ è  ^ ‰ ? /\ 

"

f S X ‰ í ß –÷ &# Q ™ è  ^ ‰ü < Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ4 Ÿ x  s – Ð ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦ ) a  . s  l 

^

‰ Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ4 Ÿ x ? / Ò_  / B N ç ß –\  | 9 & h ÷ &€   ? /Â Ò · ú š§ 4 s  & h 

 7 £ x ÷ &# Q \ P „  ² ú ˜ > à º\  ¦ b  # Qä ¼ 9 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ4 Ÿ x ? / Ò_ 

“

: r • ¸\  ¦  © œ5 p x r v   H כ ¹“  s  ÷ &“ ¦ e ”  . s X O >  ÷ &€   Ù þ ˜ƒ  

«

Ñ4 Ÿ x _  î ß –„  $ í õ  | „  $ í s  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ~ à Î>  ÷ &# Q Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ_ 

1 l x à º" î `  ¦ é ß –» ¡ ¤ r †   . s \  ¦ \ V~ ½ Ó l  0 AK  ƒ  « Ñ4 Ÿ x ? / Â

Ò\  | 9 & h  ) a Xe l ^ ‰\  @ / # Œ ™ è  ^ ‰ ? /\ " f_  S X ‰ í ß –  1

l

x \  › ' a ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨[ þ t s  ”  ' Ÿ ÷ &# Q M ® o   [2]. ™ è  ^ ‰ ? /\ " f Xe _  s 1 l x l  Œ •`  ¦ [ O " î l  0 AK " f  H Xe _  S X ‰ í ß –> à º D ü

<  Ö ¸$ í  o \  -t  Q\  ¦ ½ ¨ # Œ  ô  Ç . Matzke 1 p x“ É r UO 2

™

è  ^ ‰ ? /\ " f Xe_  s 1 l x l  Œ •`  ¦ µ 1 ßy l  0 A # Œ " é ¶  – Ð

\

" f UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ\  ¦ › ¸ r †   Ê ê “ ¦“ : r \ " f \ P ½ + É M : ~ ½ Ó Ø

 ¦ ÷ &  H Xe | ¾ Ó`  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ   H › ¸  Ê ê “ ¦“ : r \ P ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð  Ö ¸

$ í

 o \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨ % i   [3,4]. R. A. Jackson 1 p x“ É r Ù þ ˜ƒ  

«

Ñ_     — ¸+ þ A`  ¦ [ O & ñ “ ¦ s  : rd ” `  ¦ & h 6   x   H ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð

 

  ? / Ò_    † < Êõ  Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t " é ¶  [ þ t  s _   © œ  ñ Œ •6   x \ 



-t \  ¦ > í ß – % i   [5–10].

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H s „    7 Hë  H[ þ t`  ¦ ‚ à Г ¦ # Œ   † < Êõ  › ' aº   ) a

\

 -t  > í ß –~ ½ ÓZ O õ  UO 2 ü < UN ™ è  ^ ‰ ? / Ò_  Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ   

&

ñ — ¸+ þ A`  ¦ [ O & ñ “ ¦, VASP (Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package)  ï× ¼ [12, 13]\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ™ è  ^ ‰ ? /Â Ò Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ

 

& ñ \ " f U, O, N › ' aº     † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t ü < ? /Â Ò   † < Êõ  Xe _    ½ + Ë\  -t • ¸ ½ ¨ % i  .

E-mail: [email protected]

Fig. 1. Unit cell for crystal modeling of UO 2 and UN fuel. The lattice constant a 0 for UO 2 unit cell (a) is 0.485 nm and that for UN unit cell (b) is 0.531 nm.

Fig. 2. (a) A 2 × 2 × 2 supercell of UO 2 fuel. Oxygen atoms are located at the corners of small cubes, and ura- nium atoms are located at the center of an alternative cube. (b) A 2 × 2 × 2 supercell of UN fuel. Nitrogen atoms and uranium atoms are located at the corners of cube at repeatedly.

