POPULATION DENSITY OF VIETNAM 2019

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 3| 3

FOREWORD

The 2019 Population and Housing Census was implemented at time-point 00:00 on 1 April 2019 in accordance with Decision No. 772/QD-TTg from the Prime Minister dated 26 June 2018. This is the fifth Population and Housing Census in Viet Nam since the country's reunification in 1975. The 2019 Population and Housing Census collected basic information on population and housing throughout the territory of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam to inform socio-economic development policies and to monitor the Government of Viet Nam’s progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals it committed to.

The 2019 Population and Housing Census collected basic information on population and demographics from over 96.2 million usual residents in nearly 26.9 million households in the territory of Viet Nam at time-point 00:00 on 1 April 2019. The survey was conducted among a sample size of 9% of households nationwide (approximately 8.2 million people living in more than 2.3 million households) to supplement and assess demographic changes in fertility, mortality and migration as well as gather information on labor and employment, and household living conditions.

The application of information technology in all phases of the Census, as opposed to using traditional data collection methods, was designed to improve information quality, increase statistical transparency, shorten the time required for data publication, and to save resources.

The preliminary results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census were published on 11 July 2019, just over two months after the completion of the enumeration fieldwork. The final results were summarized and published as “Results - the Viet Nam Population and Housing Census of 00:00 hours on 1 April 2019”. This publication presents the process of preparing and organizing data collection together with the Census results, consisting of three main parts as follows:

Part I: Design and implementation of the 2019 Population and Housing Census. This part includes three chapters on the Census design, implementation, assessment and appraisal of the Census results and lessons learned.

Part II: Key findings. This includes seven chapters covering population size and structure, fertility, mortality, migration and urbanization, education and training, labor and employment, housing and living conditions of households.

Part III: Data tables. This part presents a system of tables summarized from the results of the completed survey and the sample survey.

The publication summarizes the results from the 2019 Population and Housing Census data. A comparison of figures from 1979 to 2009 with the 2019 Population and Housing Census are

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referenced from publications of the Population and Housing Census results in the respective years.

Other data are cited as reference sources in each part of the publication.

The publication “Results - the Viet Nam Population and Housing Census of 00:00 hours on 1 April 2019” was prepared by the Central Census Steering Committee in coordination with localities and with technical assistance from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and comments from national and international experts. The Central Census Steering Committee highly appreciates the cooperation and support from UNFPA during the implementation of the 2019 Population and Housing Census and particularly during the compilation of the publication. The committee also sincerely thanks the experts who contributed their knowledge and expertise during the preparation of this publication.

The publication was compiled shortly after the completion of enumeration fieldwork. Thus, shortcomings and limitations are unavoidable, especially for in-depth data use requirements. We look forward to receiving constructive comments to enable improvement in future upcoming publications of the 2019 Population and Housing Census.

CENTRAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS STEERING COMMITTEE

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Table 1. Population by urban, rural, sex, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 157 Table 2. Population by ethnic, urban, rural and sex, 1 April 2019 160 Table 3. Population by religion, urban, rural and sex, 1 April 2019 162 Table 4. Population by age group, urban, rural, sex and province, city, 1 April 2019 163

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 7| 7 Table 5. Population by age group, sex, ethnic, urban, rural, socio-economic region

and province, city, 1 April 2019 195

Table 6. Average population growth rate, population density by socio-economic region

and province, city 201

Table 7. Number of households by urban, rural, socio-economic region

Table 8. Number of households by household size, urban, rural, socio-economic region

Table 9. Sex ratio, aging index and proportion of population aged 0-14 years old, 15-64 years old,

65 years old and above by socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 207 Table 10. Proportion of children under 5 yeas old having birth certificate by urban, rural, sex,

socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 209

Table 11. Population aged 15 years old and above by marital status, age group, sex

and urban, rural, 1 April 2019 211

Table 12. Singulate mean age at marriage by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region

Table 13. Proportion of women aged 20-24 years old first married before the age of 15 and before

the age of 18 by ethnic, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 215 Table 14. Proportion of population aged 5 years old and above without health difficulties

by sex, urban, rural and province, city, 1 April 2019 218

Table 15. Disability rate of population aged 5 years old and above by urban, rural, sex,

Table 16. Proportion of women aged 10-49 by number of children ever born, age group, urban, rural

and socio-economic region, 1 April 2019 222

Table 17. Proportion of women aged 10-49 years old by number of children surviving, age group,

urban, rural and socio-economic region, 1 April 2019 224

Table 18. Proportion of women giving birth with health staff’s help from April 2017 to March 2019

by ethnic, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 226 Table 19. Total fertility rate (TFR), crude birth rate (CBR), sex ratio at birth (SRB) in 12 months

prior to the Census by urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city 229 Table 20. Age-specific fertility rate in 12 months prior to the Census by urban, rural

and socio-economic region 231

Table 21. Proportion of women aged 10-17 years old giving birth in 12 months prior to the Census

by urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city 233 Table 22. Crude death rate (CDR), infant mortality rate (IMR), under-five mortality rate (U5MR)

and life expectancy at birth by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city,

