Analysis of Fracture System Using Simulation and Field Data of Multi-stage Fracturing in Maxhamish Gas Field, Canada

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(1)෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺. Vol. 49, No. 5 O2012PG pp. 670-676 ٍĵȦЛ. ಑‫ࢠॷ࠼ۗي‬ਏԧਆୢଭۗۚծ৤੺൞৐ਏ࢘ߑଲ঵ࢫ ਓਏէրୀ߹઩‫෉ࢱ׆‬൞৐ֹવਏਆഗंজ઴֜ . ࢂঃ෹. . Âন଀ࡦ . Analysis of Fracture System Using Simulation and Field Data of Multi-stage Fracturing in Maxhamish Gas Field, Canada Sangho Moon and Wonmo Sung Abstract : This study presents the fracture system analysis based on the fracture design determined by the multi-stage fracturing simulation and field data. The fracturing process was performed with the fracture interval of 90 m (9 stages) and the proppant amount for each stage of 10 tons, which were determined by the simulation. As a result, the processes for 1 8 stages were well fractured as designed, while the generated fracture in the th 9 stage was not successfully propagated through the silt (upper layer) and shale (lower layer) formations. Analyzing the results comprehensively, the fracture geometry of the generated fractures have a strike of N84°E and the length, height and width of one wing are 304 m, 4 m and 12 mm, respectively.. Key words : Multi-stage fracturing, Horizontal well, Fracturing simulation, Fracture geometry, Unconventional gas ‫ٍ҆ أ څ‬ĵəࠪǣɰϕԐй֨À֟‫ࡀࠚۆۻ‬Ԑؒ۹Ϊࠗ‫ں‬ʂԜ‫Ϳڷ‬ɰɳćսؓࣷթ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ق‬ ‫ॢۆ‬Ժć‫ٮ‬ইۤ֬֨ۚ‫غ‬ĀęۙΒ‫ق‬şъॠ‫ي‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ࣷق‬թʽŒَ‫ںࢰ֟֨ۆ‬қԵॠČۙॠٕɰ. սؓࣷ թ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ࣀں‬३ԓ߻ʽࣷթÂü90m(9 ɳć)‫ٮ‬ɳćѻ॒Ϳࣺ࣡‫ڹت‬10 ࢻ‫Ϳڷ‬ॠ‫ࣷي‬թۚ‫֨֬ںغ‬ॠ ٕɰ. ֬֨Āę, 18 ɳćəٚԜʂͿࣷթʼ‫ڷؽ‬ǣ, 9 ɳćࣷթə۹ΪࠗԜ·ॠҙ‫ٮ࣡֬ۆ‬Օ‫قࠗێ‬Œَ‫ۋ‬ ԦՁʼ‫ڹ؍ݓ‬ì‫Ϳڷ‬қԵʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬ε‫ܛ‬०‫Ϳڷۺ‬қԵ३҃ϸ, ֨߸ėb-a15-J‫ق‬ьԦʽࣷթŒَ‫ۋॳܳڹ‬ N84°E(84°), ‫ڮ‬মŒَ‫ॢۆ‬ѓॳţ‫ۋ‬ə304 m, ȭ‫ۋ‬4 m, फ12 mm‫ۆ‬şॠॡ‫ۺ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬঍ࢗͿԓ߻ʼ‫ںڼؽ‬ ؎ս‫ؽە‬ɰ. ܳ‫ رڅ‬ɰɳćսؓࣷթ, սथ‫܁‬, սؓࣷթ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ, Œَşॠĵ‫ܓ‬, Ҽ‫ࣀۻ‬À֟. Դ΁ ɰɳćսؓࣷթėѪ‫ڹ‬ॠǣ‫߸֨ۆ‬ė‫ق‬Դ‫͠ي‬ѥ‫ۆ‬ սؓࣷթε֬֨, ֨߸ėę۹Ϊࠗ‫ߤۿۆ‬ϸ‫ݒںۺ‬À ֨ࡈ࢏জսՙԦԓ͟‫ݒں‬À֨ࢅəėѪ‫࣢Ϳڷ‬০, ս ‫ق܁ݔ‬Ҽ३սथ‫ڌۺق܁‬ॠٕ‫߸֨˺ں‬ėę۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ ‫ߤۿ‬ϸ‫ںۺ‬মę‫ݒͿڷۺ‬À֨࢈ս‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ॢ͠ۋ‬ɰɳ 2012ț6‫ښ‬27‫ۿێ‬ս, 2012ț10‫ښ‬17‫֮ێ‬ԐٰΒ 2012ț10‫ښ‬18‫ێ‬ó‫ۦ‬ঝ‫܁‬ 1) ॢ‫ت‬ʂॡİۙ‫ڙ‬ঞąėॡę 2) STX Energy Canada *Corresponding Author(Ձ‫ڙ‬Ͽ) E-mail; [email protected] Address; Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. 670. ćսؓࣷթėѪ‫࢏ڹ‬জսՙ‫ۆ‬ҙ‫قܕ‬ʪҝĵॠČ࣊ę ʪÀȃИǰ؉١‫ۋێ‬ǣÀ֟‫ڮۍۺٍۙۆ‬ʴ‫ۋ‬ҝÀ ɠॢҼ‫ࣀۻ‬À֟۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬ԴԦԓ‫܁‬ę۹Ϊࠗ‫ߤۿۆ‬ ϸ‫ݒںۺ‬À֨ࡈԦԓ͟‫ॳں‬Ԝ֨ࢅş‫ڦ‬३ȇν‫ڌۺ‬ʼ Č ‫ە‬ɰ(Darrel and Daniel, 2010; Daniel and Rocky, 2011). ̚ॢ, ‫ۋ‬ėѪ‫߯ڹ‬Ŗ˞‫࣊ر‬ęʪÀǰ‫ࣀۻڹ‬ À֟۹Ϊࠗ, ࢏ԓّؒ۹Ϊࠗ, ŔνČ1޲ধսÀٰΒ ʽ١‫ێ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ধս‫ڦںݕݒ‬३‫ڌۺ‬ʼəˣŔট‫ڌ‬ ѩ‫ڦ‬À ‫ ۾۾‬ȉ‫ݓر‬Č ‫ە‬ɰ(Samuelson et al., 2008; Sameer et al., 2009). ٍ҆ĵ‫ق‬ԴəࠪǣɰϕԐй֨ġĵ‫ࡀࠚۆ‬À֟۹Ϊ ࠗ‫ں‬ʂԜ‫ݗݓͿڷ‬ॡ‫ۺ‬фؒъًॡ‫ۺ‬қԵ‫ق‬şъॠ‫ي‬ GOHFER սؓࣷթ֨бͪ‫ࢢۋ‬εট‫ڌ‬ॠٕČ, ŔĀę‫ق‬ ˰͆߯‫ۆۺ‬ɰɳćսؓࣷթۚ‫ںغ‬ԺćॠČইۤ‫ۺق‬.