II. + s ÇX N Ë{ ¢] k ù כ r ÇX N ËÊ Ý 4  ˜ m

UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ™ è  ^ ‰\  @ /K " f  H U-" é ¶  [ þ t“ É r Fig.

1(a) ü < ° ú  s       © œÃ º 0.485 nm“   €  d ” { 9 ~ ½ Ó½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ 

“

¦ e ”  . Õ ªo “ ¦ U-  & ñ ? / Ò\  O-" é ¶  [ þ t s  é ß –í  H{ 9 ~ ½ Ó½ ¨

›

¸\  ¦ s À ғ ¦ e ”   H    \  ¦ é ß –0 A ± ú  ñ ß –Ü ¼– Ð [ O & ñ % i  . Õ ª o

“ ¦ UN Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ\  @ /K " f  H Fig. 1(b) õ  ° ú  s      © œÃ º 0.531 nm“   é ß –í  H{ 9 ~ ½ Ó½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ s À ғ ¦ e ”   H    \  ¦ é ß –0 A ± ú   ñ

ß –Ü ¼– Ð [ O & ñ % i  .

s

 ± ú  ñ ß – ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ Fig. 2 ü < ° ú  s  2 × 2 × 2– Ð S X ‰  © œ # Œ

œ

í   – Ð × þ ˜ €   œ í   \   H U õ  N" é ¶   y Œ •y Œ • 32> h, Õ

ªo “ ¦ UO 2 œ í   \   H U-" é ¶   32> hü < O-" é ¶   64> h

Ÿ

í† < ʝ ) a  .

(3)

Fig. 3. An example of Schottky (a) and Frenkel (b) de- fects.

s

 œ í    ? /\ " f    & h _  U +4 , N −4 , O −2 s “ : r s  s  1

l

x # Œ   † < Ês  Ò q t è ß – .   † < ʓ É r 6 £ § s “ : r õ  € ª œs “ : r _  ‘  

 

 & h s  Š © œ`  ¦ s À ҍ  H Schottkey   † < Ê (Fig. 3(a))õ      ç

ß –F G Ü ¼– Ð s 1 l x ô  Ç 6 £ § s “ : r s   € ª œs “ : r s  ‘     & h õ  Š © œ`  ¦ s

À ҍ  H Frankel   † < Ê (Fig. 3(b))Ü ¼– Ð ½ ¨ì  r ô  Ç .

 

† < Ês  e ”   H œ í   _  8 ú x \  -t   H s “ : r _  " é ¶   „  



[ þ t õ  € ª œs “ : r õ  6 £ § s “ : r _  ‘     & h , Õ ªo “ ¦     ç ß –F G Ü

¼– Ð s 1 l x ô  Ç € ª œs “ : r õ  6 £ § s “ : r _  ( J $ ™[ > \  -t ü < s [ þ t _

  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x ( J $ ™[ > `  ¦ “ ¦ 9 # Œ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  . s  œ í  



_  8 ú x \  -t ü < & ñ  © œ  © œI “   œ í   _  8 ú x \  -t – РÒ'  Schottky   † < Êõ  Frenkel   † < Ê_  + þ A$ í \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”

 . Õ ªo “ ¦ s “ : r s  œ í    ? / Ò\ " f ü @ Җ Ð s » 1 Ï  



 ü @ Ò\ " f œ í   – Ð [ þ t # Q𠏀   ü @Â Ò כ ¹“  \  _ ô  Ç   † < Ê s

 + þ A$ í  ) a  . s   â Ä º\ • ¸   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t \  ¦ > í ß –½ + É Ã º e ”

 . Õ ªo “ ¦ Ù þ ˜ì  r\ P – Ð Ò q t$ í  ) a Xe l ^ ‰ S X ‰ í ß –÷ &# Q œ í  



 ? / Ò\  + þ A$ í  ) a   † < Ê 0 Au \   o    H   † < Ês  + þ A$ í ÷ &

% 3

`  ¦ M : 8 ú x \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨ €   Xeõ  ‘     & h _    ½ + Ë\  - t

\  ¦ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  .

UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ_  œ í    — ¸+ þ A\  @ /ô  Ç > í ß –“ É r  â + « >& h Ü ¼– Ð

% 3

“ É r   à º\  ¦  6   x t  · ú §“ ¦ ½ ¨$ í " é ¶  _  l ‘ : r& ñ ˜ Ð\  ¦  6   x ô

 Ç . s \  ¦ 0 A # Œ F « Ñ_  „   ½ ¨› ¸,    ½ ¨› ¸ Õ ªo “ ¦ › ' a º

  $ í | 9 [ þ t`  ¦ € ª œ % i † < Æ& h Ü ¼– Ð > í ß –   H x 9 • ¸# 3 † < Êà ºs  : r

\

 _ ô  Ç ] j1" é ¶ o  > í ß – ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦  6   x ô  Ç . œ í   \  ¦ + þ A$ í 



 H s “ : r s   ‘     & h _  „     © œI ü <   † < Ê s 1 l x$ í `  ¦ “ ¦



9 “ ¦ ,  | 9 — ¸+ þ A_  Ä »´ ò( J $ ™[ > `  ¦ s 6   x    ì  r  1 l x% i 

†

< Æ& h  Ä »´ ò ( J $ ™[ > `  ¦ & h 6   x # Œ DFT\ " f „   -„   _  “ §

¨ 8

Š  © œ › ' a$ í \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨ “ ¦ e ”  . Cromcobette  H LMTO- ATA  ï× ¼\  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç DFT-LDA > í ß – [7]Ü ¼– Ð, Freyss  H ABINIT  ï× ¼\  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç DFT-GGA > í ß – [8]Ü ¼– Ð ? /F & h 

 

† < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨ % i  . > í ß –   õ   H ‘ : rƒ  ½ ¨_     õ

ü < † < Êa  Table 1\  & ñ o  % i  .

Ä

ºo   H œ í   \ " f      s – Ð s 1 l x ô  Ç € ª œs “ : r õ  6 £ § s

“ : r Š © œ\  @ /ô  Ç Frenkel   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   H E F P f = E V N −1

Z

+ E Z N +1

I

− 2E N (1)

–

Ð > í ß – % i  . Õ ªo “ ¦ € ª œs “ : r õ  6 £ § s “ : r[ þ t s  s 1 l x 

#

Œ + þ A$ í  ) a UN õ  UO 2 _  ‘     & h _  Š © œ\  @ /ô  Ç + þ A$ í  ) a Schottky   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   H

E SD f = E V N −1

U

+ 2E V N −1

O

− 3 N − 1

N E N : U O 2 (2a) E SD f = E V N −1

U

+ E V N −1

N

− 2 N − 1

N E N : U N (2b)

–

Ð > í ß – % i  . d ”  (1)_  E V N −1

Z

õ  E Z N +1

I

“ É r y Œ •y Œ • s “ : r s

 s » 1 Ïô  Ç ‘     & h  (V 2 ) ü <      s – Ð s 1 l x ô  Ç s “ : r [

þ t (Z I ) _  0 Au \  -t \  ¦ Ÿ í† < Êô  Ç œ í   _  8 ú x \  -t s “ ¦, E N “ É r   † < Ês  \ O s  N> h_  s “ : r Ü ¼– Ð  ) a œ í    ³ ðï  r  © œI  _

 8 ú x \  -t s  . d ”  (2)_  E V N −1

U

, E N −1 V

O

, E V N −1

N

  H y Œ •y Œ • U +4 , O −2 , N −4 _  ‘     & h `  ¦ Ÿ í† < Êô  Ç > _  8 ú x \  -t \  ¦



  · p .