1 April 2019 235

Table 23. Proportion of deaths in 12 months prior to the Census by reason, urban, rural,

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8 | RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 Table 24. In-migration rate, out-migration rate and net migration rate by sex, socio-economic region

Table 25. Proportion of population aged 5 years and above by place of usual residence 5 years

prior to the Census 241

Table 26. Proportion of migration flows by socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 246 Table 27. Proportion of population aged 5 years and above by school attendance status, urban, rural,

sex, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 248 Table 28. Gross school enrollment rate, net school enrollment rate at the primary school level

by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 250 Table 29. Gross school enrollment rate, net school enrollment rate at the lower secondary school level

by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 252 Table 30. Gross school enrollment rate, net school enrollment rate at the upper secondary school level

by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 254 Table 31. Proportion of out-of-school children by urban, rural, sex, socio-economic region

Table 32. Proportion of out-of-school children at the primary school level by urban, rural, sex,

Table 33. Proportion of out-of-school children at the lower secondary school level

by urban, rural, sex, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 260 Table 34. Proportion of out-of-school children at the upper secondary school level

by urban, rural, sex, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 262 Table 35. Proportion of population aged 15 years and above by literacy status, urban, rural, sex,

Table 36. Proportion of population aged 15 years and above by highest educational attainment,

sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 266 Table 37. Proportion of population aged 15 years and above by technical/professional qualifications,

sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 268 Table 38. Mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling by urban, rural,

Table 39. Proportion of labor force aged 15 years and above by age group, sex, urban, rural,

Table 40. Proportion of trained labor force aged 15 years and above

by sex, urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 275 Table 41. Proportion of employed workers by occupation, economic sector, sex,

Table 42. Proportion of employed workers aged 15 years and above by highest educational

attainment, urban, rural, sex, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 279 Table 43. Proportion of employed workers aged 15 years and above by occupation, urban, rural, sex,

Table 44. Proportion of employed workers aged 15 years and above by employment status, sex,

urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 285

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 | 9 Table 45. Unemployment rate of population aged 15 years and above by age group, sex, urban, rural,

Table 46. Unemployment rate of working age population by age group, sex, urban, rural,

Table 47. Unemployment rate of population aged 15-24 years old by urban, rural, sex,

Table 48. Number of households and proportion of households without dwelling by urban, rural,

Table 49. Proportion of households with dwellings by type of house, first year of use, urban, rural,

Table 50. Proportion of households with dwelling by number of separated bedrooms, urban, rural,

Table 51. Housing area per capita by type of house, urban, rural, socio-economic region

Table 52. Proportion of households with dwellings by housing area per capita, urban, rural,

Table 53. Proportion of households with dwellings by first year of use, urban, rural,

Table 54. Proportion of households with dwellings by type of ownership, first year of use,

urban, rural, socio-economic region and province, city, 1 April 2019 308 Table 55. Proportion of households planning to buy a new house by urban, rural,

Table 56. Proportion of households by main fuel used for lighting, urban, rural,

Table 57. Proportion of households by main fuel used for cooking, urban, rural,

Table 58. Proportion of households by main water resource for living, urban, rural,

Table 59. Proportion of households by type of toilet facility, urban, rural,

Table 60. Proportion of households by living condition, urban, rural, socio-economic region

ANNEX 325

Annex 1: Questionnaire 327

Annex 2: Some definitions and concepts in the Census 351

Annex 3: Estimation methods for fertility and mortality 357

Annex 4: Detailed allocation of sample enumeration areas by urban, rural areas, provinces, cities

and district 362

Annex 5: Sample errors 372

Annex 6: Publications from the 2019 Census 378

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ACRONYM LIST

Symbol/acronym Explanation/Fully written

ASFR Age-Specific Fertility Rate

CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interviews

CBR Crude Birth Rate

CDR Crude Death Rate

EA Enumeration Area

GPS Global Positioning System

GSO General Statistics Office

HDI Human Development Index

ICR Intelligent Character Recognition

IMR Infant Mortality Rate

IT Information Technology

MMR Maternal Mortality Rate

Myer Age Preference Index

PAPI Paper and Pencil Personal Interviews SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SMAM Singulate Mean Age at Marriage

TFR Total Fertility Rate

Census Population and Housing Census

U5MR Under 5 Mortality Rate

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNI Age-sex accuracy index

V-SDGs Viet Nam Sustainable Development Goals Whipple Age Heaping Index

Webform Online Questionnaire

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POPULATION DENSITY OF VIETNAM 2019

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PART I

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF THE 2019 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS

PART I

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2019 POPULATION

AND HOUSING CENSUS

Photo: Figures and Events Journal

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Photo: Provincial Statistics Office of Da Nang

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CHAPTER 1: CENSUS DESIGN

1.1. General introduction to the Population and Housing Census in Viet Nam 1.1.1. History of the Population and Housing Census in Viet Nam

A population and housing census has been conducted in Viet Nam every 10 years in recent decades to provide comprehensive population information, including characteristics of the population and housing status and living conditions.

