Surveillance Standards for
Vaccine-
Preventable
Diseases
Surveillance Standards for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Second Edition ISBN 978-92-4-151392-0
© World Health Organization 2018
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WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 3
Available Standards
Overview of VPD Surveillance Principles Cholera
Congenital Rubella Syndrome Diphtheria
Haemophilus influenzae Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Human Papillomavirus Influenza
Japanese Encephalitis Measles
Meningococcus Mumps
Neonatal Tetanus Non-neonatal Tetanus Pertussis
Pneumococcus Polio
Rotavirus Rubella Typhoid Varicella
Yellow Fever (to be available soon) Annex 1: Tools for a surveillance review Annex 2: Tetanus Serosurveys
All chapters can be downloaded individually at http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/
vpd/standards/en/
Acknowledgements
The development of this document was coordinated by Minal K. Patel and Adam L. Cohen of the World Health Organization, Geneva (WHO HQ), and Daniel Feiken (Consultant). We’re grateful to the technical and financial support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), and as well as financial support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Thanks especially to Benjamin A. Dahl, Christopher Murrill, and Heather M. Scobie of US CDC, and Jollee Fung of the University of British Columbia.
We are grateful to the >175 colleagues from 47 organizations who developed VPD-specific chapters and/or
contributed to the preparation of this document by reviewing drafts and providing constructive comments, including the following (in alphabetical order):
Anna Acosta, US CDC Nedghie Adrien, US CDC Hinda Ahmed, Consultant Jamal Ahmed, WHO HQ
Cui Aili, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Negar Aliabadi, US CDC Andreas Alois Reis, WHO HQ Peter Henrik Andersen, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
Jason Andrews, Stanford University, United States of America
Diavolana Andrianarimanana, Faculte de Medecine Mahajanga, Madagascar Narendra Arora, The Inclen Trust International, India
Sabrina Bacci, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Kaushik Banarjee, WHO HQ Nyambat Batmunkh, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific Julien Beaute, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Adwoa Bentsi-Enchill, WHO HQ Terry Besselaar, WHO HQ Pankaj Bhatnagar, WHO India Paul Bloem, WHO HQ
Ray Borrow, Public Health England United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Michael Bowen, US CDC Nathalie Broutet, WHO HQ
Megan Carey, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, United States of America Pam Cassiday, US CDC
Maricel Castro, WHO Philippines Ma Chao, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Ana Chevez, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
Doris Chou, WHO HQ
Alexandria Chung, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Laurence Cibrelus Yamamoto, WHO HQ Natasha Crowcroft, Public Health Ontario and University of Toronto, Canada Carine Cruz, WHO HQ
Tine Dalby, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
Danni Daniels, WHO Regional Office for Europe
Yin Dapeng, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Thomas Darton, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Kashmira Date, US CDC
Siddhartha Datta, WHO Regional Office for Europe
Monica De Cola, WHO HQ
David Durrheim, University of Newcastle, Australia
Androulla Efstratiou, Public Health England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sergey Eremin, WHO HQ
Kamal Fahmy, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Jennifer Farrar, US CDC Katya Fernandez, WHO HQ Daniella Figueroa-Downing, Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, Switzerland LeAnne Fox, US CDC Marta Gacic-Dobo, WHO HQ Julie Warner Gargano, US CDC Julie Garon, US CDC
Denise Garrett, Sabin Vaccine Institute, United States of America
Francois Gasse, Consultant Tracey Goodman, WHO HQ
Varja Grabovac, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Rebecca Grais, Epicentre Christopher Gregory, US CDC
Nicole Guiso, Institut Pasteur, France Santosh Gurung, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Rana Hajjeh, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Pradeep Haldar, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India
Scott Halperin, Dalhousie University, Canada
Lee Hampton, US CDC Susan Hariri, US CDC Quamrul Hasan, WHO Pakistan James Heffelfinger, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Carl Heinz Wirsing von Konig, Consultant
Rolano Herrero, International Agency for Research on Cancer
Carole Hickman, US CDC Susan Hills, US CDC
Stephane Hugonnet, WHO HQ Yvan Hutin, WHO HQ
Masaaki Iwaki, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
Ilesh Jani, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique
Jalila Jawad, Ministry of Health, Bahrain Mark Jit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Jacob John, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Barbara Johnson, Consultant Hajime Kamiya, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
Ieva Kantsone, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Latvia Karen Keddy, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Aalisha Sahu Khan, Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services Sudhir Khanal, WHO HQ