ô

 Ǽ #     _  s “ : r s  ü @ Җ Ð s 1 l x # Œ ‘     & h s  Ò q t

 

   ü @ Ò\ " f s “ : r s  Ä »{ 9 ÷ &  H Ò q t|   ü @F & h    † < Ê_  + þ

A$ í \  -t   H

E Z f = E V N ∓1

Z

− E N ± µ Z (3)

–

Ð   ? /# Q”   . d ”  (3)\ " f µ Z   H   & ñ Ü ¼– РÒ'  Á ºô  Ç y

 €   / B M \  “ ¦w n  ) a " é ¶  \  ¦ l ï  r Ü ¼– Ð ô  Ç l ï  r  © œI \  e ” 



 H Z− s “ : r \  @ / # Œ > í ß –ô  Ç \  -t s  . ¢ ¸ UO 2 \ " f Xe _    ½ + Ë\  -t   H

E Xe I

Z

= E Xe

Z

− (E V

Z

+ µ Xe ) (4)

–

Ð j þ t à º e ”  . E Xe

Z

  H Z- s “ : r s  s » 1 Ïô  Ç ‘     & h \  Xe s  e ”   H  © œI _  \  -t s “ ¦, E V

Z

  H Z- s “ : r _  ‘     

&

h s  e ” `  ¦ M :_  8 ú x \  -t s  . Õ ªo “ ¦ µ Xe   H Xe _  “ ¦w n 

\

 -t s  .

x 9

• ¸# 3 † < Êà ºs  : r (DFT)`  ¦ & h 6   x €     & ñ ? /\  „   

[ þ

t # Qe ”   H — ¸€ ª œõ  Õ ª \  -t \  ¦ > í ß –½ + É Ã º e ”  . œ í   

?

/\ " f ² D G ™ è& h Ü ¼– Ð Ä »´ òô  Ç ( J $ ™[ >  V ef f `  ¦ — ¸¿ º “ ¦ 9ô  Ç Kohn-Sham ~ ½ Ó& ñ d ” 

"

− ~ 2

2m ∇ 2 + V ef f (r)

#

ψ i (r) = ε i ψ i (r) (5)

V ef f (r) = V ext (r) + V H (ρ) + V XC (ρ) (6)

`

 ¦ Û  ¦ s  # Œ & ñ S X ‰ ô  Ç  { Œ • © œI  x 9 • ¸† < Êà º\  ¦ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”   [14]. V ext (r), V H (ρ), V xc (ρ)“ É r y Œ •y Œ • „   ü < s “ : r _  ? / Ò

Ÿ

íJ $ ™[ > , „   ü < „   x 9 • ¸  s _  Ÿ íJ $ ™[ > , Õ ªo “ ¦ „   _ 

“

§ ¨ 8 Š  © œ › ' a Ÿ íJ $ ™[ > s  .

„

  ü < s “ : r Ü ¼– Ð s À Ò# Q”     & ñ > \  s  s  : r`  ¦ & h 6   x

€   > _  8 ú x \  -t   H

E tot = T + E ei + E ee + E XC (7)

(4)

Table 1. Formation energies(eV) of intrinsic point defects in UN and UO 2 fuel.

Method and fuel Oxygen/Nitrogen Uranium Schottky

Reference Frenkel pair Frenkel pair defect

ABINIT UO

2

3.6 11.8 5.6 [8]

LMTO-ASA UO

2

3.9 10.7 5.8 [7]

Mott-Littleton UO

2

6.8 13.3 [6]

Mott-Littleton UO

2

4.8 19.4 11.3 [5]

Experiment UO

2

3.0∼4.6 9.5 6.0∼6.7 [11]

This work UO

2

3.8 10 4.4

UN 4.9 9.8 5.0

Table 2. Formation energies (eV) for extrinsic point de- fects in UN and UO 2 fuel.