Prior to the implementation of the Population and Housing Census in Viet Nam, there were wide area population censuses and enumerations in both the North and the South. During the building of socialism in the North and the struggle to unify the nation (1954-1975), the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam implemented two population Censuses extending through the North, one in March 1960 and one in April 1974. After the end of the war and reunification in 1975, in order to serve the National Assembly elections throughout the country and to carry out the national construction cause in 1975, the General Population Enumeration in the South was conducted in early 1976.

The first population Census conducted throughout the entire territory of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam was in October 1979. The results of this Census included basic information on the population that became the foundation for developing and implementing important decisions for the nation's development.

The second population Census in Viet Nam was in April 1989. This is considered to be the first modern population Census in Viet Nam, applying internationally accepted concepts, definitions, design methods and data processing using a sample survey and a completed survey. The sample size consisted of 5% of households across the country to provide representative estimates of provincial level indicators. The results of the 1989 Census provided many data users and stakeholders with a rich source of information on demographic trends, society and the economy.

The third population Census in Viet Nam was in April 1999. The Census was renamed the Population and Housing Census in order to fully reflect the scope of information. A number of new indicators were to the 1999 Population and Housing Census compared to 1989. The 1999 Population and Housing Census used both methods of sample surveys and completed surveys, and the sample size was 3% of households across the country to ensure representative estimates of provincial level indicators.

The fourth Population and Housing Census was in April 2009 to collect information on population and housing conditions. This Census had an even broader scope and expanded content through the application of intelligent character recognition (ICR) technology to improve accuracy and shorten data processing time compared to manual data entry. The 2009 Population and Housing Census used both methods of sample surveys and completed surveys, and the sample size was 15%

of households across the country to sufficiently represent estimates of district level indicators.

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The fifth Population and Housing Census was in April 2019. This was the first Census to apply information technology in all phases of the Census. In particular, this Census used two interview methods simultaneously. The first was conducting face-to-face interviews while completing the electronic questionnaire assisted by tablets and smart phones (also known as Computer Assisted Personal Interviews - CAPI) and to complete the paper questionnaire (also called Paper and Pencil Personal Interviews - PAPI). The second method involved householder self-enumeration of data using an online electronic form (also called a Webform). This was one of the breakthrough strategies of the 2019 Census, and the first time that the General Statistics Office applied CAPI and Webform in a large-scale Census. This improvement brought practical benefits for data quality by increasing transparency and coherence of the statistical information production process, shortening the time required to publish the results of the Census and reducing the amount of resources needed for statistical surveys. Further, it ensured the Census process was aligned with global survey trends. As a result, after just two months of enumeration fieldwork, data was finalized and compiled for inclusion in the Census results report for use in operational and management processes at both central and local levels.

The 2019 Population and Housing Census used both methods of sample surveys and completed surveys, and the sample size was 9% of households across the country-sufficiently representative to estimate district level indicators. As the standing agency to carry out the Census, the General Statistics Office received the “excellent state agency in digital transformation” award from the Viet Nam Digital Communications Association on 6 September 2019 to honor their contribution to digital technology development, digital transformation and national digital economic development.

1.1.2. Subjects and contents of the Population and Housing Census

The defined reference point for all survey respondents in the five Population and Housing Censuses conducted in Viet Nam from 1979 to 2019, was: Vietnamese citizen regularly residing in the territory of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam; Vietnamese citizens given permission by the authorities to travel overseas within the authorized period; deaths (members of the household) that occurred between the first day of the Lunar Year to 31 March of the Solar Year during the year the census was conducted and; residential housing of the population (from the second Census in 1989 to present).

The key indicator of the Population and Housing Census in Viet Nam - as is the case in other countries in the world - is a population count, but it also goes beyond to collect information on population characteristics and the quality of household dwelling and living conditions. The indicators are analyzed and prepared with the following basic requirements in mind: ensuring comparability with the previous Population and Housing Censuses; meeting the information requirements to inform socio-economic development strategies from 2021-2030; complying with the socio-economic development plan from 2021-2025; and providing data to monitor the progress toward Viet Nam’s Sustainable Development Goals (V-SDGs). The key indicators of the 2019 Population and Housing Census consisted of 10 information groups, as follows:

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 23| 23 - General population information;

- Fertility rate, mortality rate, and population growth;

- Level of education and training attainment;

- Disability status;

- Marital status;

- Migration status;

- Birth certificate registration status for children;

- Labor and employment status;

- Current dwelling status; and - Household living conditions.