Muhamed Kheir Taha, Institut Pasteur, France
WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 5
Maria Knoll, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America
Sophie Lavincente, Consultant Dominique Legros, WHO HQ Fernanda Lessa, US CDC Anagha Loharikar, US CDC Adriana Lopez, US CDC
Octavie Lunguya, Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kristine Macartney, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Australia
Mirta Magarinos, WHO Agentina Mona Marin, US CDC
Lauri Markowitz, US CDC Florian Marks, International Vaccine Institute, Republic of Korea Mariel Marlow, US CDC Domenico Martinelli, University of Foggia, Italy
Balcha Masresha, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Peter McIntyre, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Australia
Lucy McNamara, US CDC James Meiring, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Elissa Meites, US CDC Matthew Mikoleit, US CDC Angela Montesanti, US CDC Michelle Morales, US CDC Allisyn Moran, WHO HQ Oliver Morgan, WHO HQ
William Moss, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America
Mick Mulders, WHO HQ
Mark Muscat, WHO Regional Office for Europe
Jason Mwenda Mathiu, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Tomoka Nakamura, WHO HQ Ryan Novak, US CDC
Katherine O’Brien, Johns Hopkins University, United States of America Lucia Oliveira, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
David Olson, WHO HQ
Walter Orenstein, Emory University, United States of America
Mahamoudou Ouattara, US CDC Umesh Parashar, US CDC
Desiree Pastor, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
Roberta Pastore, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Sirima Pattamadilok, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
Lucia Pawloski, US CDC William Perea, WHO HQ
Carmem Pessoa Da Silva, WHO HQ Meagan E. Peterson, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Dina Pfeifer, WHO Regional Office for Europe
Andrew Pollard, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Farah Naz Qamar, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
Ajantha Ranajeewa, WHO HQ Azhar Abid Raza, UNICEF Susan Reef, US CDC
Helen Rees, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
Gloria Rey, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
Sigrun Roesel, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
Olivier Ronveaux, WHO HQ Jennifer Rota, Consultant Paul Rota, US CDC
Samir Saha, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh
Magdi Samaan, WHO HQ Abha Saxena, WHO HQ Scott Schmid, US CDC Stephanie Schwartz, US CDC Anthony Scott, University of Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Fatima Serhan, WHO HQ Jane Seward, Consultant
Anette Siedler, Robert Koch Institute, Germany
Tami Skoff, US CDC
Mary Slack, Mary Slack Microbiology Consulting
Hilde Sleurs, Consultant
Lori Sloate, United Nations Foundation Cynthia Snider, US CDC
Heidi Soeters, US CDC
Gianfranco Spiteri, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Nandini Sreenivasan, US CDC
Robert Steinglass, John Snow, Inc., United States of America
James Stuart, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Jacqueline Tate, US CDC
Piyanit Tharmaphornpilas, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Tejpratap Tiwari, US CDC Maria Tondella, US CDC
Nikki Turner, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Chris Van Beneden, US CDC Katelijn Vandemaele, WHO HQ Valsan Philip Verghese, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Anne von Gottberg, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Steven Wassilak, US CDC
Goitom Weldgebriel, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Joanne White, Public Health England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Cynthia Whitney, US CDC
Robert Whittaker, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Yonas Woldemichael, WHO Ethiopia Chris Wolff, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, United States of America Nicole Wolter, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Tracie Wright, US CDC
Ahmadu Yakubu, WHO HQ Wenging Zhang, WHO HQ
Yin Zundong, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
The findings and conclusions in this document do not necessarily represent the views of each individual nor the official positions of their agencies.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AES Acute encephalitis syndrome AFP Acute flaccid paralysis ALT Alanine aminotransferase
(test of liver function) AMR Antimicrobial resistance AMRO World Health Organization
Regional Office for the Americas
ANC Antenatal care
ARFO World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa ATS Antitoxin tetanus serum
aVDPV Ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus BAP Blood agar plates
BMI Body mass index (obesity measure) bOPV Bivalent oral polio vaccine CAP Chocolate agar plates
CBS Community-based surveillance CFR Case fatality ratio
CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
CRI Congenital rubella infection CRS Congenital rubella syndrome CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
CSTE U.S. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