Defect UN UO

2

fuel

fuel This work Ref. [7]

Anion vacancy 4.5 6.1 6.7

Interstitial anion. 0.4 -2.4 -2.9

Cation vacancy 3.1 3.2 3.3

Interstitial cation 6.7 6.8 7.3

  ) a  . # Œl \ " f T   H „   _  î  r1 l x \  -t s “ ¦ E ei , E ee   H y Œ •y Œ • „   ü < s “ : r, „   ü < „     s _   © œ  ñ Œ •6   x

\

 -t s  . Õ ªo “ ¦ E xc   H „   _  “ § ¨ 8 Š  © œ › ' a \  -t s  .

s

 K \  ¦ ½ ¨   H ô  Ç ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð š ¸Û ¼à Ôo   q  ' p  @ /† < Æ\ 

"

f VASP  ï× ¼ > hµ 1 Ï ÷ &% 3  .

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H s   ï× ¼\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ? /F & h    † < Êõ  ü @ F

& h    † < Ês  e ”   H Fig. 2 _  UNõ  UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ_  œ í   

\

 @ / # Œ Schottky   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t ü < Frenkel   † < Ê + þ A

$ í

\  -t , Õ ªo “ ¦ ü @F & h    † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t \  ¦ ½ ¨ % i  .

Õ

ªo “ ¦ Xes  S X ‰ í ß –÷ &# Q ‘      & h \  e ” `  ¦ M :   ½ + Ë\  -t 

\

 ¦ ½ ¨ % i  .

Ä

ºo _  > í ß –`  ¦ 0 A # Œ   † < Ês  e ”   H UN õ  UO 2 œ í   

\

 @ / # Œ     © œÃ º  H y Œ •y Œ • 0.485 nmü < 0.531 nm\  ¦   6

 

x % i Ü ¼ 9, ¨ î €    „  > h\  ¦ 0 Aô  Ç cut-off \  -t   H y Œ •y Œ • 500 eV ü < 550 eV– Ð “ ¦& ñ % i  . Õ ªo “ ¦ Ú Ôw n =À Ҁ © œ % ò % i 

\

" f 2 × 2 × 2     k-Ÿ í“  à Ô\  @ /ô  Ç ³ ðï  r Monkhorst- Pack Scheme [15]`  ¦ & h 6   x # Œ y Œ • s “ : r \   Œ •6   x   H j Ë µ“ É r 0.1 eV/nm  t  > í ß – % i  .

III. + s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í w в  o

1. + s Ç] K ¤ ] k ùV R Ë ; c .U 

VASP  ï× ¼\  II\ " fü < ° ú  s  [ O & ñ ô  Ç   à º\  ¦ { 9 § 4  # Œ UN õ  UO 2 Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ_  U, O, N Frenkel   † < Êõ  Schottky   

†

< Ê + þ A$ í \  -t \  ¦ > í ß –ô  Ç   õ   H Table 1 õ  ° ú   .

Table 1 \ " f ˜ Ѐ   Frenkel   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   H Ä ºo _ 

>

í ß –° ú כs    É r ƒ  ½ ¨_    õ ° ú כ[ þ t õ  B Ä º { 9 u † < Ê`  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”

 . Õ ª Q  Schottky   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t _    É r ƒ  ½ ¨   õ

 ˜ Ð   Œ •>    z Œ ¤ . UN Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ\  @ / # Œ N Frenkel

 

† < Ê, U Frenkel   † < Ê, Schottky   † < Ê\  @ /ô  Ç   † < Ê + þ A$ í

\

 -t   H y Œ •y Œ • 4.9 eV, 9.8 eV, 5.0 eVs % 3 Ü ¼ 9 UO 2 _ 

 

õ ü < q “ §K  ˜ Ѐ     † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   _  ° ú  € Œ ¤ .

UO 2 ü < UN œ í   _  ³ ðï  r  © œI _  U, N, O_  l ï  r \  -t 

\

 ¦ y Œ •y Œ • µ U = -11.14 eV, µ N = -10.42 eV, µ O = -4.36 eV

–

Ð & ñ “ ¦ > í ß –`  ¦ à º' Ÿ  % i  . > í ß – # Œ % 3 “ É r ‘     & h  s

      ç ß –F G _  € ª œs “ : r õ  6 £ § s “ : r _  ü @F & h    † < Ê + þ A$ í

\

 -t   H Table 2 ü < ° ú   .