1.2. Preparatory work for the 2019 Population and Housing Census

Pursuant to the Statistics Law and Law on Housing of Viet Nam, the Minister of Planning and Investment submitted documents to the Prime Minister directing the implementation of the 2019 Population and Housing Census. Decision No. 772/QD-TTg dated 26 June 2018 from the Prime Minister regarding the organization of the Population and Housing Census (hereinafter shortly named the Census) in 2019 laid an important legal basis for developing the Census Plan, implementing preparatory work and organizing data collection. The 2019 Census Plan was issued in accordance with Decision No 01/QD-BCDTW dated 15 August 2018 to ensure work was properly aligned with the schedule and specified content.

1.2.1. Improvement of organization and implementation system for the 2019 Census

Decision No. 772/QD-TTg dated 26 June 2018 from the Prime Minister on organizing the Census in 2019 defined the Central Steering Committee on the Population and Housing Census as comprised of 15 members, Vice Prime Minister Vuong Dinh Hue as the Chairman of Committee;

Mr. Nguyen Chi Dung, Minister of Planning and Investment as Standing Vice Chairman of Committee; Mr. Nguyen Bich Lam, Director General of the General Statistics Office as Vice Chairman of Committee; and 12 representatives from Leadership of Ministries, ministerial equivalent agencies as members. The Central Steering Committee issued the Decision for establishing the Office of the Central Steering Committee to assist the Central Steering Committee to implement the 2019 Census. The Office of the Central Steering Committee consisted of 26 members representing units within the Ministry of Planning and Investment (General Statistics Office) and ministries and ministerial equivalent agencies related to the organization and implementation of the Census.

The 2019 Census Project was issued in accordance with Decision No. 01/QD-BCDTW dated 15 August 2018 from the Chairman of Central Steering Committee and defined the establishment of Steering Committees at provincial, district and commune levels. The Provincial and District Steering Committees set up corresponding offices to assist with directing and implementing the Census in designated localities.

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For the 2019 Census, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs implemented their specific plans for surveying the population within the designation of these ministries and in line with the assignment of the Central Steering Committee.

In conjunction, the Ministry of Public Security assumed responsibility for guaranteeing Census safety nationwide. The Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Foreign Affairs set up their own Steering Committees on the Census to fulfill their designated tasks.

1.2.2. Pilot survey and rehearsal survey

In order to study and comprehensively apply the advantages of information technology and to innovate processes and resulting data, the 2019 Census conducted four pilot surveys and one rehearsal survey in 2017 and 2018.

The first pilot survey was conducted in 2017¹ in four provinces, Yen Bai, Thanh Hoa, Binh Dinh and Ca Mau to test the feasibility of computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI), the survey management process, and the application of information technology as well as to identify information to be collected. This pilot tested the adaptive level of the survey personnel when moving from pen and pencil personal interviews (PAPI) to CAPI with the provided equipment. The connection between CAPI and the Census information system (the Census Operational Website) for synchronizing, finalizing, and validating data was not piloted during this first survey.

The second pilot survey² was held in March 2018 in Ha Noi and Ha Giang to test CAPI software, the operational web portal, and the adaptability of the system while high volumes of simultaneous use on personal mobile devices. The pilot also tested information for new indicators. In the second pilot survey, all households in the selected communes and wards were interviewed simultaneously to test the capacity of the information technology infrastructure. The pilot provided evidence on feasibility of using enumerator personal mobile devices for the 2019 Census. The pilot survey was conducted in two areas with significant different access to information technology and provided important results that formed the basis for the Central Census Steering Committee encouraging the use of CAPI in the 2019 Census. In addition, the second pilot survey tested the Webform format of self-filling data by households in both of the pilot localities. Due to the small number of households registering for Webforms, the results of the pilot survey were not sufficient to confirm the value added from the use of Webforms, nor were there lessons to be further considered in the design and implementation of Webforms.

The third pilot survey³ was held in May 2018 at a high-quality apartment building in Ha Noi to test the survey method of Webforms. The results showed that, although the Webform registration and completion rates were higher than the second pilot survey, there were still a number of issues to be rectified in the design and implementation of the Census, especially regarding the quality of information provided.

1 According to Decision No. 1160/QD-TCTK dated 2 August 2017 from the Director General of the General Statistics Office, the 2017 pilot surveys were conducted in two phases: phase I in September 2017 in Binh Dinh and Ca Mau provinces; and phase II in October 2017 in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces. Each province had four enumeration areas in four communes/wards of two districts.

2 According to Decision No. 66/QD-TCTK dated 23 February 2018 from the Director General of the General Statistics Office.

