[are / is]

다음 어법상 혹은 문맥상 적절한 단어를 고르시오.

20. 남과 비교하지 말고 자신의 성장에 주목하라

When I started my career, I looked forward to the annual report from the organization [shown / showing]¹⁾ statistics for each of its leaders. As soon as I received [them / it]²⁾ in the mail, I'd look for my standing and compare my progress with the progress of all the other leaders. After about five years of doing that, I realized how [harmfully / harmful]³⁾ it was. Comparing yourself to others [is / are]⁴⁾ really just a needless [attration / distraction.]⁵⁾ The only one you should compare yourself to is [ohters / you.]⁶⁾ Your mission is to become better today than you were yesterday. You do that by focusing on [what / that]⁷⁾ you can do today to improve and grow. Do that enough, and if you look back and compare the you of weeks, months, or years ago to the you of today, you should be greatly [discouraged / encouraged]⁸⁾ by your progress.

21. 인생에서 버퍼(완충 지대)를 만듦으로써 일상의 마찰을 줄일 수 있다.

On one occasion I was trying to explain the concept of buffers to my children.

We were in the car together at the time and I tried [explaining / to explain]⁹⁾ the idea [used / using]¹⁰⁾ a game. Imagine, I said, that we had to get to our destination three miles away without stopping. We couldn't predict what was going to happen in front of us and around us. We didn't know how long the light would stay on green or if the car in front would suddenly put on its brakes. The only way to keep [to / from]¹¹⁾ crashing [being / was]¹²⁾ to put extra space between our car and the car in front of us. This space acts as a buffer. It gives us time to respond and [adopt / adapt]¹³⁾ to any sudden moves by other cars. Similarly, we can reduce the [friction / fraction]¹⁴⁾ of doing the essential in our work and lives simply by [erasing / creating]¹⁵⁾ a buffer. *friction: 마찰

22. 미디어 산업은 공익을 증진할 책임이 있다.

Many of the leaders I know in the media industry [are / is]¹⁶⁾ intelligent, capable, and honest. But they are leaders of companies that [appear / are appeared]¹⁷⁾ to have only one purpose: the single­minded pursuit of short­term profit and

"shareholder value." I believe, therefore / however, that the media industry, by its very nature and role in our society and global culture, must act differently than [other / the other]¹⁸⁾ industries especially because they have the free use of our public airwaves and our digital spectrum, and [had / have]¹⁹⁾ almost unlimited access to our children's hearts and minds. These are priceless assets, and the right to use them should necessarily carry [serious / seriously]²⁰⁾ and long­lasting responsibilities to promote the public good. *shareholder: 주주(株主)

23. 레크리에이션 참여를 위한 다양한 동기

In addition to the varied forms [what / that]²¹⁾ recreation may take, it also meets a wide range of individual needs and interests. Many participants take part in recreation as a form of relaxation and release from work pressures or other tensions. Often they may be passive spectators of entertainment [provide / provided]²²⁾ by television, movies, or other forms of electronic amusement.

[Moreover / However,]²³⁾ [other / another]²⁴⁾ significant play motivations are based on the need to express creativity, [discovered / discover]²⁵⁾ hidden talents, or pursue excellence in varied forms of personal expression. For some participants, active, competitive recreation may offer a channel for releasing hostility and aggression or [to / for]²⁶⁾ struggling against [the other / others]²⁷⁾ or the environment in adventurous, high­risk activities. Others enjoy recreation [what / that]²⁸⁾ is highly social and [provides / provide]²⁹⁾ the opportunity for making new friends or cooperating with others in group settings.

24. 설탕의 양을 제대로 전달하지 못하는 식품 라벨

If a food contains more sugar than any other ingredient, government regulations require that sugar [is listed / be listed]³⁰⁾ first on the label. But if a food contains several different kinds of sweeteners, they can be listed separately, [that / which]³¹⁾ [push / pushes]³²⁾ each one farther down the list. This requirement has led the food industry [putting / to put]³³⁾ in three different sources of sugar so that they don't have to say the food has that much sugar. So sugar doesn't appear first.