UO 2 œ í   \  @ /ô  Ç ü @F & h    † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t  > í ß –    õ

  H J. P. Crocombette 1 p x _    õ  [7]ü < q “ §& h  ¸ ú ˜ { 9 u 

% i Ü ¼ 9, UN œ í   \  @ /ô  Ç > í ß –   õ ü <• ¸ ¸ ú ˜ { 9 u † < Ê

`

 ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ” % 3  .

2. Xe8 ý + s Ƕ  ¥; c .U  Ù þ

˜ì  r\ P – Ð Ò q t$ í  ) a Xe l ^ ‰   † < Ês  e ”   H UN œ í   ü <

UO 2 œ í    ? / Җ Ð S X ‰ í ß –÷ &# Q ? / Ò_  ‘     & h \  Ÿ í S \ ‰

÷

&       ç ß –F G \  Ÿ í S \ ‰ ÷ &% 3 `  ¦ M :   ½ + Ë\  -t \  ¦ > í ß – ô

 Ç   õ   H Table 3 õ  ° ú   .

Table 3 \ " f ˜ Ѐ   UN œ í   _  Schottky   † < Ê\  Xes 

Ÿ

í S \ ‰ ÷ &% 3 `  ¦ M :   ½ + Ë\  -t   © œ & h “ ¦,     ç ß –F G \ 

Ÿ

í S \ ‰ ÷ &% 3 `  ¦ M :  © œ Z  } >    z Œ ¤ . UO 2 œ í   \ " f  H Schottky   † < Ê\  Xes  Ÿ í S \ ‰ ÷ &% 3 `  ¦ M :   ½ + Ë\  -t  



© œ & h “ ¦,     ç ß –F G \  Ÿ í S \ ‰ ÷ &% 3 `  ¦ M :  © œ ß ¼>    z Œ ¤ .

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨_  > í ß –   õ   H VASP  ï× ¼\  ¦  6   x # Œ > í ß –ô  Ç P. V. Nerikar 1 p x _    õ  [9]ü <• ¸ ¸ ú ˜ { 9 u  t ë ß – ABINIT



ï× ¼  Mott-Littleton  ï× ¼– Ð > í ß –ô  Ç   õ  [6,10]ü <  H €  • ç

ß –_  s  e ”  .

(5)

Table 3. Incorporation energies (eV) of Xe for four different vacancies and a interstitial site in UN and UO 2 fuel.

This work This work VASP [9] ABINIT [10] Mott-Littleton [6]

Interstitial 15.0 Interstitial 10.3 12.8 11.2 17.2

N 9.1 O 7.7 9.8 9.4 13.4

U 4.8 U 4.6 6.0 13.9 5.0

UN 3.5 UO 2.3 3.3 2.8

UO

2

1.4 2.1 1.2

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

VASP  ï× ¼\  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç „  í ß –— ¸ ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð UO 2 œ í    _

 Frenkel   † < Êõ  Schottky   † < Ê_    † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t ü <

ü

@F & h    † < Ê\  -t \  ¦ > í ß –ô  Ç   õ   H   É r ƒ  ½ ¨ [ þ t õ  ° ú  

“ É

r   õ \  ¦ F ‰ & ³½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . ° ú  “ É r ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ é ß –í  H{ 9 ~ ½ Ó½ ¨› ¸

\

 ¦ ô  Ç UN é ß –0 A ± ú  ñ ß –s  — ¸“   œ í   \  & h 6   x # Œ Nõ  U Frenkel   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   H y Œ •y Œ • 4.9 eVü < 9.8 eVs “ ¦ Schottky   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t   H 5.0 eVe ” `  ¦ · ú ˜€ Œ ¤ . Õ ªo 

“

¦ 0.4 ∼ 6.7 eV_  # 3 0 A\ " f ü @F & h    † < Ês  + þ A$ í H † d`  ¦ · ú ˜

€

Œ

¤ .