3 According to Decision No. 376/QD-TCTK dated 24 May 2018 from the Director General of the General Statistics Office.

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 25| 25 The first three pilot surveys for the 2019 Census all used CAPI with a free CSPro platform developed by the U.S. Census Bureau for Android mobile devices. Synchronized data from CAPI to the General Statistics Office’s servers equipped with SQL data management systems did not meet the requirement of real time data synchronization between fieldwork (conducted by enumerators) and the online verification process (conducted by supervisors at all levels). Additionally, with the huge number of enumerators involved in the Census, the proportion of enumerators using iOS mobile devices (not compatible with the CSPro platform) was considerable.

The fourth pilot survey⁴ was conducted in November 2018 in Quang Ninh province, following the completion of the rehearsal survey to test the CAPI software built on a new platform, developed under the leadership of the Center of Statistical Information Service 1, General Statistics Office. The CAPI software was developed and tested for both Android and iOS operating systems. The pilot results helped the software developer complete the CAPI program for the implementation of the 2019 Census.

The Central Census Steering Committee coordinated with four localities to organize the rehearsal survey⁵ of the Census in October 2018 - Quang Ninh, Quang Nam, Dak Lak, and Can Tho - to complete professional guidance documents and to apply information technology in collecting and aggregating results, as well as to improve the professional and organizational capacity and direction of core staff of the Central Census Steering Committee and the Steering Committees within ministries and localities. The rehearsal survey fully implemented the processes of the 2019 Census, including applying information technology. The results of the rehearsal survey helped the Census Steering Committees at central and provincial levels and ministries to improve their professional and organizational capacity, and to summarize important lessons for directing and operating the implementation of the Census beginning on 1 April 2019.

In addition to the four pilot surveys and rehearsal survey of the 2019 Census, the application of information technology in the Population Change and Family Planning Survey⁶ at time-point 00:00 on 1 April 2018 in 63 provinces and cities with a sample population size of about 1.2% helped localities understand data collection using electronic questionnaires and to prepare them for data application during the 2019 Census.

1.2.3. Developing the questionnaires and guidance documents 1.2.3.1. Questionnaires

The content of the 2019 Census was heavily researched and designed to enable collection of information through the complete questionnaire and the sample questionnaire. There were 22 questions in the complete questionnaire and 65 questions in the sample questionnaire.

4 According to Decision No. 04/QD-BCDTW dated 5 November 2018 from the Chairman of the Central Census Steering Committee.

5 According to Decision No. 02/QD-BCDTW dated 15 August 2018 from the Chairman of the Central Census Steering Committee.

6 According to Decision No. 76/QD-TCKT dated 02 March 2018 of the Director General of the General Statistics Office.

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Due to the use of information technology in the 2019 Census, the questionnaires were designed in three stages. Stage 1 involved full information about questions, answers and skips. This phase was implemented as with other Census and statistical sample surveys. Stage 2 involved researching and designing the questionnaires in electronic form for CAPI and Webform software, with the latter questionnaire in short form. Stage 3 involved developing a logic test algorithm for information collected in the same questionnaire (information required to verify corrections).

The design of the questionnaires in the first phase was carried out in parallel with the process of conducting pilot surveys to supplement and modify questions to suit information requirements and ensure the quality of information collected.

In addition to the design of questionnaires in phase 3, the logic test algorithm for information in the same enumeration areas was also developed to verify and synchronize with collected data on the Operational Web Portal.

1.2.3.2. Information technology and professional guidance documents

The Central Census Steering Committee directed the compilation of information technology and professional guidance documents so that provincial Steering Committees could undertake the preparation and implementation of the Census. In total, there were 13 professional and information technology guidance documents developed from August 2018 to January 2019. These documents were divided into the following main groups: preparing enumeration areas, management, preparing and updating household lists, professional guidance, information technology, communication, post- enumeration surveys, and entering codes for economic activities and occupations.

The Central Census Steering Committee coordinated with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to finalize the script and the video clip guiding enumerators on how to conduct interviews and record information with CAPI. The 30-minute video clip was played to enumerators in designated localities during their training.

1.2.4. Developing programs and application software

Changes in methods and forms of data collection in the 2019 Census directed the application of information technology in the implementation of other phases of the Census, including: preparing and updating the list of households, storing and using commune/ward base maps, automatic household sampling, sending messages to registered households for self-completion online, and checking and validating online data (in conjunction with enumeration fieldwork). In order to meet the requirements of the 2019 Census, programs and software were researched, developed and implemented. In particular, the main software groups in the Census included:

- Making a list of villages, hamlets and population groups;

- Dividing enumeration areas and storing commune/ward base maps;

- Listing households, updating the household list, and automatic household sampling;

- CAPI electronic questionnaires;

- Online Webform electronic questionnaires;

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 27| 27 - Data entry for PAPI questionnaires;

- Establishing a network of enumeration areas and census personnel;

- Software for the Operational Website;

- Coding economic activities and occupations;

- Converting PAPI questionnaires on the Operational Website for inspection, examination and completion of questionnaires.