(2) ࠪǣɰ ϕԐй֨ À֟‫ ۆۻ‬ɰɳć սؓࣷթ ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ ф ֬֨ ĀęۙΒ‫ ق‬şъॢ ࣷթŒَ ֨֟ࢰ қԵ ٍĵ 671. ‫ڌ‬ॠٕɰ. ‫ۋ‬ĀęۙΒεц࢖‫ࡀࠚͿڷ‬À֟۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դ ьԦʽ ࣷթŒَ‫ ںࢰ֟֨ ۆ‬қԵॠČۙ ॠٕɰ.. ‫ݗݓ‬ॡ‫ۺ‬Č޶ ϕԐй֨ġĵəࠪǣɰҵν࣯֨࠺ͤҼ؉ܳҚԴҙ ‫ॢ࠘ڦق‬Liard қ‫ॢ࠘ڦقݓ‬ɰ. ʴġĵəߣşі؊ ş‫ق‬঍Ձʽࠚࡀࠗ(Chinkeh Formation)‫Ϳڷ‬ҙࢢÀ֟ εܳͿԦԓॠČ‫ە‬ə࠘нԐؒÀ֟‫ۋۻ‬ɰ. Liard қ ‫ݓ‬əFig. 1‫(ۆ‬a)‫ٮ‬Ï‫҃ۋ‬Ҽɳࠗć(Bovie fault)‫ۆق‬ ३߯ŖՕ‫ێ‬À֟Òь‫ۍ޻ॢۋ‬ঔνѣ(Horn river) қ 2 ‫ٮݓ‬ĵқʼ϶, ϸ‫أڹۺ‬9,500 km ‫ۋق‬δɰ. ҃Ҽɳ ࠗ‫ڹ‬Ե࢏şҙࢢगζş‫ͳڿ߹ؓۆ‬ॠ‫ق‬ԴԦՁʽқ‫ݓ‬. ąćɳࠗ‫Ϳڷ‬Қ-ҚҚԴܳॳ‫Ϳڷ‬200 km‫ق‬èߝқप ॠČ‫ە‬ɰ. ̚ॢ, ҃Ҽɳࠗ‫ڹ‬і؊şϊşҚйʂΫ‫ق‬ ġً‫͆͆ॢڌۚͿڷۺ‬υ‫ܓ˚ۋ‬ԓ‫ڏ‬ʴ(Laramide orogeny) ‫ۆ ق‬३ş‫ܕ‬ɳࠗ˞‫ۦۆ‬ট(reactivation) фԞͿ‫ڏ‬ɳ ‫ۼ‬ɳࠗ(decolloment)‫ۆ‬ԦՁ‫ۍͿڷ‬३‫ۻ‬঍‫غࣾۍۺ‬ĵ ‫ܓ‬ε ঍ՁॠČ ‫ە‬ɰ(Maclean and Morrow, 2004). ࠚࡀࠗ‫ڹ‬Table 1ęÏ‫ۋ‬і؊şॠՁ̚ə३Ձࣅ‫ۺ‬ ঞą‫ق‬Դࣅ‫ۺ‬ʽԐؒф֬࣡ͿĵՁʽɰ. ࠗԴ‫Ϳڷۺ‬ əॠҙ‫ق‬Ԙߍşࢹ˚(Toad) Օ‫ࠗێ‬ęҙ‫܁‬०‫ۿͿڷ‬ॠ ϶, ʴ‫ࠗێ‬ķ‫ۍ‬प࣡Ճ‫(ܕ࣡ۍ‬Fort St. John) ࠗķ‫ۆ‬ äѣ࣡(Garbutt) Օ‫ ࠗࡀࠚ ۋࠗێ‬Ԝҙ‫ ق‬қपॢɰ. ࣅ ‫ۺ‬қ‫ݓ‬঍Ձęěʹʽĵ‫ڏܓ‬ʴ‫ڹ‬қ‫ݓ‬ąćɳࠗ‫҃ۍ‬Ҽ ɳࠗ‫ܼݚق‬ʼ‫ر‬ν‫(˚ر‬Liard) қ‫ݓ‬ǴҙͿəԜʂ‫ڷۺ‬ Ϳ؋‫܁‬ʽĵ‫ܓ‬ε҃‫ۍ‬ɰ. ˰͆Դқ‫ݓ‬Ǵҙ‫ۺࣅۆ‬ʽࠗ. (b). (a). Fig. 1. Location and schematic cross section of Liard basin (Maclean and Morrow, 2004) (a) Maxhamish field location, (b) Schematic cross section of Liard basin. Table 1. Formation of Liard basin, from Cretaceous to Triassic (Taylor and Stott, 1968; Stott, 1982) System. Formation/Thickness (m) Wapiti (60). Upper Cretaceous. Lower Cretaceous. Triassic. Lithology conglomerate, sandstone, carbonaceous shale and coal. Kotaneelee (180). dark shale. Dunvegan (200). massive conglomerate, sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Fort