Whatever the true motive, ingredient labeling still does not fully convey the amount of sugar [adding / being added]³⁴⁾ to food, certainly not in a language that's easy for consumers to understand. A world­famous cereal brand's label, [however / for example]^35), indicates that the cereal has 11 grams of sugar per serving. But nowhere [it tells / does it tell]³⁶⁾ consumers that more than one­third of the box contains added sugar.

29. 소재 : 물리적 도로와 유사한 항로 방식으로 운항하는 민간 항공기

Commercial airplanes generally travel airways [similarly / similar]³⁷⁾ to roads, although they are not physical structures. Airways have fixed widths and defined altitudes, [it / which]³⁸⁾ separate traffic moving in opposite directions. Vertical separation of aircraft allows some flights [passing / to pass]³⁹⁾ over [airports during while]⁴⁰⁾ other processes occur below. Air travel usually covers long distances, with short periods of intense pilot activity at takeoff and landing and long periods of lower pilot activity [while / during]⁴¹⁾ in the air, the portion of the flight [to know / known]⁴²⁾ as the "long haul." During the long­haul portion of a flight, pilots spend more time to [assess / assessing]⁴³⁾ aircraft status than [searched / searching]⁴⁴⁾ out nearby planes. This is [why / because]⁴⁵⁾ [collisions / colaborations]⁴⁶⁾ between aircraft usually [is occurred / occur]⁴⁷⁾ in the surrounding area of airports, while crashes due to aircraft malfunction tend to occur during long­haul flight. *altitude: 고도 ** long-haul: 장거리비행

31.인생은 위험한 상황이기 때문에 가치가 있는 것이다.

When he was dying, the contemporary Buddhist teacher Dainin Katagiri wrote a remarkable book [calling / called]⁴⁸⁾ Returning to Silence. Life, he wrote, "is a [blessing / dangerous]⁴⁹⁾ situation." [It / That]⁵⁰⁾ is the weakness of life [which / that]⁵¹⁾ makes it [precious / preciously]⁵²⁾ ; his words are filled with the very fact of his own life [passed / passing]⁵³⁾ away. "The china bowl is beautiful because sooner or later it will break.... The life of the bowl is always [existing / existed]⁵⁴⁾ in a dangerous situation." Such is our struggle: this [stable / unstable]⁵⁵⁾ beauty.

This inevitable wound. We forget how [easy / easily]⁵⁶⁾ we forget that love and loss are intimate [compounds / companions,]⁵⁷⁾ that we love the real flower so much more than the plastic one and love the cast of twilight across a mountainside lasting only a moment. It is this very [entireness / fragility]⁵⁸⁾ that opens our hearts.

33. 일상의 언어로 글을 쓰는 것은 자신의 생각을 발견하는 것을 도와 준다

[Translating / Translation]⁵⁹⁾ academic language into everyday language can be an [useless / essential]⁶⁰⁾ tool for you as a writer to clarify your ideas to [you / yourself.]⁶¹⁾ For, as writing theorists often note, writing is generally not a process [which / in which]⁶²⁾ we start with a fully [formed / form]⁶³⁾ idea in our heads [what / that]⁶⁴⁾ we then simply transcribe in an unchanged state onto the page.

[Likewise / On the contrary]⁶⁵⁾, writing is more often a means of discovery [in hat / in which]⁶⁶⁾ we use the writing process to figure out what our idea is. This is [why / because]⁶⁷⁾ writers are often [surprisig / surprised]⁶⁸⁾ to find that what they end up with on the page [been / is]⁶⁹⁾ quite different from [which / what]⁷⁰⁾ they thought it would be when they started. What we are trying to say here is [what / that]⁷¹⁾ everyday language is often [worthless / crucial]⁷²⁾ for this discovery process.