1.2.5. Preparing information technology infrastructure

The application of CAPI and Webform for collecting information led to new requirements for information technology infrastructure to allow for simultaneous implementation on a national scale. Approximately 150,000 people participated in the system (including enumerators, supervisors and members of the Steering Committees from central to commune levels).

CAPI and Webforms were applied for the first time in data collection. Because the information technology infrastructure in the Statistical System did not meet the work requirements, the Central Census Steering Committee directed various measures to overcome said difficulties, including upgrading the information technology infrastructure of the Statistical System and asking main server providers to receive data from CAPI and Webforms. In order to prevent risks and ensure data safety and confidentiality, the Emergency Response Team for the Information Technology System for the 2019 Population and Housing Census was established⁷ with the active participation of the Viet Nam Computer Emergency Response Team under the Ministry of Information and Communications.

In addition, the Central Census Steering Committee together with the Ministry of Information and Communications and the Ministry of Public Security inspected and appraised the 2019 Census software to ensure information safety and security.

1.2.6. Preparations of 03 Ministries implementing the Census under their specific plans

The Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs all contributed to preparations for the 2019 Census.

The Ministry of National Defense completed the Census questionnaires and guidance documents based on the questionnaires and the professional guidance documents from the Central Census Steering Committee, as well as implemented instructions for data collection staff. Due to the characteristics of the military, the Ministry of National Defense used direct interviews with paper questionnaires to guarantee information security and protect military secrets. To encrypt electronic information, the Ministry of National Defense prepared and continuously updated photo- scanning software in the data scanning process.

The Ministry of Public Security finalized the guidance documents for Census data collection based on the questionnaires and guidance documents from the Central Census Steering Committee and provided guidelines on data collection for units and persons in charge of collecting Census data.

7 According to Decision No. 247/QD-TCTK dated 23 May 2019 of the Director General of the General Statistics Office.

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Due to the characteristics of the police, the Ministry of Public Security also used direct interviews with paper questionnaires to ensure information safety and confidentiality. The Ministry of Public Security developed data entry software to input information to encrypt completed questionnaires within the time requirement of the Census. Performing its task of safeguarding the Census nationwide, the Ministry of Public Security developed a plan and assigned tasks to its units nationwide from the first days of Census preparation to safeguard both the Census and the people participating in it.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs finalized the questionnaires, guidance documents based on the questionnaires, guidance documents of the Central Census Steering Committee and implemented instructions on data collection for staff. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs built online software to collect and synthesize Census data that enabled enumeration data to be processed and readied for immediate use following the completion of fieldwork.

1.2.7. Organizing training workshops for the 2019 Census

The Central Steering Committee and local level Steering Committees organized training workshops for the 2019 Census to provide guidelines for those managing the Census process and professionalism as well as to review the various stages of information technology (IT) application.

Specifically, training workshops on enumeration area divisions and drawing commune/ward/town base maps at district levels were held in September 2018; training workshops on management and preparing household lists were held in October and November 2018; and training workshops on census professionalism and IT were organized between December 2018 and March 2019.

1.3. Survey sample design

The 2019 Census collected basic population and housing information from usual residents and designated households; in-depth information on population, demography, employment, household living conditions, etc., were only collected from the representative population identified in the sample survey of the Census. Designing a sample survey parallel with the complete survey within the Census enabled expanded survey content; reduced the workload; improved survey information quality, especially for sensitive and complicated questions; and conserved Census budget and resources.

1.3.1. Sampling method

The 2019 Census applied a stratified two-stage sample design as follows: Stage 1: number of sample enumeration areas (EA) per district was determined by the method of distribution proportional to the square root of the household size and select sample EAs. Due to significant variability in the number of households in EAs in each district and to maximize statistical efficiency, EAs per district were selected using probability proportional to size (PPS). Stage 2: select sample households from the list of households in sample EA. Sample households were selected systematically by intervals.

The strength of the stratified two-stage sample design reduced design effect and improved the accuracy of estimated indicators in comparison with the one-stage cluster sample design as used in the 2009 Census.

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 29| 29 1.3.2. Sample distribution and sampling

1.3.2.1. Sample distribution

The General Statistics Office prepared a list of EAs (excluding specific areas which included those who live in specific accommodations such as common houses, pagodas, hostels, hospitals, armed campuses, etc.) in 712 districts and towns, excluding Hoang Sa island district. In coordination with an international sample expert provided by UNFPA, the GSO calculated and identified a sample size of around 9% households in the whole country. Taking these factors into account allowed this sample size to serve as an adequate representation in estimating statistical indicators at the district level. The distribution of sample EAs in 712 districts was conducted based on sample household rate estimations.

The size of population and households in districts differed, thus EA distribution for districts was achieved using method of proportion to square root of household size (Square Root Allocation).