St. John Group. primarily dark grey shale; in western part of liard basin, can be differentiated upper Fort. St. John Group (800) into (in ascending order) Lepine shale, sikanni sandstone and sully shale Scatter (60300). very fine to glauconitic sandstone and shale. Garbutt (3270). black sideritic sandstone and shale. Chinkeh (040). glauconitic siltstone overlying sandstone, glauconitic in part. Toad (0350). grey to light grey calcareous siltstone and sandstone and light to dark grey shales. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬5঒.

(3) 672. ЛԜ঒ · Ձ‫ڙ‬Ͽ. ˞‫ڹ‬Ҽİ‫ۺ‬Œ‫ࠗॢێ‬঳ε҃‫϶ۋ‬ġً‫ۺࣅͿڷۺ‬ʽ ࣢‫ۍ҃ ںݜ‬ɰ. ϕԐй֨À֟‫ۆۻ‬۹Ϊࠗ ĵÂ‫ࡀࠚۍ‬Ԑؒࠗ ̚ॢ थŒ46 m‫ࠗۆ‬঳Ϳ֮ʪ1,600 m Ǵ‫ٰقٽ‬χॢԴ ҚԴąԐͿ‫࠘ڦ‬ॠČ‫ە‬ɰ. ϕԐй֨ġĵəࠪǣɰ‫ق‬ Դ‫ێڮ‬ॠóі؊şࠚࡀࠗ‫ق‬Դ࢏জսՙεԦԓॠČ‫ە‬ əÀ֟ԦԓġĵͿࠚࡀ۹Ϊࠗ‫࣊ ۆ‬ęʪə130 md, ėŕέ‫ ڹ‬1520% Ǵ‫ۋٽ‬ɰ(ЛԜ঒‫ ٮ‬Ձ‫ڙ‬Ͽ, 2012).. ؒъًॡ‫ۺ‬Č޶ սؓࣷթėѪսॱ֨ьԦॠəŒَ‫ ڹ‬Fig. 2(a)‫ٮ‬ Ï‫߯ ۋ‬ՙ ܳ‫ ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ ق‬ս‫ݔ‬ॠó ьԦॢɰ(Hubbert and Willis, 1957). ‫ێ‬ъ‫ۍۺ‬۹Ϊࠗঞą‫ق‬Դəٍ‫ڿݔ‬ ͳ(Sv)‫߯ۋ‬ʂܳ‫ۋͳڿ‬ʼČ߯ՙսथ‫(ͳڿ‬SH.min)‫߯ۋ‬ ՙܳ‫ۋͳڿ‬ʼдͿ߯ʂսथ‫(ͳڿ‬SH.max) ѓॳ‫Ϳڷ‬Œ َ‫ۋ‬ьԦॠ‫ݓ‬χߎҙ‫ॢ࠘ڦق‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դٍ‫ۋͳڿݔ‬ ߯ՙܳ‫ۋͳڿ‬ʼəą‫قڍ‬əսथѓॳ‫ۆ‬Œَ‫ۋ‬ьԦॣ սʪ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ێ‬ъ‫֮Ϳڷۺ‬ʪ8001,000 m ‫ۋ‬ॠ‫ق‬Դə ٍ‫߯ ۋͳڿݔ‬ʂ ܳ‫ ۋͳڿ‬ʼş ˺Л‫֮ ق‬ʪ 1,600 m Ǵ‫ࡀࠚۆٽ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ڹ‬ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۆ‬Œَ‫ۋ‬ьԦॣì‫ں‬ ٚԜॣ ս ‫ە‬ɰ. ɰɳćսؓࣷթėѪ‫ڦں‬ॠ‫ي‬սथ‫ں܁‬Ժ࠘ॠəą ‫قڍ‬əFig. 2(b)҃ɰəFig. 