cVDPV Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus CVS Congenital varicella syndrome CVV Candidate vaccine viruses
DAE Double-antigen ELISA
DAT Diphtheria antitoxin
DBS Dried blood spot
DENV Dengue virus
DFA Direct fluorescent antibody staining DHS Demographic Health Survey DTaP Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular
pertussis vaccine
DTP3 Third dose of diphtheria-tetanus- pertussis vaccine
EBS Event-based surveillance
EIA Enzyme immunoassay
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EMRO World Health Organization Regional
Office for the Eastern Mediterranean EPI Expanded Programme on
Immunizations
EQA External quality assurance EWARN Early Warning and Response
Network
GISRS Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
GLASS Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
GMRLN Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network
GPEI Global Polio Eradication Initiative GPLN Global Polio Laboratory Network GSL Global specialized laboratory HA Haemagglutination assay HAV Hepatitis A virus
HBIG Hepatitis B immunoglobulin HBV Hepatitis B virus
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b HIS Health information system HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HMIS Health Management
Information System HPV Human papillomavirus HZ Herpes zoster virus IBD Invasive bacterial disease IB-VPD Invasive bacterial
vaccine-preventable disease ICU Intensive care unit
IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
IFA Immunofluorescence assay
IgA Immunoglobulin A
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IgM Immunoglobulin M
IHR International Health Regulations IIV Inactivated influenza vaccine ILI Influenza-like illness IMCI Integrated Management of
Childhood Illness
IMD Invasive meningococcal disease iNTS Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis IPD Invasive pneumococcal disease IPV Inactivated polio vaccine ISO International Organization for
Standardization
iVDPV Immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus IVIG Intravenous immune globulin JE Japanese encephalitis JRF Joint Reporting Form
LAIV Live attenuated influenza vaccine LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal
amplification
LAT Latex agglutination testing M & E Monitoring and Evaluation
WHO Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance Standards 7
MCV Measles antigen-containing vaccine MCV4 Meningococcal conjugate vaccine
(quadravalent)
MDSR Maternal death surveillance and response
ME Meningoencephalitis
MenB Serogroup B meningococcal vaccine MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MMR Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine MMRV Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella
vaccine
MNT Maternal and neonatal tetanus MNTE Maternal and neonatal tetanus
elimination MOH Ministry of Health
mOPV Monovalent oral polio vaccine MR Measles and rubella vaccine MSM Men who have sex with men NCC National Certification Committee
(for polio eradication)
NGO Non-governmental organization NIC National Influenza Centres NL National laboratory Nm Neisseria meningiditis
NP Nasopharyngeal
NT Neonatal tetanus
Non-NT Non-neonatal tetanus
NPAFP Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis NPEV Non-polio enterovirus
NVC National verification committee (for measles and rubella elimination)
OF Oral fluid
OPV Oral polio vaccine ORS Oral rehydration solutions ORT Oral rehydration therapy PAB Protected at birth PBS Phosphate buffer saline PCR Polymerase chain reaction PCV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis PHEIC Public health emergency of
international concern PID Primary immunodeficiency PRNT Plaque reduction neutralization test
PT Pertussis toxin
QC Quality control
RCV Rubella-containing vaccine RDT Rapid diagnostic test
RRL Regional reference laboratory RSV Respiratory syncytial virus RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction RV1 Monovalent rotavirus vaccine RV5 Pentavalent rotavirus vaccine SAGE Strategic Advisory Group of Experts SARI Severe acute respiratory illness SBA Skilled birth attendant SEARO World Health Organization
Regional Office for South-East Asia SIA Supplemental immunization activity Sp Streptococcus pneumoniae
SSPE Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis TCBS Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts agar TCV Typhoid conjugate vaccine Td Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine
Tdap Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine TE-3 Tetanus international reference serum TIG Tetanus immune globulin
ToBI Toxin-binding inhibition
TT Tetanus toxoid
TT2+ Second or subsequent dose of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine
TTCV Tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine VAPP Vaccine-associated paralytic poliovirus VDPV Vaccine-derived poliovirus
ViPS Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine VLP Virus-like particle
VPD Vaccine-preventable disease VTM Viral transport media VZV Varicella-zoster virus
WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene practices
WGS Whole genome sequencing WHO World Health Organization WHO-
UNICEF World Health Organization- United Children’s Fund
WPRO World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
WPV Wild poliovirus
WRA Women of reproductive age
YF Yellow fever
