4HE #$-! -OBILE 3YSTEM !RCHITECTURE

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%42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 

4HE #$-! -OBILE 3YSTEM !RCHITECTURE

3UNGMOON 3HIN (UN ,EE AND +I #HUL (AN

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4HE ARCHITECTURE OF THE #$-! MOBILE SYS TEM #-3 IS DEVELOPED BASED ON THREE FUNC TION GROUPS SERVICE RESOURCE SERVICE CONTROL AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT GROUPS )N THIS PA PER THE #-3 ARCHITECTURE IS DISCUSSED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF IMPLEMENTING THESE FUNC TIONS 4HE VARIABLE LENGTH PACKETS ARE USED FOR TRANSMISSION 4HE SYNCHRONIZATION CLOCK SIG NALS ARE DERIVED FROM THE '03 RECEIVER 4HE OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP TECHNIQUES ARE USED FOR THE POWER CONTROL 4HE INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED SIGNALING AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS ARE EMPLOYED 4HE CALL CONTROL FOR THE PRIMARY SERVICES IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EbCIENT MO BILE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 4HE SOFTER HANDO_ IS IMPLEMENTED IN ONE CARD 4HE MO BILE ASSISTED HANDO_ AND THE NETWORK ASSISTED HANDO_ ARE EMPLOYED IN THE SOFT AND HARD HANDO_S 4HE AUTHENTICATION IS BASED ON THE SECRET DATA WHICH INCLUDES RANDOM NUMBERS

4HE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS WHICH INCLUDE THE LOCATION MANAGEMENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND /!- MAN AGEMENT ARE IMPLEMENTED TO WARRANT THE SYS TEM EbCIENCY MAXIMUM CAPACITY AND HIGH RELIABILITY 4HE ARCHITECTURE ENSURES THAT THE

#-3 IS aEXIBLE AND EXPANDABLE TO PROVIDE SUB SCRIBERS WITH ECONOMIC AND EbCIENT SYSTEM CON`GURATION 4HE DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL ADAPTIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION AND DYNAMIC CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT ARE RECOMMENDED FOR FUTURE WORK

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%42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER  3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL

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4HE #$-! MOBILE SYSTEM #-3 AR CHITECTURE IS AN OUTGROWTH OF AN %42)S ACTIVITY TO DEVELOP A #$-! CELLULAR SYS TEM BETWEEN AND %42) AND 1UALCOMM JOINTLY ENGAGED IN THE DEVELOP MENT AT EARLY STAGE 1UALCOMM PROVIDED RADIO WAVEFORM DESIGN AND SIGNAL PROCESS ING TECHNIQUES (AVING THE TIME DIVISION EXCHANGE 4$8 EXPERTISE %42) ASSUMED THE RESPONSIBILITY TO DEVELOP THE #-3 IN FRASTRUCTURE WHICH INCLUDES THE BASE STATION

"3 THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER AND LO CATION REGISTERS 4HIS PAPER DEALS WITH THE

%42)S E_ORT

4HE #-3 USES PSEUDORANDOM NOISE

0. CODES TO PROVIDE MULTIPLE COMMUNI CATION CHANNELS IN A DESIGNATED RADIO FRE QUENCY BAND )T USES PATH DIVERSITY AND TIME DIVERSITY IN THE RADIO PATHS AND O_ERS PRIVACY HIGH SERVICE QUALITY AND A LARGE LINK CAPACITY )T PROVIDES BETTER HANDO_S THAN OTHER CELLULAR SYSTEMS SUCH AS 4$-!

SYSTEMS 4HE ABILITY TO SUPPORT A RELI ABLE PERFORMANCE IN A SEVERE NOISY ENVIRON MENT PROVIDES THE MEANS TO ALLEVIATE OVER CROWDING IN THE RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AS WELL AS TO ALLOW SUBSCRIBERS MORE aEXI BILITY IN CELLULAR SERVICES ;= ;=

4HE #-3 ON THE OTHER HAND HAS OP ERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS &OR EXAMPLE TIGHT CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION IS INDISPENSABLE TO THE #$-! SIGNAL ACQUISITION &AST PACKET TRANSMISSION IS NEEDED FOR THE EbCIENT TRANSMISSION OF THE VARIABLE LENGTH INFORMA TION 4RANSMIT POWER FROM BOTH MOBILES

AND BASE STATIONS MUST BE OPTIMALLY CON TROLLED TO SECURE THE SYSTEM CAPACITY 4HE APPROPRIATE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND INTERFACES ARE REQUIRED TO WARRANT ECONOMIC AND EbCIENT NETWORKING

4HE #-3 ARCHITECTURE HAS TAKEN ABOVE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS INTO ACCOUNT ;=

;= )T HAS ACHIEVED COST EbCIENCY WITH OUT DEGRADING THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ! FAST PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK IS EMPLOYED TO FACILITATE HIGH SPEED DATA TRANSFER AMONG SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS 4HE PACKET TRANS MISSION WITH @STAGGERING IS ADOPTED TO PRE VENT THE TRUNK EbCIENCY DEGRADATION THAT IS CAUSED BY THE VARIABLE LENGTH PACKET TRANS MISSIONS %CHO CANCELER IS EQUIPPED TO RE MOVE THE ECHO FROM THE VOICE 4HE INTER NATIONAL STANDARD OPEN NETWORK PROTOCOLS

;= HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED TO PROVIDE COMPAT IBILITY WITH OTHER CELLULAR SYSTEMS OR NET WORKS 4HE #-3 CAN SUPPORT A LARGE CAPAC ITY TO IMPROVE THE SERVICEpDECREASE THE CALL BLOCKING PROBABILITYpEVEN IN THE METROPOLI TAN AREA WHERE HEAVY TRAbC LOAD IS ANTICI PATED

&OR THE CONVENIENCE OF SUBSEQUENT DIS CUSSIONS IN THIS PAPER WE DE`NE THE #-3 FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR #$-! MOBILE COM MUNICATIONS AS THE #$-! MOBILE FUNC TIONS )N SECTION )) THE #$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS ARE CATEGORIZED INTO THREE GROUPS

4HE #-3 SERVICES ARE SUPPORTED BY THESE FUNCTIONS )N SECTION ))) THE SERVICE RE SOURCE FUNCTIONS ARE DESCRIBED 4HE BA SIC FUNCTIONS NEEDED FOR THE #-3 OPERA TION ARE INCLUDED IN THE SERVICE RESOURCE

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 3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 

&IG 'ROUP STRUCTURE OF #$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS

GROUP )N SECTION )6 THE SERVICE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ARE DESCRIBED

4HE MAJOR FUNCTIONS INCLUDING THE CALL CON TROL SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ARE DISCUSSED 3ECTION 6 IS CONCERNED WITH THE #-3 DESIGN 4HE #-3 STRUCTURE AND CON`GURATION ARE PRESENTED