2(c)‫ٮ‬Ï‫ࠗݓۋ‬Ǵ߯ՙ ܳ‫ڌۚۋͳڿ‬ॠəѓॳ‫߸֨Ϳڷ‬εսॱॠ‫߸֨ي‬ė‫ق‬. Smin. Smin. (a). Fig. 3. The direction of in-situ minimum horizontal stress of North East British Columbia (Queena, 2011).. ս‫ݔ‬ॠəѓॳ‫͠يͿڷ‬Ò‫ۆ‬Œَ‫ں‬ьԦ֨ࡈ֨߸ėę ۹Ϊࠗ‫ߤۿ ۆ‬ϸ‫ݒ ںۺ‬À֨ࢅə ì‫ ۋ‬মę‫ۋۺ‬ɰ. Queena et al.(2011)‫ࠪॢۆق‬ǣɰҵν࣯֨࠺ͤҼ ؉Қʴҙфঔνѣ‫ۆًݓ‬ġً‫ٍۤͳڿ‬ĵĀę‫ق‬ ‫ۆ‬ॠϸ, ‫߯ۆًݓۋ‬ՙսथܳ‫ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ڹ‬ҚҚԴ-ǫǫ ʴ‫ۋ‬Č߯ʂսथܳ‫ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ڹ‬ʴҚʴ-ԴǫԴ‫ۋ‬ɰ. Ŕܼ Fig. 3ęÏ‫ۋ‬ɾইۤ‫ۆ‬Қ‫ॢ࠘ڦقޅ‬C-83-L/94-O-15‫ق‬ o Դࠑ‫܁‬ʽ߯ՙսथܳ‫ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ڹ‬174°(N6 W)Ϳġĵ ‫قࠑڍ‬Қ-ҚҚԴѓॳ‫ॢ࠘ڦͿڷ‬Bovie ɳࠗ‫ںॳٖۆ‬ ࡾóыؕ‫؎ںڼ‬ս‫ە‬ɰ. ɰɳćսؓࣷթε‫ॢڦ‬ս थ‫߯ڹ܁‬ՙսथܳ‫ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ۍ‬ҚҚԴ̚əǫǫʴ‫ۆ‬ ѓॳ‫߸֨Ϳڷ‬ॠəì‫ۋ‬Àۤমę‫؎ںےۺ‬ս‫ؽە‬ɰ. ̚ॢ, Œَ‫ۋ‬ьɵʽ۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ą‫ڍ‬Ȥ˃ۙΒǣ࢏Ձ ࣷ Ըĵ‫ܓ‬ԸʪͿҙࢢ ࠄ˛ʽ 2޲‫ ڙ‬Œَнʪ ۙΒ‫ٮ‬ FMI ėêࠗۙΒͿҙࢢࠄ˛ʽ1޲‫ڙ‬Œَнʪε‫ڌۋ‬ ॠ‫ي‬3޲‫ڙ‬ÒѻŒَϐϿʝ‫ں‬ԦՁॣս‫ٖۋ(϶ڷە‬ սˣ, 2009), ԦՁʽ3޲‫ڙ‬ÒѻŒَϐ‫ࣀں‬३߯‫ۺ‬ս ؓࣷթ Ժćε ‫߸֨ ॢڦ‬ѓॳ‫ ں‬Ժ‫ ॣ܁‬ս ‫ە‬ɰ.. ɰɳćսؓࣷթ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ. (b) Fig. 2. Fracture generation by different least principle stress directions.. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. ɰɳćսؓࣷթ֬֨ε‫ࣷۆۺ߯ॢڦ‬թɳćս, ॒ Ϳࣺ࣡͟ˣ‫ں‬Ը‫܁‬ॠş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ي‬սؓࣷթ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ں‬ ֬֨ॠٕɰ. ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ڹ‬Barree(1983)‫ۆق‬३Òьʽ GOHFER(Grid-Oriented Hydraulic Fracture Extension Replicator) ॒ͿŔ͖‫ں‬Ԑ‫ڌ‬ॠٕɰ. GOHFERə‫ٮߕڮ‬ ؒъ‫ٍۻٰۆ‬ćÀÀɠॢ3޲‫څॢڮڙ‬ՙ֨бͪ‫ࢢۋ‬ Ϳ, ۹ΪࠗԜ, ॠҙ‫ؒۆ‬ъ‫ٍں‬՚ʽ‫څ‬ՙͿϿʝτॣ.