Translating your ideas into more [specific / common,]⁷³⁾ simpler terms can help you figure out what / that your ideas really are, as opposed to what you initially imagined they [did / were.]⁷⁴⁾ *transcribe: 옮겨 쓰다

34. 음식이 특정 유전자 발현에 영향을 미칠 수 있다

The growing field of genetics is showing us [tha / what]⁷⁵⁾ many scientists have suspected for years - foods can immediately influence the genetic blueprint. This information helps us better [understood / understand]⁷⁶⁾ that genes are under our control and not something [what / that]⁷⁷⁾ we must obey. Consider identical twins;

both individuals are [given / giving]⁷⁸⁾ the same genes. In mid­life, one twin develops cancer, and [another / the other]⁷⁹⁾ lives a long healthy life without cancer. A specific gene [instructing / instructed]⁸⁰⁾ one twin to develop cancer, but in the other the same gene did not initiate the disease. One possibility is that the healthy twin [has / had]⁸¹⁾ a diet that turned off the cancer gene. the same gene that instructed the other person to get sick. For many years, scientists have recognized [the other / other]⁸²⁾ environmental factors, such as chemical toxins (tobacco for example), [contributing / can contribute]⁸³⁾ to cancer through their actions on genes. The notion that food has a specific influence on gene expression [being / is]⁸⁴⁾ relatively new.

35. 연극계에 퍼져 있는 미신들

There are many superstitions [surrounded / surrounding]⁸⁵⁾ the world of the theater. Superstitions can be anything from [not / no]⁸⁶⁾ wanting to say the last line of a play before the first audience comes, to not wanting to rehearse the curtain call before the final rehearsal. Shakespeare's famous tragedy Macbeth is said to [curse / be cursed,]⁸⁷⁾ and [to avoid / avoiding]⁸⁸⁾ problems actors never say the title of the play out loud when inside a theater or a theatrical space (like a rehearsal room or costume shop). The interaction between the audience and the actors in the play [influences / influence]⁸⁹⁾ the actors' performance. Since the play is set in Scotland, the secret code you say when you need to say the title of the play is "the Scottish play." If you do say the title by accident, legend has it that you have to go outside, turn around three times, and come back into the theater.

36. 습관은 숙달의 토대를 이루어 발전의 중요한 역할을 하지만 숙달에 대한 대가도 있 다.

Habits create the foundation for mastery. In chess, it is only after the basic movements of the pieces have become automatic [which / that]⁹⁰⁾ a player can focus on the next level of the game. Each chunk of information that [are / is]⁹¹⁾ memorized [opens / open]⁹²⁾ up the mental space for more effortful thinking. This is true for anything you attempt. When you know the simple movements so well [what / that]⁹³⁾ you can perform them without thinking, you are free to pay attention to more [advanced / advance]⁹⁴⁾ details. In this way, habits are the backbone of any pursuit of excellence. However, the benefits of habits come at a cost. At first, each repetition develops fluency, speed, and skill. But then, as a habit becomes automatic, you become [less / more]⁹⁵⁾ sensitive to feedback. You fall into [mindful / mindless]⁹⁶⁾ repetition. It becomes easier to let mistakes slide.

When you can do it "good enough" automatically, you stop [to think / thinking]⁹⁷⁾ about how to do it better.

37. 농경이후 인류는 양적 질적 팽창을 이루었다.

Regardless of whether the people [existing / exisited]⁹⁸⁾ after agriculture [was / were]⁹⁹⁾ happier, healthier, or neither, it is undeniable that there were more of them. Agriculture both supports and requires more people [growing / to grow]¹⁰⁰⁾ the crops that sustain them. Estimates vary, of course, but evidence points to an increase in the human population from 1-5 million people worldwide to a few hundred million once agriculture [has / had]¹⁰¹⁾ become established. And a larger population doesn't just mean [increase / increasing]¹⁰²⁾ the size of everything, like buying a bigger box of cereal for a larger family. It brings qualitative changes in the way people live. [As a result / For example]¹⁰³⁾, more people means more kinds of diseases, particularly when those people are sedentary. Those groups of people can also store food for long periods, [that / which]¹⁰⁴⁾ [create / creates]¹⁰⁵⁾ a society with haves and have­nots. *sedentary: 한 곳에 정착해 있는

38. 체스를 통해서 본 인간 고유의 창의력과 기계의 능력 사이의 경계의 변화

The boundary between uniquely human creativity and machine capabilities [continue / continues]¹⁰⁶⁾ to change. [Returning / Returned]¹⁰⁷⁾ to the game of chess, back in 1956, thirteen­year­old child prodigy Bobby Fischer made a pair of remarkably creative moves against grand master Donald Byrne. First he [was sacrifice / sacrificed]¹⁰⁸⁾ his knight, seemingly for no gain, and then [exposing / exposed]¹⁰⁹⁾ his queen to capture. On the surface, these moves seemed [insane / insanely],¹¹⁰⁾ but several moves later, Fischer used these moves to win the game.