3ECTION 6) SUGGESTS THE FUTURE RESEARCH AR EAS AND SECTION 6)) CONCLUDES THIS PAPER

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4HE #-3 SERVICES CONSIST OF FUNDAMENTAL SERVICES AND OPERATION ADMINISTRATION AND MAINTENANCE /!- SERVICES 4HE FUNDA MENTAL SERVICES CONSIST OF THE PRIMARY SER

VICES AND SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES 4HE PRI MARY SERVICES CONSIST OF VOICE DATA AND SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES !LL OR A PART OF THESE SERVICES ARE AVAILABLE TO INDIVIDUAL SUBSCRIBER 4HE SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES WHICH INCLUDE CALL FORWARDING CONFERENCE CALL AND CALLING PARTY IDENTI`CATION ARE AD DITIONAL SERVICES AND ARE PROVIDED AS OP TIONS TO THE SUBSCRIBER 4HE /!- SERVICES MAKE SURE THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL SERVICES ARE PROVIDED TO CUSTOMERS WITH HIGH QUALITY

4HESE #-3 SERVICES ARE PROVIDED UTILIZING THE #$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS

4HE #-3 ARCHITECTURE IS BASED ON THE

#$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS 4HESE CAN BEST BE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THREE GROUPS AS

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%42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER  3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL 

SHOWN IN &IG 4HE TOP IS SERVICE MAN AGEMENT GROUP GROUP THE MIDDLE IS SER VICE CONTROL GROUP GROUP AND THE BOT TOM IS SERVICE RESOURCE GROUP GROUP 4HE GROUP IS CONCERNED WITH THE MAN AGEMENT FUNCTIONS RE QUIRED TO WARRANT THE SYSTEM CAPACITY AND RELIABILITY 4HE OTHER TWO GROUPS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONS NEEDED TO PROVIDE THE #-3 FUNDAMENTAL SERVICES 4HE HIGHER GROUP FUNCTIONS RECEIVE SUPPORTS FROM THE LOWER GROUP FUNCTIONS AS WELL AS THE PEER FUNCTIONS &OR EXAMPLE THE ACCOUNT ONE OF THE /!- MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS IN GROUP IS SUPPORTED BY SUCH SERVICE CONTROL FUNCTIONS AS THE CALL CONTROL AND AUTHENTICATION IN GROUP 4HE CALL CONTROL IN GROUP IS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE SIGNALING AND PACKET TRANSMISSION IN GROUP

4HE PACKET TRANSMISSION IS SUPPORTED BY THE SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE SAME GROUP

4HE GROUP CONSISTS OF /!- MANAGE MENT AND #$-! PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONS

4HESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SYSTEM OPER ATION AND THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 4HE /!- MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS HAVE FOUR MA JOR FUNCTIONS PROGRAM DOWNLOAD CON`GU RATION MANAGEMENT FAULT MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNT 4HE #$-! PERFORMANCE FUNC TIONS ARE CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT 4HE GROUP CONSISTS OF `VE MAJOR FUNCTIONS CALL CON TROL HANDO_ AUTHENTICATION LOCATION MAN AGEMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 4HESE FUNCTIONS ARE USED IN PROVIDING DIRECT USER SERVICES 4HE GROUP AND ARE IMPLE MENTED MAINLY IN SOFTWARE IN CONTRAST TO

GROUP WHICH IS HARDWARE ORIENTED 4HE GROUP IS THE ENGINE OF THE #-3 AND SUP PORTS ALL UPPER GROUPS )T CONSISTS OF TRANS MISSION POWER CONTROL SYNCHRONIZATION AND SIGNALING

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4RANSMISSION AND 3YNCHRONIZATION 4RANSMISSION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT WITHIN THE SERVICE RESOURCE GROUP 4HE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MODEL IS SHOWN IN

&IG 4HE RADIO TRANSMISSION IS CRITICAL TO THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 4HE #$-! IS INTERFERENCE LIMITED )N ORDER TO MINIMIZE THE INTERFERENCE IN THE RADIO LINK THE VARI ABLE LENGTH PACKET TRANSMISSIONS WITH THE DATA RATE OF i KBPS HAVE BEEN ADOPTED

4HE MOBILE STATION TRANSMITS PACKETS EVERY

MS 4HESE PACKETS ARE COMBINED WITH THE SIGNALING MESSAGE UTILIZING THE DIM AND BURST OR THE BLANK AND BURST METHOD

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4HE FAST PACKET ROUTERS ARE UTILIZED FOR TRANSMISSION IN THE "3 4HEY ENHANCE THE "3 INTEGRITY WITHOUT CAUSING EXCESSIVE TRANSMISSION DELAY BETWEEN THE BASESTATION TRANSCEIVER SUBSYSTEM "43 AND THE BASES TATION CONTROLLER "3# 4HESE ALSO ENSURE THE MAXIMUM "3 TRUNK EbCIENCY 4HE "3 PACKETS ARE ($,# FORMATTED AND ARE TRANS FERRED TO THE DESTINATION $URING THE SOFT HANDO_ TWO OR THREE "43S SEND PACKETS TO ONE SELECTOR SIMULTANEOUSLY ! SELECTOR

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&IG #-3 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM MODEL

CHOOSES THE BEST PACKET AMONG THE RECEIVED PACKETS WHICH BEAR THE SAME INFORMATION

)N THE CASE OF VOICE SERVICES THE VARI ABLE LENGTH PACKETS OF THE RADIO LINK ARE CONVERTED INTO 0#- AT THE VOCODER AND TRANSFERRED TO THE MOBILE EXCHANGE -8 4HE -8 CANCELS ECHO CONTAINED IN THE VOICE FROM 034. AND SENDS THE VOICE TO THE MO BILE STATIONS -3S )N THE CASE OF DATA SERVICES THE PACKETS TRANSFERRED FROM -3S ARE CONVERTED INTO KBPS FORMATTED DATA AT THE "3# AND TRANSFERRED TO THE INTER WORKING FUNCTION )7& VIA THE -8 !T THE )7& IN THE CASE OF PUBLIC SWITHED TELE PHONE NETWORK 034. ACCESS THE DATA ARE CONVERTED TO VOICEBAND DATA AND SENT TO 034. THROUGH A MODEM )N THE CASE OF INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK )3$.

OR PACKET SWITCHED PUBLIC DATA NETWORK

030$. ACCESS THE DATA ARE TRANSMITTED TO )3$. OR 030$. WITH THE KBPS )3$.