(4) ࠪǣɰ ϕԐй֨ À֟‫ ۆۻ‬ɰɳć սؓࣷթ ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ ф ֬֨ ĀęۙΒ‫ ق‬şъॢ ࣷթŒَ ֨֟ࢰ қԵ ٍĵ 673. ս‫ە‬ČؒъǴ‫ۆ‬Œَ‫څڹ‬ՙ‫ۋͳڿۆ‬२҄‫ں۾‬Ȋ‫ں‬ ˺ьԦॠóʽɰ. ‫ێ‬ъ‫ڹͳڿߕۻͿڷۺ‬ɰ‫ڼ‬ęÏ‫ۋ‬ ćԓʽɰ. Ń ňƒƍƒſƊ á Þ ć ß Þ©Ƙ à ķƔ ©Ǝ ß â ķƆ ©Ǝ â ňƒ â Ƨƒ ÎàŃ. (1). ‫ي‬şԴ, 쩒total‫ڹ‬total closure stress(psi), Pzəoverburden stress(psi), və Poisson’s ratio, 쩀və vertical Biot’s poroelastic constant, 쩀hə horizontal Biot’s poroelastic constant, Ppəėŕؓ(psi), 쩒tətectonic stress(psi), 쩄tə tectonic strain(microstrains), Eə Young’s modulus(psi) ‫ۋ‬ɰ. Barree‫ں֩ͳڿߕۻۋڹ‬GOHFER ॒ͿŔ͖‫ق‬ ‫ڌۺ‬ॠş ‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ ي‬ɰ‫ڼ‬ę Ï‫ ۋ‬Ѻ঍ॠٕɰ. Ń ÎàŃ. ©Ɓ á Þ ć ß ãƒƔ Ĺƍƀ à ķƔ ÞƒƔ ĹƎ â ©ƍƄƄ ß ä â ķƆ ÞƒƔ ĹƎ â ©ƍƄƄ ß â Ƨƒ â ňƒ. (2). ‫ي‬şԴ, Pcə closure pressure(psi), Dtvə true vertical depth(feet), 쩂obəoverburden stress gradient(psi/ft), 쩂p ə pore fluid gradient(psi/ft), Poffə pore pressure offset(psi), 쩄xəregional horizontal strain(microstrains), Eə Young’s modulus(million psi)‫ۋ‬ɰ.. Ϥ۹, ܳ‫ۓ‬ʼə॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟‫͆˰ق‬ьԦॠəսؓࣷթ Œَ‫࣢ۆ‬Ձ‫ࣷں‬؊ॠş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫࣊ي‬ęʪε5 mD, ۹Ϊࠗ 3 ؓͳ4.5 MPa, ࣷթ‫ں͟ۓܳߕڮ‬3 m /minͿԺ‫ॢ܁‬ ঳॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟‫ں‬5, 10, 15 ࢻ‫Ϳڷ‬Ѻজ֨ࢅ϶֨бͪ‫ۋ‬ Վ‫ں‬սॱॠٕɰ. ٍ҆ĵ‫ق‬Դə۹Ϊࠗ‫֮ۆ‬ʪ‫ٮ‬ą‫܃‬ Ձ‫ں‬ČͲॠ‫ي‬Ͽ͒ε॒Ϳࣺ࣡ͿԐ‫ڌ‬ॠٕɰ. Table 2 əÁÁ‫ۆ‬ą‫قڍ‬ʂॢ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬ՎĀęͿܳ‫ࣺͿ॒ۓ‬ ࣡‫ںت‬5, 10, 15 ࢻ‫Ϳڷ‬Ѻজ֨ࢉ‫͆˰ق‬Œَ‫ڮۆ‬ম ॢѓॳţ‫(ۋ‬fracture half length)əÁÁ192 m, 304 m, 358 mͿԓ߻ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ֨߸ėb-a15-J‫ٮ‬Àۤ‫ॢۿۍ‬ À֟‫܁‬ę‫ۆ‬äνə‫أ‬1,000 m‫ۋ‬Č‫ۆ˞ۋ‬ѕսѩ‫ڦ‬ə ‫أ‬500 m ͿԴŒَ‫ڮۆ‬মॢѓॳţ‫ۋ‬À300 m‫ێ‬ą ‫ۍڍ‬ŖԦԓ‫ںॳٖق܁‬ы‫؍ݓ‬əì‫ࣺͿڷ‬ɳʼ‫ر‬Á ɳć‫ۓܳ ق‬ʼə ॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟‫ ڹ‬10 ࢻ‫ Ϳڷ‬Ā‫܁‬ॠٕɰ. ̚ॢ, սथ‫ ۆ܁‬ţ‫ۋ‬ə ‫ۍ‬Ŗ À֟‫܁‬ę‫ ۆ‬ѕսѩ‫ڦ‬ε ČͲॠ‫ي‬ÂԾইԜ‫ۋ‬ьԦॠ‫؍ݓ‬ə1,000 mͿĀ‫ॢ܁‬ ঳, ߯‫ࣷۆۺ‬թɳćսεĀ‫܁‬ॠş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ي‬ɳćѻܳ‫ۓ‬ ॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟‫ں‬10 ࢻ‫ॢݓڮͿڷ‬Ԝࢗ‫ق‬Դࣷթɳćս ε5, 10, 15 ɳćͿѺজ֨ࢅ϶ɰɳćսؓࣷթ֨б ͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫֨֬ں‬ॠٕɰ. Fig. 4‫ق‬ǣࢍǦ֨Â‫˰ق‬δÀ֟ Ԧԓ͟čԸ‫҃ں‬ϸ, ࣷթɳćսÀɚ‫ر‬ǫ‫͆˰ق‬սؓ ࣷթ‫ۆق‬३࣊ęʪÀ࠶‫ݕ‬ϸ‫ݒۋۺ‬Àॠ‫ي‬À֟Ԧԓ ͟ʪ‫ݒ‬Àॠəì‫ں‬ঝ‫ॣۍ‬ս‫ە‬ɰ. ॠ‫ݓ‬χ, 10 ɳć‫ٮ‬ 15 ɳćࣷթ֨‫ۆ‬Ԧԓ͟Ԝ֧͟‫ڹ‬5 ɳć‫ٮ‬10 ɳć. Table 2. Single fracture geometry with different proppant volume Proppant volume (ton). 5. 10. 15. Created fracture half length (m). 330. 490. 560. Effective fracture half length (m). 192. 304. 358. Total fracture height (m). 4.0. 4.0. 4.0. Average fracture width (mm). 11.6. 12.0. 12.8. Average proppant 2 concentration (kg/m ). 4.3. 4.8. 5.3. Single fracture geometry. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬5঒.