His creativity was praised at the time as the mark of genius. Yet today if you program that same position into an ordinary chess program, it will immediately suggest the exact moves that Fischer made. It's not because the computer has memorized the Fischer­Byrne game, but rather because it searches far enough ahead to see [what / that]¹¹¹⁾ these moves really do pay off.

*prodigy: 신동, 영재

39. 심장 이식 수술의 개발과 영향

Of all the medical achievements of the 1960s, the most widely known [were / wa s]¹¹²⁾ the first heart transplant, [performing / performed]¹¹³⁾ by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard in 1967. The patient's death 18 days later did not [strengthen / weaken]¹¹⁴⁾ the spirits of those who welcomed a new era of medicine.

The ability to perform heart transplants [was / were]¹¹⁵⁾ linked to the development of respirators, [it / which]¹¹⁶⁾ [has / had]¹¹⁷⁾ been introduced to hospitals in the 1950s. Respirators could save many lives, but not all those [who / whose]¹¹⁸⁾ hearts kept [beating / to beat]¹¹⁹⁾ ever recovered any other significant functions. In some cases, their brains had ceased to function altogether. The realization that such patients could be a source of organs for transplantation [leading / led]¹²⁰⁾ to the setting up of the Harvard Brain Death Committee, and [to / for]¹²¹⁾ its recommendation [which / that]¹²²⁾ the absence of all "discernible central nervous system activity" should be "a new criterion for death". The recommendation has since been adopted, with some modifications, almost everywhere.

*respirator: 인공호흡기 **discernible: 식별 가능한 ***criterion: 기준

40. 다양한 경제활동 없이 풍부한 천연자원에 의존하는 것은 경제 성장에 장애가 될 수 있다.

Some natural resource­rich developing countries tend to create an excessive dependence on their natural resources, [it / which]¹²³⁾ [generate / generates]¹²⁴⁾ a lower productive diversification and a lower rate of growth. Resource abundance in itself need not do any harm: many countries have abundant natural resources and have managed to outgrow their dependence on them by [unifying / diversifying]¹²⁵⁾ their economic activity. That is the case of Canada, Australia, or the US, to name the most important ones. But some developing countries are trapped in their dependence on their large natural resources. They suffer from a series of problems since a heavy dependence on natural capital [tended / tends]¹²⁶⁾ to [exclude / include]¹²⁷⁾ other types of capital and thereby interfere with economic growth.

41~42. 동물의 공격과 도주의 결정 요인인 거리

Animal studies have dealt with the distances [what / that]¹²⁸⁾ creatures may keep between themselves and members of other species. These distances determine the functioning of the so­called 'flight or fight' mechanism. As an animal senses [what / that]¹²⁹⁾ it considers to be a predator approaching within its 'flight' distance, it will quite simply run away. The distance [which / at which]¹³⁰⁾ this happens [is / are]¹³¹⁾ amazingly consistent, and Hediger, a Swiss biologist, claimed to [measure / have measured]¹³²⁾ it remarkably precisely for some of the species that he studied.

Naturally, it varies from species to species, and usually the larger the animal the longer its flight distance. I have had to use a long focus lens to take photographs of giraffes, [what / which]¹³³⁾ have very large flight distances. By contrast, I have several times nearly stepped on a squirrel in my garden before it drew attention to [them / itself]¹³⁴⁾ by suddenly escaping! We can only assume that this variation in distance matches the animal's own assessment of its ability to accelerate and run.

The 'fight' distance is always [longer / smaller]¹³⁵⁾ than the flight distance. If a [perceiving / perceived]¹³⁶⁾ predator approaches within the flight distance but the animal is trapped by obstacles or other predators and cannot flee, it must stand its ground. Eventually, however, attack becomes the best form of defence, and so the trapped animal will turn and fight.

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