TYPE FORMAT

4IME SYNCHRONIZATION IS REQUISITE FOR THE

TRANSMISSION 4HE "43 NEEDS THE ABSOLUTE TIME TO ACQUIRE THE #$-! SIGNAL TRANSMIT TED FROM THE -3 ;= $URING THE SOFT HAND O_S THE PACKET ORDER MISMATCH CAN HAP PEN AT A SELECTOR DUE TO THE QUEUEING DELAY OF THE "3 PACKET ROUTERS )N ORDER TO PRE VENT THIS MISMATCH ALL THE "43S AND THE

"3# MUST BE SYNCHRONIZED 4HE CURRENT "3 MAINTAINS THE SYNCHRONIZATION BY DISTRIBUT ING CLOCK SIGNALS DERIVED FROM THE GLOBAL PO SITIONING SYSTEM '03 RECEIVER EQUIPPED IN THE "43 AND THE "3# 4HE "3# AND THE -8 ARE SYNCHRONIZED BY UTILIZING THE BIT AND FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION OF % TRANSMIS SION

-3S ARE SYNCHRONIZED TO THEIR "43 BY UTILIZING THE FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION !N -3 RECEIVES THE FRAME SIGNALS FROM ITS "43 )N THE FRAME SIGNALS SYNCH CHANNEL SUPER FRAMES ARE TRANSMITTED DURING EVERY EVEN SECONDS SYNCHRONIZED WITH THE '03 CLOCK

4HE SYNCH CHANNEL SUPERFRAME LENGTH IS

MS AND IT CONSISTS OF SYNCH CHANNEL FRAMES

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&IG #-3 POWER CONTROL SCHEME

0OWER #ONTROL

4HE POWER CONTROL HAS A SIGNI`CANT E_ECT ON THE RADIO LINK PERFORMANCE 4HE POW ERS PROPERLY TRANSMITTED FROM BOTH -3 AND

"43 INCREASE THE LINK CAPACITY 4HE TRANS MIT POWERS MUST BE KEPT AS LOW AS POSSIBLE AND STILL BE ENOUGH TO MAINTAIN THE REQUIRED FRAME ERROR RATE &%2 &IGURE SHOWS THE POWER CONTROL SCHEME

4HE -3 TRANSMIT POWER IS ADJUSTED BY THE TWO REVERSE LINK CONTROL MECHANISMS

OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL AND CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL 4HE CLOSED LOOP POWER CON TROL CONSISTS OF THE INNER LOOP POWER CON TROL AND THE OUTER LOOP POWER CONTROL )N THE OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL THE TRANSMIT POWER DECREASES WHEN THE RECEIVER SIGNAL STRENGTH INCREASES AND VICE VERSA SO THAT THE SUM OF THE TRANSMIT POWER STRENGTH AND RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH REMAINS CONSTANT

4HE "43 EXPECTS THAT THE SIGNAL STRENGTH

FROM ALL OF ITS -3S BE MAINTAINED EQUAL

4HE OPEN LOOP POWER CONTROL IS VALID ONLY WHEN THE PROPAGATION LOSSES IN THE FORWARD LINK AND REVERSE LINK ARE THE SAME

(OWEVER THE PATH LOSS IRREGULARITY BE TWEEN THE FORWARD AND THE REVERSE LINK DOES NOT WARRANT THE EQUAL RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH AT THE "3 4HE INNER LOOP POWER CONTROL COMPENSATES THE DISCREPANCY OF THE POWER LEVELING )T IS PERFORMED EVERY

MS BY THE "43 COMMANDS )F THE RECEIVED POWER LEVEL FROM THE -3 IS LESS THAN THE PRESET %B.O AT THE "43 THE "43 DIRECTS THE -3 TO INCREASE THE TRANSMIT POWER 4HE PRESET %B.OOF THE "43 IS ADJUSTED BY THE OUTER LOOP POWER CONTROL 4HIS IS PERFORMED EVERY MS BY THE "3# SELECTOR ACCORD ING TO THE FRAME QUALITY OF 6ITERBI DECODED PACKETS 7HEN THE ACTUAL FRAME ERROR RATE

&%2 AT THE SELECTOR IS BELOW THE REQUIRED

&%2pIN OTHER WORDS WHEN THE SYSTEM PER FORMS BETTER THAN REQUIREDpCONTINUOUSLY

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&IG #-3 SIGNALING PROTOCOL STRUCTURE

THE SELECTOR DIRECTS THE CORRESPONDING "43 TO DECREASE THE PRESET %B.O

4HE FORWARD LINK POWER CONTROL IS PER FORMED BY THE DIRECTION FROM THE "3# 4HE

"43 TRANSMIT POWER IS ADJUSTED BY OBSERV ING THE REQUIRED &%2 OF THE -3 4HE SE LECTOR OF THE "3# RECEIVES THE &%2 INFOR MATION FROM ITS CORRESPONDING -3 4HE -3 SENDS THE INFORMATIONS PERIODICALLY OR WHEN THE &%2 EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD LEVEL )F THE

&%2 IS TOO HIGH THE SELECTOR DIRECTS THE RE SPONSIBLE "43 TO INCREASE THE POWER TRANS MITTED TO THE CORRESPONDING -3

3IGNALING

)N THE #-3 THERE ARE NINE FUNCTIONAL ENTITIES -3 "43 "3# -3# 6,2 %)2 (,2 !# AND 3-3 -# 4HE -3# 6,2

%)2 (,2 !# AND 3-3 -# CORRESPOND TO THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER VISITOR LO CATION REGISTER EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER

HOME LOCATION REGISTER AUTHENTICATION CEN TER AND SHORT MESSAGE SERVICEMESSAGE CEN TER RESPECTIVELY 4HE -3# 6,2 AND %)2 ARE IMPLEMENTED IN THE -8 4HE (,2 AND

!# ARE IMPLEMENTED IN THE (,2!# &IG URE SHOWS THE #-3 PROTOCOL STRUCTURE

4HE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANY TWO EN TITIES ARE ESTABLISHED ACCORDING TO THE INTER NATIONAL STANDARD SYSTEM REFERENCE MODEL OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEMS ;= ;= 4HE PROTO COLS EMPLOYED IN THE #-3 ARE FOUND TO WORK WELL 4HE LOWER LAYER PROTOCOLS CORRESPOND ING TO LAYER AND LAYER OF THE OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION /3) ARE AS FOLLOWS

-3 "43 RADIO LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL

2#0

"43 "3# "3 INTERNAL PROTOCOL ")0 "3# -8 4$8 INTERPROCESSOR PROTOCOL

4)0

-8 (,2!# MESSAGE TRANSFER PART

-40 AND -40

4HE UPPER LAYER PROTOCOLS ABOVE THE /3) LAYER ARE CONCERNED WITH THE CALL

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&IG 4HE VOICE SERVICE CONTROL PROCEDURE FOR MOBILE ORIGINATING PLAIN LINE AND MOBILE TERMINATED DOTTED LINE CALLS /NE -8 FOR THE HOME -8 AND THE VISITING -8 IS ASSUMED

MANA GEMENT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SO ON 4HESE TRANSFER FOR EXAMPLE THE CALL CONTROL INFOR MATION SUCH AS THE SUBSCRIBER IDENTI`CATION NUMBER AND THE SERVICE TYPE 4HE UPPER LAYER PROTOCOLS EMPLOYED ARE AS FOLLOWS