(5) 674. ЛԜ঒ · Ձ‫ڙ‬Ͽ. Fig. 4. Gas production by different fracturing stages.. ֨‫ۆ‬Ԧԓ͟Ԝ֧͟‫ق‬Ҽॠ‫ي‬ййॠдͿ, ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ۆ‬ ĀęқԵ‫ࣀں‬३10 ɳćࣷթε߯‫ࣷۺ‬թɳćսͿĀ ‫܁‬ॠٕɰ.. ࣷթŒَ֨֟ࢰқԵ ҆b-a15-J ֨߸ė‫ق‬Դ‫ࣷۆ‬թÂü‫֨ڹ‬бͪ‫ۋ‬ՎĀę ‫˰ق‬δࣷթÂü‫ۍ‬100 m(ࣷթɳć10 ɳć)εşܵ‫ڷ‬. Ϳইۤ‫ں‬Ç؋ॠ‫ي‬90 m(ࣷթɳć9 ɳć)ͿĀ‫܁‬ॠٕ Č॒Ϳࣺ࣡‫֨ڹتۆ‬бͪ‫ۋ‬ՎĀę‫ٮ‬ʴ‫ێ‬ॠó10 ࢻ ‫Ϳڷ‬Ā‫܁‬ॠٕɰ. սؓࣷթۚ‫ࣷ֨غ‬թ‫ۆߕڮ‬Ӈδ ধ սε‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ؚي‬ԜCO2εঔ०ॢࣷթ‫ߕڮ‬εԐ‫ڌ‬ॠٕɰ. ؓࣷթսॱܼࠄ˛ʽ֨Â‫˰ق‬δؓͳęࣷթ‫ߕڮ‬, ॒Ϳࣺ࣡ ‫ܼݚ‬ʪ ۙΒ(Fig. 5)ε ҃ϸ, υ‫ݓ‬φ 9ɳć‫ۆ‬ ࣷթ‫ق‬ԴࣷթͿ‫ͳؓॢۍ‬Çթąॳ‫؍ݓۋ҃ۋ‬Č, ॒ Ϳࣺ࣡‫ܼݚ‬ʪÀä‫ݒۆ‬Àॠ‫ڹ؍ݓ‬ì‫ؒ˺҇Ϳڷ‬ъ ‫ࣷق‬թÀьԦॠ‫؎ںڼؕ؍ݓ‬ս‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬ε‫ܛ‬०ॠϸ Table 3ę Ï‫ڹ‬ʚ υ‫ݓ‬φ 9 ɳć‫ق‬Դ‫ࣷ ۆ‬թ ؓͳ‫ڹ‬ 57.8 MPaͿ‫ۻۋ‬ɳć‫ق‬Դ‫҃ͳؓۆ‬ɰ10 MPa ‫ۋ‬Ԝȭ Č, ܳ‫ۓ‬ʽ॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟‫ۋ‬ϔ‫ڹۺڍ‬ì‫ں‬ě޶ॣս‫ە‬ ɰ. ‫ۋ‬ì‫ق۾ݓۓܳ ڹ‬Դə ؒԵ‫ࣷ ۋ‬թʼ‫ ݓ‬Їॠٕş ˺Л‫ࣺͿڷ‬ɳʽɰ. ̚ॢ, ࠚࡀ۹ΪࠗԜҙ‫ࠗ࣡֬ۆ‬ę Ŕॠҙ‫ۆ‬Օ‫Ϳڷࠗێ‬Œَ‫ࣷۻۋ‬ʼşεşʂॠٕ‫ڷ‬ǣ, ֬‫Ϳ܃‬ə۹ΪࠗԜ, ॠҙ‫ٮ࣡֬ۆ‬Օ‫قࠗێ‬əŒَ‫ۋ‬ ьԦʼ‫ ںڼؕ؍ ݓ‬ঝ‫ ॣۍ‬ս ‫ؽە‬ɰ. Ԝş‫ٍ ۆ‬ĵε ‫ܛ‬०ॠ‫߸֨ ي‬ė b-a15-J‫ق‬Դ ɰɳć սؓࣷթ‫ۆ ق‬३ ьԦॢ Œَ‫ ںࢰ֟֨ ۆ‬қԵॠϸ Table 4‫ٮ‬ÏČ‫ۋ‬εşॠॡ‫Ϳڷۺ‬थϸԜ‫ق‬ʪ֨ॠϸ Fig. 6ęÏɰ. ‫݌‬, ߪţ‫ۋ‬915 m‫ۆ‬սथ‫ق܁‬9 ɳć‫ۆ‬. Fig. 5. Fracturing treatment plot for 9 stages of well b-a15-J.. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬.