This method enabled an increased sample size in the smaller districts and a decreased number of sample EAs in larger districts, compared to proportional allocation.

Since information collected through sample questionnaires would be used to estimate statistical indicators at the district level, smaller districts had to have sufficiently representative samples. Thus, after allocating sample EAs, very small districts (with 80 or fewer EAs) that had a distribution of at least 85% EAs and over had their sample size increased to 100% EAs. As a result, there were 14 districts where all EAs were sampled, districts with 81 to 500 EAs had an average sampling rate of 47.2%, and districts with 500 or more EAs had average sampling rate of 27.3%.

There were 78,702 total sample EAs in the whole country. Detailed information on the results of the sample distribution at the district level can be found in Annex 4.

Using this distribution method meant districts with large populations and many households had a smaller sampling rate than the overall national sampling rate, while districts with small populations and fewer households had a larger sampling rate. This helped increase sample representation for all districts, while facilitating aggregation for provincial and national levels.

Because the urban and rural areas in each district had different characteristics, sample allocation was continuously divided by rural and urban strata in each district based on the number of allocated EAs. This ensured both urban and rural samples were represented as well as improved the sample design effect.

1.3.2.2. Sampling procedures Stage 1: Sampling EAs

After the EAs were allocated by urban and rural strata in each district using the methods detailed above, sample EAs were selected from each stratum using probability proportional to size (PPS) through the following steps:

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3030 | / RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 - Remove specific areas in each district to generate a list of normal areas for sampling EAs;

- Divide the list of EAs in each district into 2 sub-lists: urban areas and rural areas;

- List the order of EAs in the 2 sub-lists by commune code, village code and EA code; and - Sample EAs.

Stage 1 sampling generated 78,702 sample EAs, or around 40% of total EAs in the whole country.

Stage 2: Sampling households

Based on the list of sample EAs selected in stage 1 and the list of households in these sample EAs⁸, households registered to self-enumerate via Webform were filtered out and 30 households were then selected from each sample EA. Sample households were selected using systematic random method via the Census Operational Website.

The stage 2 sampling resulted in 2,360,000 sample households (30 randomly selected sample households), equivalent to 9% of total households.

1.3.3. Sample weighted estimate

1.3.3.1. Identifying design weight (basic weight)

The basic weight was calculated as the inverse of the overall probability of selection, expressed as follows:

𝑊𝑊_�� = 𝑀𝑀_� × 𝑀𝑀′_��

𝑛𝑛_� × 𝑀𝑀_�� × 𝑚𝑚_��

Where:

Whi Basic weight for sample households in the i sample EA of district h nh Number of sample EAs selected in district h

Mhi Total number of households in the pre-census sampling frame for the i sample EA in district h

Mh Total number of households in the pre-census sampling frame for district h mhi Equal to 30, number of households selected in the i sample EA of district h

M’hi Total number of households in the updated listing for the i sample EA in district h

1.3.3.2. Identify adjusted household weight

This household weight was then adjusted using the basic weight and the total number of households in each district from the full 2019 Census enumeration. This adjusted household weight

8 The list of households were set up in the stage of updating household list conducted in March 2019

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 31| 31 was used to ensure the weighted total households from sample survey data were consistent with the final data from the 2019 Census enumeration for each district by rural and urban areas.

The adjusted household weights were calculated as follows:

𝑊𝑊′_�� = 𝑊𝑊_�� × 𝑀𝑀_��

∑ 𝑊𝑊_�� _�� × 𝑚𝑚_��

Where:

W’hi Adjusted weight for the sample households in the i sample EA of district h Whi Basic weight for sample households in the i sample EA of district h

mhi Equal to 30, number of households selected in the i sample EA of district h MCh Total number of households in district h from the final 2019 Census enumeration

1.3.3.3. Identify adjusted person weight

The person weight was then adjusted based on adjusted household weight. This adjusted household weight guided the weighted total persons from sample survey data to be consistent with the complete Census count of household-based population in each district, by rural and urban areas, sex and 10-year age groups.

Using this approach, the adjusted person weights were calculated as follows:

𝑊𝑊_�� = 𝑊𝑊′_��× 𝑃𝑃_��

∑ 𝑊𝑊_�� _�� × 𝑝𝑝_��

Trong đó:

Where:

Whisa Weight for the sample persons in sex s and 10-year age group a in the sample households in the i sample EA of district h

W’hi Adjusted household weight for the sample households in the i sample EA of district h Phsa Total number of persons in sex s and age group a in all sample households of district

h based on the 2019 Census enumeration

phisa Number of persons in sex s and age group a in the sample households of the i sample EA of district h

1.4. Initial information to serve the 2019 Census 1.4.1. Drawing commune/ward base map and EA division

EAs used in statistical work refers to the geographical residence area with clear or relatively clear boundaries. An EA is essentially a village, hamlet, mountain village, living quarter, urban block,

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3232 | / RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019

or sub-area. As stipulated by the 2019 Population and Housing Census, the average size of an EA was about 120 households. Each commune/ward consisted of many EAs and the EA boundaries were matched to create a map of the commune/ward.