-3 "43 MOBILE CALL PROCESSING PART

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"43 "3# "3 APPLICATION PART "3!0 "3# -8 "3 MOBILE APPLICATION PART

"3-!0

-8 (,2!# OR 3-3 -# -40 SIG NALING CONNECTION CONTROL PART 3##0 TRANSACTION CAPABILITY 4#!0 AND MOBILE APPLICATION PART -!0

4HESE UPPER LAYER PROTOCOLS ARE EXE CUTED IN THE CONTROL BLOCKS %ACH FUNCTIONAL ENTITY HAS ITS OWN CONTROL BLOCK WHICH CON SISTS OF A NUMBER OF PROCESSORS 4HE PROCES SORS IN EACH BLOCK EMPLOY THE FAST PACKET TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE TO HANDLE A LARGE AMOUNT OF TRAbC !LL THE CONTROL BLOCKS PERFORMING THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS HAVE REDUNDANT PROCESSORS TO WARRANT SYSTEM RE LIABILITY

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4HE CALL CONTROL SCHEMES FOR THE PRIMARY SERVICES ARE DISCUSSED HERE 4HE PRIMARY SERVICES ARE VOICE DATA AND SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES

! 6OICE 3ERVICE

4HE VOICE SERVICE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AMONG THE PRIMARY SERVICES &IGURE SHOWS THE CALL CONTROL PROCEDURE FOR THE VOICE COM MUNICATION 4HE SIGNALING MESSAGES FOR THE CONTROL ARE EXCHANGED ACCORDING TO THE SIG NALING PROTOCOL DISCUSSED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION 4HERE EXIST TWO TYPES OF CALLS MO BILE ORIGINATED CALL AND MOBILE TERMINATED CALL

4HE -3 STARTS AN ORIGINATED CALL BY SENDING A CALL ORIGINATION MESSAGE TO ITS CELL

"43 )F THE "43 HAS AN AVAILABLE CHANNEL FOR THE CALL THE "43 INFORMS THE ORIGINAT ING -3 OF THE 7ALSH CODE AND FRAME O_

SET CORRESPONDING TO THE AVAILABLE CHANNEL

4HEN THE "43 REQUESTS ITS "3# A CONNEC TION 4HE "3# ASSIGNS A SELECTOR UPON RE QUEST !S SOON AS THE SELECTOR CON`RMS THE ORIGINATING -3 THE "3# REQUESTS THE -8 A CALL CONNECTION 4HE -8 REQUESTS THE !#

THE AUTHENTICATION STATUS OF THE ORIGINATING -3 5PON RECEIVING AN AbRMATION FROM THE

!# THE -8 ACCEPTS THIS CALL AND CONNECT THE -3 TO THE DESTINATION

)N THE TERMINATED CALL THE ROUTING INFOR MATION OF THE TERMINATED -3 IS INFORMED FROM THE (,2 4HE -8 KNOWING THE LO CATION AREA OF THE TERMINATED -3 REQUESTS THE CORRESPONDING "3# A PAGING 4HE "3#

IN TURN INFORMS THE CORRESPONDING "43 OF

THE PAGING REQUEST 4HE "43 THEN PAGES THE -3 !FTER RECEIVING THE RESPONSE TO THE PAGING REQUEST FROM THE DESTINATION -3 THE

"43 ASSIGNS A 7ALSH CODE AND A FRAME O_

SET FOR THE -3 4HE "3# RECEIVES THE PAG ING RESPONSE FROM THE "43 AND ALLOCATES A SELECTOR FOR THE CALL !FTER CON`RMING THE CONNECTION WITH THE -3 THE "3# SENDS THE PAGING RESPOND TO ITS -8 4HE -8 ACCOM PLISHES THE DESIRED CONNECTION &OR THE MO BILE TO MOBILE CALLS BOTH OF THE ABOVE CALL PROCEDURES ARE PERFORMED

&IG #-3 DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL STRUCTURE

-4 TRANSMITTING DATA ARE TRANSFERRED TO THE 43" IN THE "3# VIA 2#0 IN THE "43 43" IS THE TRANSCODER SELECTOR BANK

" $ATA 3ERVICE

&IGURE SHOWS THE #-3 PROTOCOL STRUC TURE FOR THE DATA SERVICE 4WO STEPS ARE TAKING PLACE TO PROVIDE A DATA SERVICE 4HE

`RST STEP IS TO CONNECT THE MOBILE TERMINAL

-4 TO THE -8 4HE CONNECTION PROCE DURE IS THE SAME AS THE CALL CONTROL PROCE DURE OF THE VOICE COMMUNICATION 4HE SEC OND STEP IS TO ESTABLISH THE DATA COMMUNI

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&IG #-3 3-3 PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE #!) IS THE COMMON AIR INTERFACE 

CATIONS PROTOCOL 4HE -4 CORRESPONDS TO THE -3

$ATA COMMUNICATIONS INCLUDE THE '

FACSIMILE SERVICES AND ASYNCHRONOUS DATA SERVICES SUCH AS `LE TRANSFERRINGS 4HE -8 CAN COMMUNICATE WITH 034. THROUGH THE MODEM POOLS OR COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY WITH 030$. OR )3$. USING THE DIGITAL TRANS MISSION PROTOCOL 4HE INTERWORKING FUNC TION )7& CONNECTING TO THE -8 EXECUTES SUCH CONNECTIONS !S SHOWN IN &IG THE DATA SERVICES NEED THE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

4% AND THE -4 4HE -4 EMULATES THE MODEM FUNCTION 4HE APPLICATION IN TERFACE PART !)0 RESIDING IN THE -4 ES TABLISHES THE CONNECTION WITH THE MODEM POOL OF THE )7& !NY TRANSMISSION ERROR THAT MIGHT OCCUR IN THE LINK IS RECOVERED VIA !21 PERFORMED BY THE 43"

# 3HORT -ESSAGE 3ERVICES

4HE #-3 PROVIDES TWO 3-3 TELESERVICES

CELLULAR PAGING TELESERVICE #04 AND CELLU LAR MESSAGING TELESERVICE #-4 4HE #04

TRANSFERS THE MAXIMUM CHARACTERS 4HE

#-4 TRANSFERS THE MAXIMUM CHARAC TERS INCLUDING CONTROL INFORMATION ;= 4HE SHORT MESSAGES ARE TRANSFERRED UTILIZING THE SIGNALING MESSAGES OF THE CONTROL CHANNEL AS WELL AS THE TRAbC CHANNEL ON THE OTHER HAND THE VOICE OR DATA IS TRANSFERRED UTILIZ ING ONLY THE TRAbC CHANNEL &IGURE SHOWS THE 3-3 PROTOCOL STRUCTURE 7HILE THE DATA IS TRANSFERRED IN REAL TIME THROUGH )7& THE SHORT MESSAGE IS TRANSFERRED IN THE STORE AND FORWARD SCHEME 4HE 3-3 TRANSPORT LAYER CORRECTS ANY TRANSMISSION ERROR THROUGH RE TRANSMISSION AND PROVIDES THE 3-3 BEARER SERVICE 4HE -3 HAS A SHORT MESSAGE ENTITY WHICH IS USED IN STORING OR DISPLAYING THE RECEIVED SHORT MESSAGE

