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W e JW Ê : n®B G® ÒÿÞ&rÖ ú Bv ÿÂ, ÃK Z® ÂÆ "¢ :ç² ÚÒ& Î& ÿn6 Þ:. ÊB² âvê â&r v² Ök¶ n
¢& KW²ê vvÒ âª®ê ë² rÆn6 Þ :.1,2
ê VÚæ® ªnâ²Ö ² rÆr û âîÎ
v(vapor grown carbon nanofibers, VGCNFs)& V² FÂV ²rÞ
ßgÊ:.3-5
VGCNFsê ZÊ^ã _:² 1000»1300 ×® 6~&r úvÊ î ªR o ª nâ® JÚÊ® Rk Æ& û®Æ6-9 ç
 ¢& W ÆçÊ 6 ²ÊZ® k² çÿ²
1-3B², Û®V : :ç®B v® , ÊV ²Vªn ®
Æ, N ÿÊ 6VÊ:.10,11 NBî VGCNFs® ÂÆê vÒ ë
² ®B §FÊ îÊ¢ þç² J² ÂÆÒ lÆ, ª¯W
² : k®B VGCNFsV 6Úæ® kª² ÿv ¢ k
":& Ê *G² V6 Þ:.12-16 N6 VGCNFsê k ª C¶ ®" §F ÚÊ Þ JZÊ n®Æ · þ ÚÒ& §ÿÊ Vû² lê6 Þ:.17,18
², &C2 nê ZW , g{, Îûk, ¶,
ÖÞ, n® _, Z ^F, gr, K¿"® :ú, ª[ Jb2 G® ÿ² : i êZ& Î& ÿn6 Þ
:.19,20 NBî &C2 n® ÊB² BB V ûf& Þ®6
W , è Jn e 6V® V¦ ¢& V
&C2 n® b> rv® ZÊr &C2 n& kªÒ þ
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Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P. O. Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
(Received June 16, 2005;accepted September 5, 2005)
5¨Ü N FÂ&rê 2Vû &C2 n& û âîÎv(VGCNFs)Ò 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 N6 2.0 wt% ¾
² þV®B, rƲ VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® JW e W 6®6æ ®V:. VGCNFs/&C2 îÎ K¿"® JW TMA DMA² ