New Record of Two Soil Ciliates (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia) from Korea

Korean J. Environ. Biol. 33(4) : 383~389(2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2015.33.4.383

INTRODUCTION

The genus Eschaneustyla, which was established by Stokes (1886), has not been reported in Korea. The three species, Eschaneustyla brachytona, E. lugeri and E. terricola are assigned to the genus Eschaneustyla (Berger 2006). The Eschaneustyla is distinguished with the characteristics of many frontal cirri in multicorona, more than two frontoter­

minal cirri, midventral complex composed of short row, transverse cirri absent from congeners (Berger 2006).

The genus Oxytricha was established by Bory de Saint Vincent in Lamouroux et al. (1824). To date, approximately 60 species have been recorded in the genus Oxytricha, about 20 of which were found in soil (Foissner & Adam 1983;

Foissner 1996; Berger 1999; Paiva & Silva­Neto 2004;

Deshmukh et al. 2012; Weisse et al. 2013; Shao et al. 2014).

Nine species of Oxytricha have been previously reported in South Korea ­ Hemiurosomoida longa (Gelei & Szaba­

dos, 1950), O. balladyna Song & Wilbert, 1989, O. fallax Stein, 1859, O. granulifera Foissner & Adam, 1983, O.

longigranulosa Berger & Foissner, 1989, O. marina Kahl, 1932, O. proximata Shibuya, 1930, O. rubripuncta Berger and Foissner, 1987 and O. saltans (Cohn 1866) Rees, 1881 (Shin and Kim 1993; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology 1997; Kwon and Shin 2004, 2008, 2013; He and Choi 2015). Oxytricha species have the following common characteristics: frontoventral cirri in V­shaped pattern; two pretransverse ventral cirri and four to five transverse cirri;

one right and left marginal row, four to six dorsal kineties;

and caudal cirri present (Berger 1999).

In the current study, we identified two soil stichotrichs ­ Eschaneustyla lugeri Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002 and Oxytricha auripunctata Blatterer & Foissner, 1988. Our description is based on live observations and protargol­

impregnated specimens. This is the first record of these two species in Korea.

* Corresponding author: Gi­Sik Min, Tel. 032­860­7692, Fax. 032­874­6737, E­mail. [email protected]

ⓒ2015. Korean Society of Environmental Biology.

New Record of Two Soil Ciliates (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia) from Korea

Kang­San Kim and Gi­Sik Min*

Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea

Abstract - We identified two soil stichotrichs, Eschaneustyla lugeri Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002 and Oxytricha auripunctata Blatterer & Foissner, 1988, which were collected from Sarabong, Jeju and Ajoong-ri, Jeonju in Korea, respectively. Eschaneustyla lugeri had the following charac- teristics: size in vivo 170-230 μm×40-60 μm; body elongate elliptical and often very narrow in the posterior region, highly flexible; cortical granules present; 48-67 macronuclear nodules; 27-47 frontal cirri; 3-5 buccal cirri; frontoterminal row and rightmost midventral row; transverse cirri absent; 4 dorsal kineties; 4-9 caudal cirri. Oxytricha auripunctata had the following character- istics: size in vivo 75-95 μm×25-35 μm; body elliptical, both ends moderately narrowly rounded;

orange-yellow cortical granules and yellowish crystals; 3-4 transverse cirri; 5 dorsal kineties; 3 caudal cirri. These two ciliates are first reported in Korea. We describe these ciliates based on live observations and protargol-impregnated specimens.

Key words : Stichotrichia, Eschaneustyla lugeri, Oxytricha auripunctata, Korea

Sample collection, observation, and identification Specimens of Eschaneustyla lugeri and Oxytricha aurip- unctata were collected from soil of land areas in Jeonju and Jeju, respectively. After the dried soil was transferred onto Petri dishes, supply clean water and stand at room tempera­

ture the minimum 6 hours.

We observed live and protargol­impregnated specimens using a light microscope (DM2500; Leica, Wetzlar, Ger­

many) at magnifications of ×50 to ×1000. Protargol im­

pregnation was performed according to the method of Foiss­

ner (1991). Classification and terminology follow those of Berger (1999, 2006).

RESULTS AND REMARKS Family Epiclintidae Wicklow & Borror, 1990

(

)

Eschaneustyla lugeri Foissner,

Agatha & Berger, 2002

(

) (Figs. 1, 2, Table 1)

Material examined: Ajoong­ri, Jeonju (38°48ʹN 127°10ʹE) in December 2014.

Diagnosis: Body elongate elliptical and often a very narrow posterior end, very flexible; size in vivo 170­230 μm×40­

60 μm (Figs. 1a, b, 2a, b); contractile vacuole at slightly upper middle of the left margin, two collecting canals (Figs.

1a, 2c); two types of colorless cortical granules present, cir­

cle to ellipse shape of large granules (type I, 1­1.5 μm in dia­

meter) around cirri and dorsal bristles, small granules (type II, less than 0.5 μm) and crystals irregularly scattered (Figs.

1d, e, 2d­f); adoral zone of membranelles 27­35% of body length and 46­61 membranelles in protargol­impregnated specimens (Table 1, Figs. 1a, b, 2g, j); 48­67 macronuclear nodules, 3­8 micronuclei (Table 1, Figs. 1c, 2i); 27­47 fron­

tal cirri, 3­5 buccal cirri, 35­59 frontoterminal cirri and 24­

Fig. 1. Eschaneustyla lugeri from life(a, d, e) and after protargol impregnation(b, c).(a),(b) ­ ventral view of the specimen,(c) ­ dorsal view of the specimen,(d) ­ showing cirri with cortical granules on the ventral side,(e) ­ showing dorsal bristles with cortical granules on the dorsal side. AZM ­ adoral zone of membranelles; BC ­ buccal cirri; CV ­ contractile vacuole; DK ­ dorsal kineties; EM ­ endoral membrane; FC ­ frontal cirri; FT ­ frontoterminal row; LMR ­ left marginal row; Ma ­ macronuclear nodules; Mi ­ micronuclei; PM ­ paroral membrane; RMR ­ right marginal row; RMV ­ rightmost midventral row; CC ­ caudal cirri. Scale bar: 100μm.

(d)

(a) (b) (c) (e)

38 rightmost midventral cirri, transverse cirri absent, 1 right and 1 left marginal rows (Table 1, Figs. 1a, b, 2g); 4 dorsal kineties, 4­9 caudal cirri (Table 1, Figs. 1c, 2h, k, i).

Remarks: Before found in Korea, this rare species was only recorded from Taveuni Island, Fiji Island (Foissner 2002). In the Korean population, body size is smaller compared with that of the population of Fiji Island (Table 1). The major characteristics (body size, shape and pattern of ciliature) share with the Fiji population (Table 1). Eschaneustyla lugeri shows many frontal cirri forming multicorona which is the distinguishing feature of the family Epiclintidae. Eschaneu-

styla lugeri has only one midventral row, however, the other species of the genera, Eschaneustyla and Epiclintes have more than one midventral row (Berger 2006).

Habitat: Humus soil in the forest.

World distribution: Fiji Island and Korea.

Deposition: Two voucher slides with protargol­impregnated specimens are deposited in the National Institute of Biolog­

ical Resources in Korea (NIBR000106558­NIBR000106559).

Collector: Dong­Ha Ahn.

Identifiers: Kang­San Kim, Gi­Sik Min.