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4HE #-3 PROVIDES THREE TYPES OF HAND O_ SOFTER HANDO_ SOFT HANDO_ AND HARD HANDO_ 4HE SOFTER HANDO_ REFERS TO THE HANDO_ BETWEEN TWO NEIGHBORING SECTORS IN

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A CELL )T IS IMPLEMENTED IN ONE CHANNEL CARD 4HE CHANNEL CARD PROCESSES THE RADIO SIGNALS UTILIZING THE RAKE RECEIVER 4HE SOFT HANDO_ REFERS TO THE HANDO_ BETWEEN NEIGH BORING CELLS 4HE SELECTOR PERFORMS THE SOFT HANDO_ )T CHOOSES THE BEST PACKET AMONG THE TRANSFERRED PACKETS FROM i "43S AND SENDS IT TO THE CORRESPONDING TRANSCODER

4HE HARD HANDO_ OCCURS WHEN THE SITUA TION NEEDS ONE OF THE THREE CHANGES THE DI_ERENT FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT THE DI_ER ENT FRAME O_SET ASSIGNMENT AND THE CHANGE OF -8 AREA 4HE APPROPRIATE SELECTOR IS CHOSEN IN EACH SITUATION 4HE -8 AREA IS CHANGED AT THE -8 4HE `RST TWO CASES OCCUR WHEN THE CHANNEL OF THE SAME BANDWIDTH OR FRAME O_SET IS NOT AVAILABLE

4HE MOBILE ASSISTED HANDO_ -!(/ AND THE NETWORK CONTROL HANDO_ .#(/ TECH NIQUES MAKE THE FREQUENCY HANDO_ POSSI BLE WITHOUT THE BEACON PILOT INCREASING THE SYSTEM COMPLEXITY 4HESE USE THE INFORMA TION SUCH AS THE -3 "43 ROUND TRIP DE LAY 24$ THE FORWARD LINK POWER CONTROL AND THE RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH TO EXECUTE HANDO_ 4HE #-3 CAN ALSO USE THE BEACON PILOT FOR THE FREQUENCY HANDO_

!UTHENTICATION

!UTHENTICATION IS REQUIRED TO PROTECT AND QUALIFY BONA`DE SUBSCRIBERS %ACH SUB SCRIBER IS REQUIRED TO CARRY A SECRET DATA AND IS SERVED ONLY WHEN THE SECRET DATA IS MATCHED TO THE ONE STORED IN THE AUTHEN TICATION CENTER !# 4HE SECRET DATA CAN BE CHANGED DURING THE REGISTRATION OR THE

CALL ATTEMPT UPON REQUEST )T CONSISTS OF A RANDOM CHALLENGE NUMBER 2!.$# AN AUTHENTICATION INFORMATION !54( AND A CALL HISTORY COUNT 4HE SECRET DATA IS EX AMINED BY THE !# DURING THE AUTHENTICA TION 4HE 2!.$# PROTECTS THE AUTHENTI CATION ALGORITHM FROM REVELATION )T IS GEN ERATED BY THE BASESTATION MANAGER "3- AND IS USED BY BOTH THE "43 AND THE !#

,OCATION -ANAGEMENT

4HE INFORMATION ON THE SUBSCRIBERS LO CATION IS REQUIRED AND MAINTAINED BY THE

#-3 4HE LOCATION REGISTRATIONS ARE BASED ON THE TIME ZONE DISTANCE POWER ONO_

ORDER PARAMETER CHANGE IMPLICIT AND TRAF

`C CHANNEL REGISTRATION ;= 4HE TRAbC CHAN NEL REGISTRATION OCCURS AFTER THE HANDO_ )T IS STORED IN AND MANAGED BY THE 6,2 AND (,2 7HILE THE 6,2 LIMITS IT TO THE SUB SCRIBERS IN THE CORRESPONDING -8 AREA THE (,2 INCLUDES ALL THE SUBSCRIBERS IN THE SER VICE AREA 7HEN A SUBSCRIBER PASSES FROM AN -8 AREA TO ANOTHER THE 6,2 IS CHANGED BY THE NOTI`CATION FROM THE (,2

2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT

4HE #-3 RADIO LINK RESOURCES ARE MAN AGED TO OPTIMIZE THE LINK CAPACITY AND SER VICE QUALITY #UTTING O_ THE ONGOING CALL IS A SERIOUS DAMAGE TO THE SERVICE QUALITY

4HE #-3 RESERVES A FEW CHANNELS FOR HAND O_S WITH THE HIERARCHICAL PRIORITY 4HE HI ERARCHICAL PRIORITY IS AIMED AT USING THE RE SERVED CHANNEL E_ECTIVELY !N -3 REQUEST ING HANDO_ BY THE WEAK PILOT OF THE DES TINATION CELL IS ASSIGNED A CHANNEL WITH NO

(12)

PRIORITY (OWEVER THE -3 REQUESTING HAND O_ BY THE STRONG PILOT OF THE DESTINATION CELL IS ASSIGNED A CHANNEL WITH PRIORITY 4HE RE SERVED CHANNEL IS ALSO ASSIGNED THE -3 IN AN URGENT CASE 4HE HANDO_ CHANNELS ARE MANAGED SO THAT THE FREQUENCY HANDO_ SEL DOM OCCURS 4HE FREQUENCY HANDO_ TAKES PLACE WHEN SOFT HANDO_ IS NOT AVAILABLE

/!- -ANAGEMENT

4HE /!- MANAGEMENT CONSISTS OF FOUR FUNCTIONS PROGRAM DOWNLOAD CON`GURA TION MANAGEMENT FAULT MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNT 4HE "3 PROGRAM AND CON`GURA TION INFORMATION ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE

"3- TO THE "3 CONTROL BLOCKS 4HE SYS TEM FAULT OR FAILURE IS DETECTED ISOLATED AND RECOVERED BY THE FAULT MANAGEMENT 4HE ALARM GENERATES AN ALARM SIGNAL IMMEDI ATELY WHEN ANY SYSTEM FAULT OR MALFUNCTION IS DETECTED 4HE ALARM SIGNAL ENABLES THE

#-3 OPERATOR TO LOCATE THE PLACE AND TIME AT WHICH THE FAULT HAS OCCURRED 4HE AC COUNT INFORMATION IS STORED AND MANAGED AT THE (,2