UO 2 ü < UN œ í   _  ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦  Ø Ô>  [ O & ñ # Œ > í ß –ô  Ç

 

† < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t  ¿ º   & ñ \ " f  _  ° ú  “ É r  כ `  ¦ ˜ Ѐ     

†

< Ê_  + þ A$ í : £ ¤$ í s  " f– Ð q 5 p w † < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . ¢ ¸ ? /F 

&

h

   † < Ê\  @ / # Œ > í ß –ô  Ç U Frenkel   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t 

Schottky   † < Ê + þ A$ í \  -t  ˜ Ð   8 ß ¼>    z Œ ¤ . s – Ð Â

Ò'  œ í    ? /\ " f Schottky   † < Ês  U Frenkel   † < ʘ Ð



  8 ~ 1 >  + þ A$ í ÷ &  H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜€ Œ ¤ . ¢ ¸ Xes  Ù þ ˜ƒ  « Ñ ? / Ò

–

Ð S X ‰ í ß –÷ &€   Schottky   † < Êõ _    ½ + Ë\  -t  & h  . Õ ª M

:ë  H \  ~ 1 >  Ÿ í S \ ‰ ÷ &# Q î ß –& ñ  © œI \  ¦ Ä »t ô  Ç   H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜

€

Œ

¤ .

s

   õ \  ¦  Ö ¸6   x €   UN  & ñ ? /\  e ”   H ‘     & h [ þ t   s

\  ¦ s 1 l x   H Xe _  s 1 l x \  -t \  ¦ > í ß –s  0 p x  . Õ ª

 

õ – РÒ'  Xe_  s 1 l x l  Œ •`  ¦ µ 1 ߁ n = à º e ” `  ¦  כ Ü ¼– Ð ‘ : r  .

REFERENCES

[1] P. D. Wilson ed., The Nuclear Fuel Cycle (Univer- sity Press, Oxford, 1996); http://www.gen-4.org/

(accessed Mar., 18, 2013).

[2] Hj. Matzke, J. Nucl. Appl. 2, 131 (1966).

[3] Hj. Matzke, Radiat. Eff. 53, 219 (1980).

[4] J. R. MacEwan and W. H. Stevens, J. Nucl. Mater.

11, 77 (1964).

[5] R. A. Jackson, C. R. A. Catlow and A. D. Murray, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday T. 2 83, 1171 (1987).

[6] R. W. Grimes and C. R. A. Catlow, Philos. Trans.

R. Soc. Lond. A 335, 609 (1991).

[7] J. P. Crocombette, F. Jollet, L. Thien Nga and T.

Petit, Phys. Rev. B 64, 104107 (2001).

[8] M. Freyss, T. Petit and J. P. Crocombette, J. Nucl.

Mater. 347, 44 (2005).

[9] P. V. Nerikar, X. Y. Liu, B. P. Uberuaga, C. R.

Stanek and S. R. Phillpot et al., J. Phys. Condens.

Matter 21, 435602 (2009).

[10] M. Freyss, N. Vergnet and T. Petit, J. Nucl. Mater.

352, 114 (2006).

[11] Hj. Matzke, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday T. 2 83, 1121 (1987).

[12] G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996).

[13] G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, Comput. Mater. Sci.

6, 15 (1996).

[14] W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965).

[15] H. J. Monkhorst and J. D. Pack, Phys. Rev. B 13,

5188 (1976).

수치

Fig. 2. (a) A 2 × 2 × 2 supercell of UO 2 fuel. Oxygen atoms are located at the corners of small cubes, and  ura-nium atoms are located at the center of an alternative cube
Fig. 3. An example of Schottky (a) and Frenkel (b) de- de-fects. s  œ í   ? /\ &#34; f    &amp;h _  U +4 , N −4 , O −2 s “:r s  s 1lx 
 # Œ   †&lt; Ês  Òq t èß – 
Table 1. Formation energies(eV) of intrinsic point defects in UN and UO 2 fuel.
Table 3. Incorporation energies (eV) of Xe for four different vacancies and a interstitial site in UN and UO 2 fuel.

참조

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