(6) ࠪǣɰ ϕԐй֨ À֟‫ ۆۻ‬ɰɳć սؓࣷթ ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ ф ֬֨ ĀęۙΒ‫ ق‬şъॢ ࣷթŒَ ֨֟ࢰ қԵ ٍĵ 675 Table 3. Summary of multi-stage fracturing results of b-a15-J well. Stage No.. Proppant volume (ton). CO2 volume 3 (m ). Average pump rate 3 (m /min). Max. proppant concentration 3 (kg/m ). Formation break pressure (MPa). Average treating pressure (MPa). 1. 11.09. 35.0. 2.91. 671. 27.2. 35.5. 2. 10.79. 35.8. 2.91. 656. 45.0. 35.3. 3. 9.06. 30.5. 2.88. 609. 46.2. 38.3. 4. 11.57. 31.1. 2.90. 664. 45.4. 34.5. 5. 11.05. 32.7. 2.91. 578. 44.2. 33.1. 6. 9.24. 31.9. 2.91. 563. 45.2. 34.5. 7. 10.22. 32.3. 2.96. 614. 47.5. 32.7. 8. 11.94. 30.7. 2.92. 658. 46.3. 30.8. 9. 1.76. 29.7. 2.65. 118. 57.8. 51.0. Table 4. Derived geometry from multi-stage fracturing of b-a15-J Fracturing Stage. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Frac. Port MD (m). 1,790. 1,870. 1,960. 2,050. 2,135. 2,230. 2,320. 2,405. 2,495. Fracturing success. X. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. Strike/thickness/width. N/A. o. N84 E / 4 m / 12 mm. Ā΁ ҆ ٍĵ‫ق‬Դə ϕԐй֨ ġĵ‫ ࡀࠚ ۆ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դ b-a15-J ֨߸ė‫ق‬ɰɳćսؓࣷթۚ‫֨֬ںغ‬ॠ‫ي‬ь ԦॢࣷթŒَ‫ںࢰ֟֨ۆ‬қԵॠČۙॠٕɰ. ‫ۋ‬ε‫ڦ‬ ॠ‫ي‬३ɾ‫قًݓ‬ʂॢ‫ݗݓ‬ॡ‫ۺ‬êࢹ‫ؒٮ‬ъًॡ‫ۺ‬ê ࢹε սॱॠٕČ, ɰɳć սؓࣷթ ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ ۙΒ‫ٮ‬ Ŕ‫˰ق‬δইۤ֬֨ۙΒε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ي‬۹ΪࠗǴ‫ق‬ьԦ ॢࣷթŒَ‫ںࢰ֟֨ۆ‬қԵॠČşॠॡ‫ۺ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬εőϼ ॠٕɰ. ٍĵ‫ ۆ‬Āęε ‫ܛ‬०ॠϸ ɰ‫ڼ‬ę Ïɰ.. Fig. 6. Plan view of multi-stage fracturing for well b-a-15-J.. սؓࣷթεսॱॠ‫ي‬8 ɳćεՁėॠٕČÁŒَ‫ࣷۆ‬ թÂü‫ڹ‬90 m, Á‫ڮ‬মŒَ‫ॢۆ‬ѓॳţ‫ۋ‬ə304 m, ȭ‫ۋ‬ə 4 m, ŔνČ फ‫ ڹ‬12 mmͿ ԓ߻ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬Āęəυ‫Ϳࡾۋ‬Ԑ‫݋ۋ‬к, ԦԓۙΒˣ‫ػۋ‬ə֨ ‫ق۾‬Դ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ‫ۆق‬३ʪ߻ʽĀę‫ࣷٮ‬թ‫ۓܳߕڮ‬ ؓͳ, ॒Ϳࣺ࣡ܳ‫͟ۓ‬ˣ‫ۆق‬३ࣷթŒَ֨֟ࢰ‫ں‬қ Եॢì‫Ϳڷ‬Դ, ॳ঳ԦԓՁқԵ‫ں‬ॠəʚ‫رە‬Դş҆ ‫޷ ۍۺ‬ČۙΒͿ ট‫ڌ‬ʾ ս ‫ ںە‬ì‫ Ϳڷ‬şʂʽɰ.. 1. ࠪǣɰҵν࣯֨࠺ͤҼ؉ܳҚԴҙ‫ॢ࠘ڦق‬ϕԐй ֨ġĵ‫ࡀࠚۆ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫֮ۆ‬ʪə1,600 m, ࣊ęʪə 130 md, ėŕέ‫ڹ‬1520%Ϳࠑ‫܁‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ‫ڿܼݓ‬ ͳࠑ‫܁‬Āę‫ۆق‬ॠϸ, ɰɳćսؓࣷթε‫ॢڦ‬սथ ֨߸ ѓॳ‫߯ ڹ‬ՙ սथ ‫ ͳڿ‬ѓॳ‫ ۍ‬N6oW(174o)‫ۋ‬ Àۤ মę‫ ێۺ‬ì‫ Ϳڷ‬қԵʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. 2. սؓࣷթ֬֨ε‫ࣷۺ߯ॢڦ‬թɳćս, ॒Ϳࣺ࣡͟ ˣ‫ں‬Ը‫܁‬ॠş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ي‬GOHFERε‫֨ॢڌۋ‬бͪ‫ۋ‬ Վۚ‫ںغ‬սॱॠٕɰ. ‫ۍ‬ŖԦԓ‫܁‬ę‫ۆ‬äν‫ٮ‬ѕս ѩ‫ڦ‬εČͲॢĀę, ߯‫ڹࣺ࣡͟Ϳ॒ۺ‬10ࢻ‫ࣺͿڷ‬ ɳʼ‫϶ڷؽ‬, Áɳćս‫˰ق‬δԦԓٚ͟ࠑ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬ Վ Āę‫ ͆˰ ق‬սؓࣷթə 10 ɳćÀ ߯‫؎ ںےۺ‬ ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬5঒.