4HESE /!- FUNCTIONS USE THE DATABASE AND LIBRARY WHICH ARE RUN UNDER THE OPERAT ING SYSTEM /3 4HE DATABASE CONTAINS THE INFORMATION ON THE RESOURCE MOBILITY AND OPERATING STATUS TO NAME A FEW 4HE CALL PROCESSING DATA ARE ALSO CONTAINED IN THE DATABASE 4HE LIBRARY PROVIDES THE SYSTEM PROGRAMMERS WITH THE /3 ORIENTED PROGRAM LANGUAGE 4HE /!- INFORMATION ON THE "3 IS GATHERED AND MANAGED BY THE "3- 4HIS INFORMATION IS ALSO GATHERED AND MANAGED

BY THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER

/-# THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE NETWORK /!-

#ELL "OUNDARY -ANAGEMENT

4HE CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT IS TO OP TIMIZE THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND THE "3 TOTAL CAPACITY )T INCLUDES BREATHING BLOS SOMING WILTING AND TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING

4HE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES EACH TERM

4HE BREATHING BALANCES THE FORWARD LINK HANDO_ BOUNDARY AND THE REVERSE LINK HANDO_ BOUNDARY DURING THE NOR MAL OPERATION )T MAXIMIZES THE LINK CAPACITY

4HE BLOSSOMING INDICATES THE GRADUAL INCREASE OF THE "43 TRANSMIT POWER WHEN A CELL IS INITIALLY ACTIVATED ! SUD DEN ACTIVATION CAUSES A SUDDEN INCREASE IN THE TOTAL FORWARD LINK BACKGROUND POWER 4HIS RESULTS IN THE DEGRADA TION OF THE FORWARD LINK QUALITY AND MAY CAUSE THE CALL DROPS OF THE NEIGHBORING CELLS 4HE BLOSSOMING ALLOWS OTHER CELL

"43S TO ADJUST THEIR TRANSMIT POWER TO MAINTAIN THE LINK QUALITY AT THE ACCEPT ABLE LEVEL

4HE WILTING IS THE OPPOSITE CONCEPT OF THE BLOSSOMING AND GRADUAL DECREASE OF THE E_ECTIVE RADIATED POWER %20 WHEN THE CELL IS DEACTIVATED

4HE TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING IS TO BALANCE USER TRAbC LOADS AMONG ADJACENT CELLS BY ADJUSTING THE CELL RADII 4HE HEAVILY LOADED "43 SHRINKS ITS COVERAGE AREA WHILE THE SPARSELY LOADED NEIGHBORING

(13)

"43 INCREASES ITS COVERAGE AREA &IG URE SHOWS THE CONCEPT OF THE TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING

&IG 4RAbC LOAD SHEDDING

0ERFORMANCE -EASUREMENT

4HE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IS NEC ESSARY TO ASSURE PROPER #-3 OPERATIONS

4HE #-3 MEASURES THE LINK PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 4HE #$-! SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOL #3!4 COLLECTS AND ANALYZES THE PERFOR MANCE DATA 4HERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PER FORMANCE PARAMETERS IN THE #3!4 THE PER FORMANCE ANALYSIS PARAMETER AND THE TRAF

`C ANALYSIS PARAMETER 4HE TRAbC ANALY SIS PARAMETER CONTAINS THE NUMBER OF CALL ATTEMPTSAPPROVALS PER UNIT INTERVAL VOICE ACTIVITY PER CALL THE NUMBER OF HANDO_S PER UNIT INTERVAL AND HANDO_ PARAMETERS

4HE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS PARAMETER CON TAINS THE &%2S OF THE FORWARD AND REVERSE LINKS BURST ERROR RATE THE %B. RECEIVED AT THE "43 AND THE -3 THE NUMBER OF

`NGERS IN OPERATION AND THE SIGNAL ENERGY CONTAINED IN EACH `NGER )T ALSO DERIVES

THE POWER CONTROL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS POWER CONTROL THRESHOLD VALUE AND TRANSMIS SION GAIN OF THE FORWARD TRAbC CHANNEL

6 #-3 $%3)'.

#-3 3TRUCTURE

!LL THE FEATURES DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED BASED ON THE SYSTEM REFERENCE MODEL ;= ;= )NDIVIDUAL FUNCTION IS ALLOCATED TO THE FUNCTIONAL ENTITY DE`NED IN THE MODEL ! SUBSYSTEM CORRESPONDS TO A FUNCTIONAL ENTITY OR A COMBINATION OF A FEW ENTITIES 4HE SUBSYSTEM IS DESIGNED BY CON SIDERING THE CONTROL EbCIENCY OF THE OVER ALL SYSTEM AND ECONOMY FOR PHYSICAL REAL IZATION

4HE -3# THE 6,2 AND THE %)2 ARE REALIZED WITHIN THE PHYSICAL -8 SUBSYS TEM 4HE (,2 AND THE !# ARE REALIZED IN THE (,2!# SUBSYSTEM 4HE INTERFACE WITH THE OTHER NETWORKS SUCH AS 034. AND )3$. IS DONE AT THE -8 &IGURE SHOWS THE #-3 STRUCTURE INDICATING THE SUBSYS TEM COMPONENTS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP

4HE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE FOLLOWING

! -OBILE 3TATION

4HE -3 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT USED BY THE #-3 SUBSCRIBER 4HIS PROVIDES A SUBSCRIBER WITH THE RADIO PATH TO THE NET WORK 4HERE ARE TWO TYPES OF -3 THE MO BILE EQUIPPED -3 AND THE PORTABLE -3

4HE VOICE COMMUNICATION REQUIRES ONLY THE

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(14)

&IG #-3 FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE -&# IS THE MULTI FREQUENCY CONTROL 

MOBILE TERMINATION -4 FUNCTION 4HE OTHER SERVICES REQUIRE THE ADDITIONAL FUNC TIONS SUCH AS THE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT 4%

THE TERMINAL ADAPTOR 4! OR THE COMBINA TION THEREOF 4HE -3 IS EQUIPPED WITH THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTITY -%) AND THE MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY -3) FOR IDENTI

`CATION

" "ASE 3TATION

4HE "3 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN PROVIDING THE "3 AREA SUBSCRIBERS WITH THE RADIO PATHS 4HE "3 CONSISTS OF THREE KINDS OF EQUIPMENTS "43 FOR THE TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF THE RADIO SIGNALS "3# FOR THE "3 CONTROL AND "3- FOR THE "3 /!-

4HE "43 IS THE PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE SUB SCRIBERS OF ITS CELL AREA &OR THE RA DIO TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION LOW NOISE

AMPLI`ER POWER AMPLI`ER SIGNAL COM BINERDISTRIBUTOR AND FREQUENCY CONVERTER ARE INSTALLED IN THE RADIO FREQUENCY UNIT

2&5 &OR THE RADIO SIGNAL PROCESSING THE MODULATIONDEMODULATION #$-! CHANNEL CODINGDECODING AND THE '03 RECEIVER ARE IN THE #$-! DIGITAL UNIT #$5 4HE CALL PROCESS AND /!- FUNCTIONS ARE EXECUTED IN THE "43 CONTROL PROCESSOR "#0 4HE PACKET ROUTES AND THE PATH BETWEEN THE

"43 AND THE "3# ARE PROVIDED BY THE "43 INTERCONNECTION NETWORK ").