Fig. 2. Eschaneustyla lugeri from life(a­f) and after protargol impregnation(g­l). (a), (b) ­ ventral view of the specimen, (c) ­ dorsal view of the specimen, (d) ­ arrows mark cortical granules around dorsal bristles,(e) ­ arrowheads indicate dorsal bristles, arrows indicate cortical granules, (f) ­ type I cortical granules(arrows), type II cortical granules(arrowheads), cirri on the ventral side(double arrowheads), (g), (j), (k) ­ ventral views of the specimen, arrow indicates curved left marginal cirri, (h) ­ dorsal view of the specimen, (i) ­ distribution of macronuclear nodules, (l) ­ arrows indicate dorsal kineties. AZM ­ adoral zone of membranelles; BC ­ buccal cirri; DK ­ dorsal kineties;

E ­ endoral membrane; FC ­ frontal cirri; FT ­ frontoterminal row; LMR ­ left marginal row; Ma ­ macronuclear nodules; Mi ­ micro­

nuclei; P ­ paroral membrane; RMR ­ right marginal row; RMV ­ rightmost midventral row; CC ­ caudal cirri. Scale bars: 100μm.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(k)

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (l)

Characteristic Population Mean SD SE CV Min Max n

Body, length Es1 165.0 26.9 6.0 16.3 110.0 210.0 20

Es2 202.7 28.7 8.6 14.1 162.0 246.0 11

Body, width Es1 53.5 8.3 1.9 15.5 40.0 65.0 20

Es2 50.8 4.6 1.4 9.0 45.0 58.0 11

Adoral membranelles, number Es1 52.3 5.2 1.2 9.8 46 61 20

Es2 56.1 5.1 1.5 9.1 48 64 11

Macronuclear nodules, number Es1 56.2 6.7 1.5 11.9 48 67 20

Es2 60.3 9.0 2.7 14.9 49 76 11

Micronuclei, number Es1 4.6 1.5 0.3 33.4 3 8 20

Es2 8.7 3.2 1.0 36.6 5 14 11

Frontal cirri, number Es1 33.6 5.4 1.2 16.1 27 47 20

Es2 32.4 3.8 1.3 11.7 27 39 11

Buccal cirri, number Es1 3.7 0.7 0.1 17.8 3 5 20

Es2 4.0 - - - 3 5 11

Frontoterminal cirri, number Es1 42.6 6.3 1.4 14.7 35 59 20

Es2 38.7 2.3 0.7 5.9 35 42 9

Rightmost midventral cirri, number Es1 27.9 3.9 0.9 13.9 24 38 20

Es2 27.9 2.5 0.8 0.9 23 31 11

Right marginal cirri, number Es1 51.5 7.1 1.6 13.7 42 70 20

Es2 47.6 3.0 0.9 6.6 42 52 11

Left marginal cirri, number Es1 50.3 7.2 1.6 14.3 43 69 20

Es2 45.3 3.0 0.9 6.6 42 52 11

Caudal cirri, number Es1 6.4 1.6 0.4 25.0 4 9 20

Es2 9.9 1.4 0.5 13.8 8 11 9

Dorsal kineties, number Es1 4.0 0 0 0 4 4 20

Es2 4.0 0 0 0 4 4 11

a Data based on protargol­impregnated specimens. CV=coefficient of variation(%); Max=maximum; Mean=average; Min=minimum; n=number of indi­

vidual investigated; SE=standard error; SD=standard deviation. All measurements in μm.

Fig. 3. Oxytricha auripunctata from life(a, d, e) and after protargol impregnation(b, c). (a), (b) ­ ventral views of the specimen, (c) ­ dorsal view of the specimen, (d) ­ showing cirri with cortical granules on the ventral side, (e) ­ showing dorsal bristles with cortical granules on the dorsal side. AZM ­ adoral zone of membranelles; BC ­ buccal cirrus; CV ­ contractile vacuole; DK ­ dorsal kineties; EM ­ endoral membrane; FC ­ frontal cirri; FVC ­ frontoventral cirri; LMR ­ left marginal row; Ma ­ macronuclear nodules; Mi ­ micronuclei; PM ­ paroral membrane; PTVC ­ pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC ­ postoral ventral cirri; RMR ­ right marginal row; TC ­ transverse cirri; CC ­ caudal cirri. Scale bar: 50μm.

(d)

(a) (b) (c) (e)

Family Oxytrichidae Ehrenberg, 1830

Genus Oxytricha Bory de St. Vincent in Lamouroux, Bory de St. Vincent & Ddslongchamps, 1824

Foissner, 1988

(

) (Figs. 3, 4, Table 2)

Material examined: Sarabong, Jeju (33°31ʹN 126°32ʹE) collected by Dong­Ha Ahn in October 2014.

Diagnosis: Body elliptical and both ends narrowly rounded, slightly flexible; size in vivo 75­95 μm×25­35 μm (Table 2, Figs. 3a, 4a); contractile vacuoles at left mid­body, two col­

lecting canals (Figs. 3a, 4b, c); 0.5­1 μm in diameter orange­

yellowish cortical granules around cirri and dorsal bristles and irregularly scattered, 2­4 μm long yellowish crystals irregularly distributed (Figs. 3d, e, 4d­g); 11­16 μm×5­9 μm sized, 2 macronuclear nodules, 2 or 3 micronuclei in protar­

gol­impregnated specimens (Figs. 3a, c, 4j); adoral zone of membranelles 28­34% of body length in protargol­impreg­

nated specimens, 24­28 membranelles (Table 2, Figs. 3b, 4h);

all cirri 10­12 μm long in vivo (transverse cirri, 15­17 μm long in vivo); 3 frontal cirri, 1 buccal cirrus, 4 frontoventral cirri, 3 postoral ventral cirri, 2 pretransverse ventral cirri, 3­4 transverse cirri, 1 right and 1 left marginal row (Table 2, Figs. 3a, b, 4h); 2 μm long in vivo dorsal cilia, 5 dorsal kineties with several basal bodies, 3 caudal cirri (Table 2,

Fig. 4. Oxytricha auripunctata from life(a­g) and after protargol impregnation(h­j). (a), (h) ­ ventral views of the specimen, (b) ­ dorsal view of the specimen, caudal cirri(arrows), (c) ­ arrows mark two collecting canals, (d) ­ distribution of cortical granules on the dorsal side, (e) ­ dorsal bristle(arrow), cortical granules(arrowhead), (f) ­ cirri(arrow), cortical granules(arrowhead), (g) ­ showing crystals(arrows), (i) ­ dorsal view of the specimen, arrows indicate basal bodies, (j) ­ macronuclear nodules and micronuclei. AZM ­ adoral zone of mem­

branelles; BC ­ buccal cirrus; CV ­ contractile vacuole; DK ­ dorsal kineties; EM ­ endoral membrane; FC ­ frontal cirri; FVC ­ fronto­

ventral cirri; LMR ­ left marginal row; Ma ­ macronuclear nodules; Mi ­ micronuclei; PM ­ paroral membrane; PTVC ­ pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC ­ postoral ventral cirri; RMR ­ right marginal row; TC ­ transverse cirri; CC ­ caudal cirri. Scale bar: 50μm.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)

(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

Figs. 3c, 4i).

Remarks: In the Korean population, body size is smaller than compared with the Australian population (Table 2).

Oxytricha auripunctata has orange­yellowish cortical gran­

ules which differ from those of other Oxytricha species.

Oxytricha auripunctata differs from O. rubripuncta in the following characteristics: body size in vivo (120­160 μm×

40­60 μm vs. 75­95 μm×25­35 μm); color of cortical gran­

ules (reddish vs. orange­yellowish) (Berger 1999).

Habitat: Humus soil under mosses.

World distribution: Australia, Costa Rica and Korea.

Deposition: Two voucher slides with protargol­impregnated specimens are deposited in the National Institute of Biolog­

ical Resources in Korea (NIBR000106566­NIBR000106567).

Collector: Dong­Ha Ahn.

Identifiers: Kang­San Kim, Gi­Sik Min.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Dong­Ha Ahn for providing soil sample. This work was supported by a grant from the Nation­

al Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the

Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR No. 2014­02­001; NIBR201501201).

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Received: 1 September 2015 Revised: 9 October 2015 Revision accepted: 12 October 2015