(7) 676. ЛԜ঒ · Ձ‫ڙ‬Ͽ. ս ‫ؽە‬ɰ. 3. ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬ՎĀę‫˰ق‬δইۤսؓࣷթĀę, υ‫ݓ‬φ 9 ɳć‫ق‬Դࣷթ‫֬ق‬ःॠٕČ, ‫ۋ‬εц࢖‫Ϳڷ‬۹Ϊ ࠗԜ, ॠҙ‫ٮ࣡֬ۆ‬Օ‫قࠗێ‬əŒَ‫ۋ‬ьԦʼ‫؍ݓ‬ ؕ‫ࣷںڼ‬؊ॣս‫ؽە‬ɰ. ‫ॢ͠ۋ‬қԵ‫ࣀں‬ॠ‫ࣷي‬թ Œَ‫ࡀࠚۋ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫Ϳڷ‬χ‫ࣷۻ‬ʼ‫؎ںڼؽ‬ս‫ؽە‬ Č, ‫ۋ‬ə ֨бͪ‫ۋ‬Վ Āę‫ ٮ‬ʴ‫ێ‬ॠٕɰ. 4. Ԝş‫ٍۆ‬ĵĀęεц࢖‫Ϳڷ‬b-a15-J À֟‫ق܁‬ьԦ ʽࣷթŒَ‫ںࢰ֟֨ۆ‬қԵॢĀę, Œَ‫ڹॳܳۆ‬ o o N84 E(84 ), ‫ڮ‬মॢѓॳţ‫ۋ‬ə304 m, ȭ‫ۋ‬ə4 m, थŒफ‫ڹ‬12 mm‫؎ںے‬ս‫ؽە‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬Āęə ॳ঳ԦԓՁқԵ‫ں‬ॠəʚ‫رە‬Դş҆‫޷ۍۺ‬Čۙ ΒͿ ট‫ڌ‬ʾ ս ‫ ںە‬ì‫ Ϳڷ‬şʂʽɰ.. ޷ČЛॶ ࢂঃ෹, ন଀ࡦ, 2012, “಑‫ࢠॷ࠼ۗي‬ਏಁಧ౾਌নԧਆ ୢ઩ছଭNGL ฎ৤ࠜ଍෉ౖୡডծ઴֜,” ෉֝஺֜ ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺, ୪49֫ 2෹, pp. 1-8. ছஜ૴, ଲ೾ผ, ଲઽ৤, ন଀ࡦ, ଲ୨ฅ, 2009, “ॷԨֹવ ෴೾ଭ3ఙ଀Թ࣢ֹવ࠷঍নࡦ‫܄‬Թࢳ,” ෉֝஺֜ਏਆ ഗվ෈ฎ஺, ୪46֫ 3෹, pp. 279-288. ଲઽ৤, ࢮ୨ֹ, ছஜ૴, ‫׆׌‬ก, ন଀ࡦ, 2009, “2ఙ଀৤ ඌֹવୀ߹૕1ఙ଀FMI վՑ౾৤஻ֹવୀ߹ࠜധ෍ ୡ૳෉3ఙ଀Թ࣢ֹવ࠷ࡦ‫܄‬઴֜,” ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ ෈ฎ஺, ୪46֫ 6෹, pp. 711-720. Barree, R.D., 1983, “A practical numerical simulator for three-dimensional fracture propagation in heterogeneous media,” SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, San Francisco, California, USA, November 12-13, pp. 403-414. Daniel, J.S. and Rocky, S., 2011, “Optimization of completions in unconventional reservoirs for higher ultimate recovery,” SPE Middle East Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Muscat, Oman, January 31-February 2, pp. 1-14.. Darrell, L. and Daniel, J.S., 2010, “Long-term comparison of production results from open hole and cemented multistage completions in the Barnett shale,” IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, November 1-3, pp. 1-13. Hubbert, M.K. and Willis, D.G., 1957, “Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing” Petroleum transactions, Trans. AIME, Vol. 210, pp. 153-163. Maclean, B.C. and Morrow, D.W., 2004, “Bovie structure: its evolution and regional context,” Bulletin of Canada petroleum geology, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 302-324. Queena, C., Jordon G. and Mike, S., 2011, “Analysis of geomechanical data for horn river basin gas shales, NE British Columbia, Canada,” SPE Middle East Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Muscat, Oman, January 31-February 2, pp. 1-12. Sameer, D., Naz, H.G., Hussain, A.A., Bader, A., Ha,i L., Azmin, H.M. and Bryan, J., 2009, “Multi-stage stimulation technique boosters production for horizontal wells,” International Petroleum Technology Conference, Doha, Qatar, December 7-9, pp. 1-11. Samuelson M.L., Connell R., Grossman R. and Strickland B., 2008, “Optimizing horizontal completions in the Cleveland tight gas sand,” CIPC/SPE Gas Technology Symposium 2008 Joint Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 16-19, pp. 1-11. Stott D.F., 1982, “Lower cretaceous fort St. john group and upper cretaceous dunvegan of the foothills and plains of Alberta, British Columbia, District of Mackenzie and Yukon territory,” Geological survey of Canada, Bulletin 328, p. 124. Taylor G.D. and Stott D.F., 1968, “Maxhamish lake, British Columbia,” Geological survey of Canada, Paper 68-12, p. 23.. ࢂঃ෹. ন଀ࡦ. ই‫تॢ ۦ‬ʂॡİ ėęʂॡ ۙ‫ڙ‬ঞąėॡę чԐę‫܁‬ STX Energy Canada Inc. şցҙЛ ɺɾ (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧2埲G 垾畢). ই‫تॢ ۦ‬ʂॡİ ۙ‫ڙ‬ঞąėॡę İս (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧49嘳G 缧2埲G 垾畢). ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬.

(8)