4HE "3# MANAGES THE "3 RESOURCES AND CONTROLS THE "3 AREA SUBSCRIBERS !LL THE TRAbC PACKETS FROM -3S ARE PROCESSED IN THE "3# 4HE PACKET SELECTION DUR ING THE HAND O_S AND VOICE PACKET CON VERSION BETWEEN CODE EXCITED LINEAR PRE DICTION #%,0 AND 0#- ARE EXECUTED IN

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(15)

THE TRANSCODER SELECTOR BANK 43" 4HE 43" CONNECTS TO THE -8 USING THE %

TRUNKS 4HE "3# CALL PROCESS AND "3#

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARE EXECUTED IN THE CALL CONTROL PROCESSOR ##0 4HE #$-!

INTERCONNECTION NETWORK #). SWITCHES THE

"3# INTERNAL PACKETS AND PROVIDES THE PATH TO THE "43 4HE CLOCK GENERATION DISTRIB UTOR #+$ PROVIDES 43"S WITH THE CLOCK SIGNALS DERIVED FROM THE '03

4HE "3- PROVIDES THE /!- FUNCTIONS FOR THE "3 EQUIPMENT 4HE PROGRAM LOAD ING FOR "3 OPERATIONS FAULT COLLECTION FOR

"3 MAINTENANCE ARE EXECUTED IN THE "3-0

4HE MAN MACHINE INTERFACE --) FUNC TION FOR "3 OPERATORS IS ALSO INCLUDED IN THE

"3-0 4HE !,- GENERATES ALARM SIGNALS WHEN THE "3 EQUIPMENT `NDS ANY FAULT OR MALFUNCTION

# -OBILE %XCHANGE

4HE -8 IS A PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE SUBSCRIBERS OF ITS -8 AREA &OR THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE ORIGINATING -3 AND THE DESTINATION THE -8 CALL PROCESS 0#- BASED TIME SWITCH AND -8 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARE CARRIED OUT IN THE ACCESS SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM !33 4HE LOCA TION MANAGEMENT AND INTERNETWORKING WITH 034. OR )3$. IS ALSO DONE VIA THE

!33 4HE -8 LOCATION MANAGEMENT IS PER FORMED BY THE 6,2 6,2 IS REALIZED IN THE CENTRAL CONTROL SUBSYSTEM ##3 4HE -8 COMMUNICATES WITH THE (,2!# FOR THE LOCATION MANAGEMENT AND AUTHENTICA TION 4HE INTERCONNECTION NETWORK SUBSYS TEM ).3 IS THE -8 INTERNAL SWITCHES

$ (OME ,OCATION 2EGISTER!UTHENTICATION

#ENTER

4HE (,2!# STORES AND MANAGES THE

#-3 SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION INCLUDING THE SUBSCRIBER LOCATIONS AND SERVICE PRO`LES

4HE AUTHENTICATION DATA ARE ALSO STORED IN THIS SUBSYSTEM 4HIS IS A DATABASE TO REG ISTER #-3 SUBSCRIBER DATA 4HE (,2!#

COMMUNICATES DIRECTLY WITH THE -8 UTILIZ ING THE COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING ##3

% 3HORT -ESSAGE 3ERVICE -ESSAGE #ENTER 4HE 3-3 -# IS USED IN PROVIDING THE SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES 4HIS STORES AND REMITS SHORT MESSAGES UPON SUBSCRIBER RE QUEST 4HE 3-3 -# COMMUNICATES DI RECTLY WITH THE -8 UTILIZING ##3

3YSTEM #ON`GURATION

4HE #-3 CHANNEL CAPACITY IS DETER MINED BY THE SYSTEM CON`GURATION 4HE SYSTEM CON`GURATION IS CHANGEABLE BY SIM PLY ADDING OR REMOVING SUBSYSTEM CARDS

4HE aEXIBILITY OF THE "3 CON`GURATION IS SHOWN IN &IG

!CCORDING TO THE TESTS CONDUCTED ;= A RADIO LINK IN A SINGLE SECTOR CELL CAN PRO VIDE APPROXIMATELY CHANNELS 4HE LINK CAPACITY TURNS OUT TO DECREASE IN THE THREE SECTOR CELL SLIGHTLY 4HUS THE "43 WITH THREE SECTORS AND FOUR FREQUENCIES PROVIDES APPROXIMATELY CHANNELS %ACH "43 IS DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE UP TO EIGHT %

OR 4 TRUNKS CONNECTING TO THE "3#

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&IG "3 CON`GURATION "3# CONSISTS OF UP TO #).S ! "43 HAS MAXIMUM TRUNKS 

/NE "3# GROUP "3#' CAN ACCOMMO DATE THE MAXIMUM % OR 4 TRUNKS CON NECTING WITH THE SUBORDINATE "43S 4HIS MEANS "43S CAN BE CONNECTED TO A

"3#' IF ONE TRUNK PER "43 IS USED 4HE CALL BLOCKING PROBABILITY MUST BE CONSIDERED TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF "43S PER "3#' 4HE "3# IS DESIGNED TO INSTALL THE MAXIMUM "3#'S AND ACCOMMODATE UP TO "43S /NE 43" CAN HANDLE

VOICE CHANNELS /NE "3#' SUPPORTS MAX IMUM 43"S WHICH CORRESPOND TO

VOICE CHANNELS %ACH 43" IS CONNECTED TO THE -8 USING TWO % TRUNKS ! "3# AC COMMODATES UP TO VOICE CHANNELS

4HE -8 CONSISTS OF MAXIMUM AC CESS SWITCH SUBSYSTEMS !33S CORRESPOND ING TO % OR 4 TRUNK CHANNELS )T INTERCONNECTS TO THE "3# UTILIZING MAXI MUM !33 MOBILES !33 -S 4HE -8

PROVIDES THE MAXIMUM %RLANG AND

BUSY HOUR CALL ATTEMPTS "(#!