According to international principles, the EA map used in the Population and Housing Census was detailed according to each house/dwelling unit to ensure no overlaps or omissions during fieldwork. The previous population and housing censuses also prepared detailed EA maps. However, the available budget allocated for this effort in the 2019 Population and Housing Census was reduced from previous Censuses, and maps included communes/wards/towns (clearly showing the boundary between the EAs and including orienting landmarks). The simplification of drawing detailed EA maps helped to reduce costs, but it also increased the risk of overlapping or omitting households and household members during fieldwork. To limit such risks, significant attention was paid to ensuring household lists were as comprehensive as possible.

1.4.2. Preparing and updating household lists

Comprehensive household lists are essential for facilitating survey networks prior to data collection using CAPI and Webforms. The lists assist organizational implementation, data collection plan development, and information collection management in the field. Since there were no detailed EA maps in the 2019 Census, compiling accurate household lists was crucial to improve data collection quality. Household lists were completed on 20 January 2019.

During this process, households were asked whether they wished to register voluntarily for self-enumeration on the Census’s Website via Internet (Webforms). To update household lists with changes in households prior to the survey time point, household lists were reviewed and updated from 15 to 20 March 2019.

1.4.3. Developing the 2019 Census network

Developing the 2019 Census network was a significant task, particularly in applying IT during data collection. The survey network helped facilitate assignments for staff and decentralized management in a clear and transparent manner. The Census network enabled enumerators to carry out data collection from each household or EA accurately, avoiding overlaps or omissions.

The 2019 Census network included the following information:

- Household lists with information on households registered to self-enumerate via Webforms;

- EA lists linked to administrative categories from provincial to commune level and categories of villages, hamlets, and living quarters;

- Commune/ward/town base map;

- List of enumerators and their assigned households or EAs;

- List of supervisors from the central level to district level and their assigned EAs;

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RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 RESULTS - THE VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF 00:00 HOURS ON 1 APRIL 2019 / 33| 33 - List of Steering Committees from the central level to commune level and their assigned EAs;

The 2019 Census network was developed concurrently with the process of household lists, and updated both prior to the Census time point and during field data collection when there were changes in Census personnel.

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CHAPTER 2: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2019 CENSUS

2.1. Direction and coordination in preparing and organizing the 2019 Census

2.1.1. Direction and management personnel

The direction and coordination for preparing and implementing the 2019 Census began in 2017 with many key activities in 2018. To prepare for and implement the 2019 Census, leadership and management personnel units were established at four levels from the central to the commune level and at three Ministries implementing the Census (Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Total, there were 11,944 Steering Committees at all levels (one Central Steering Committee, three ministerial Steering Committees, 63 provincial Steering Committees, 712 district steering committees, and 11,165 communal steering committees) and 779 Steering Committee Offices established from the central to district level. There were 69,521 members of Steering Committees and 8,898 office staff.

2.1.2. Direction and implementation

To unify the direction of the implementation of the 2019 Census, Provincial/City Party Committees and People's Committees of the provinces and cities directly under central management issued directives and documents on leadership, direction and implementation of the Population and Housing Census in their respective localities. These documents emphasized the purpose, requirements, meaning, and importance of the Census.

During the implementation of the 2019 Census, the Party Committees and People's Committees at provincial, district, and commune levels provided intensive direction to the members of the Steering Committees, supervisors, team leaders, and enumerators, as well as local specialized agencies, to successfully organize and implement the 2019 Census.

In addition, the Provincial Steering Committees engaged every single agency, unit, department and association from the provincial to the commune level in the 2019 Census during People’s Committee and People’s Council meetings. Notably, the Department of Information and Communication in some provinces and cities directly under Central management steered enterprises to review telecommunication infrastructure and networks to ensure consistent broadband and internet service quality during the 2019 Census. The Department of Education and Training, and Post offices in the respective localities, actively dispatched teachers, students and workers to act as enumerators. The Public Security sector sent staff to support enumerator access to households for interviews and data collecting, and to protect census personnel in complicated and unstable areas.

During data collection, the Central Steering Committee Office issued guiding documents on professionalism, information technology application, and data completion procedures. The Provincial Steering Committees communicated and disseminated the Central Steering Committee’s guidance to the subordinate steering committees, supervisors, team leaders and enumerators for implementation.

POPULATION DENSITY OF VIETNAM 2019

FOREWORD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYM LIST

POPULATION DENSITY OF VIETNAM 2019

PART I

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF THE 2019 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS

PART I

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2019 POPULATION

AND HOUSING CENSUS

CHAPTER 1: CENSUS DESIGN

CHAPTER 2: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2019 CENSUS