;= 4HE 6,2 STORES THE MAXIMUM

SUBSCRIBER DATA 4HE (,2!# HANDLES UP TO SIGNALING TRUNKS AND STORES THE MAX IMUM SUBSCRIBER DATA 4ABLE SUMMARIZES THE ABOVE `GURES

6) !2%!3 /& &5452%

2%3%!2#(

4HE CELL CAPACITY IS NOT `XED BUT VARY ING 4HE CELL CAPACITY FOR EXAMPLE IS AF FECTED BY THE TRAbC LOAD IN THE CHANNELS OF THE NEIGHBORING CELLS ;= 4HEREFORE IT IS AD VISABLE THAT THE RADIO CHANNELS BE ASSIGNED ADAPTIVELY TO THE VARYING TRAbC LOAD TO SE CURE THE OPTIMUM CELL CAPACITY 4RAbC LOAD

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(17)

4ABLE 4HE MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF #-3 COMPO NENTS

3UBSYSTEM #OMPONENT -AXIMUM

2EMARKS CAPACITY

"43 #H SECTORS

FREQ

#H "3#'S

"3# "3#' #H 43"S 43" #H

-8 #H !33S

!33 #H

(,2!#

3UBSCRIBERS

CAN BE REDISTRIBUTED AMONG THE NEIGHBOR ING CELLS BY REDE`NING THE CELL BOUNDARIES TO OPTIMIZE THE OVERALL CHANNEL CAPACITY 7E RECOMMEND A FURTHER RESEARCH ON THE ADAP TIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION DYNAMIC CELL BOUND ARY MANAGEMENT AND TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING

;= ;= !MONG OTHERS A FURTHER STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL IS ALSO RECOM MENDED 4HE E_ECTIVE TRANSMIT POWER CON TROL OF BOTH THE -3S AND "3S IS A KEY TO REDUCE THE CHANNEL INTERFERENCE AND THUS TO IMPROVE THE CELL CAPACITY

6)) #/.#,53)/.

4HE ARCHITECTURE OF THE #-3 DEVELOPED BY %42) HAS BEEN DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THE

#$-! MOBILE FUNCTIONS 4HESE FUNCTIONS ARE GROUPED INTO SERVICE MANAGEMENT SER VICE CONTROL AND SERVICE RESOURCE FUNCTIONS

4HE #-3 SERVICES ARE SUPPORTED BY THESE FUNCTIONS )MPLEMENTATION OF THESE FUNC TIONS ARE THE MAJOR CONCERN OF THE #-3 AR CHITECTURE

4HE #-3 CONSISTS OF SEVEN SUBSYSTEMS

-3 "43 "3# "3- -8 (,2!# AND 3-3 -# 4HESE SUBSYSTEMS ARE IMPLE MENTED BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SYSTEM REFERENCE MODEL OF THE CELLULAR SYS TEMS 4HE SIGNALING AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS CONFORM TO THE /3) STRUCTURE

%ACH SUBSYSTEM CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF MODULARIZED CARDS 4HE SYSTEM SIZE CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO MEET THE USER REQUIREMENT

4HE #-3 CAPACITY IS aEXIBLE AND EXPAND ABLE 4HE "43 AND "3# CAN PROVIDE MAXI MUM AND VOICE CHANNELS RESPEC TIVELY 4HE -8 CAN ACCOMMODATE UP TO

MOBILES AT THE SAME TIME 4HE #-3 CONTROL BLOCKS ARE BUILT WITH REDUNDANCY TO WARRANT SYSTEM RELIABILITY

2%&%2%.#%3

;= $0 7HIPPLE <.ORTH !MERICA CELLULAR

#$-! ( 0 *OUR VOL NO PP 

$EC

;= : # &LUHR AND 0 4 0ORTER <#ONTROL ARCHITEC TURE " 3 4 * VOL NO PP *AN

;= %43) 'LOBAL 3YSTEM FOR -OBILE #OMMUNICATION

'3- .OV 

;= 3 +IM 0 3ONG * +IM AND ( ,EE <)NVESTI GATION OF #$-! AIR INTERFACE AND PROTOCOLS IN THIS ISSUE PP

;= 4)!%)!)3 #ELLULAR )NTERSYSTEM /PERA TIONS 0. *ULY 

(18)

;= 9 . (AN + # (AN AND ( ' "AHK <!

#$-! BASED INFRASTRUCTURE ITS DEVELOPMENT ARCHITECTURE AND `ELD TRIAL 0ROC -$-# .I IGATA *APAN .OV PP

;= + 3 #HO # # 3ONE AND ( ,EE <4HE SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF 4$8 DIGITAL MOBILE EXCHANGE 0ROC +)## /CT PP 

;= + 3 'ILHOUSEN ) - *ACOBS 2 0ADOVANI !

* 6ITERBI , ! 7EAVER *R AND # % 7HEAT LEY ))) </N THE CAPACITY OF A CELLULAR #$-!

SYSTEM )%%% 4RANS ON 6EHICULAR 4ECH VOL

NO PP

;= 3 - 3HIN + * ,EE ( ,EE AND $ + 3UNG

<%_ECTS OF HANDO_ REGION ON #$-! REVERSE LINK 0ROC -$-# .IIGATA *APAN .OV 

PP

;= 8 ( #HEN AND #ALEB * ,EE +, <! NOVEL ADAPTIVE TRAbC LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME FOR #$-!

CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS 0ROC )##3 3INGA PORE /CT PP

3UNGMOON 3HIN GRADUATED FROM 3EOUL .ATIONAL 5NIVER SITY WITH "3 DEGREE IN ELEC TRONICS ENGINEERING IN

AND -3 AND 0H $ DEGREES FROM +OREA !DVANCED )NSTI TUTE OF 3CIENCE AND 4ECHNOL OGY +!)34 IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN AND

RESPECTIVELY 3INCE HE HAS BEEN WITH

%42) AND IS CURRENTLY WORKING AT 2ADIO 0ROTOCOL

3IGNALING 3ECTION (IS RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE LINK POWER ANALYSIS AND TRAbC MODELING WITH PER FORMANCE EVALUATION IN DIGITAL AND MOBILE COMMUNI CATIONS ESPECIALLY WITH SPREAD SPECTRUM AND #$-!

TECHNOLOGIES

(UN ,EE

3EE %42) *OURNAL VOL NO P !PR 

+I #HUL (AN WAS BORN IN /SAN +OREA IN (E RE CEIVED THE "3 AND -3 DE GREES IN MATERIALS ENGINEER ING FROM +OREA 5NIVERSITY IN

AND RESPECTIVELY AND 0H $ WITH SPECIALTY IN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORBING MATERIALS FROM THE SAME UNIVERSITY IN 3INCE HE JOINED %42) IN

HE HAS WORKED FOR 4$8 SWITCHING SYSTEM DE VELOPMENT AND #$-! MOBILE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

(E ALSO WORKED AS AN INVITED RESEARCHER AT !44

"ELL ,ABS FOR TWO YEARS STARTING #URRENTLY HE IS THE DIRECTOR OF -OBILE #OMMUNICATION 3YSTEM $E PARTMENT (E HAS RECEIVED THE ORDER OF 3TEEL 4OWER )NDUSTRIAL 3ERVICE -ERIT FROM THE KOREAN GOVERNMENT FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE #$-! SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

(IS CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS INCLUDE NEW GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS

4HE #$-! -OBILE 3YSTEM !RCHITECTURE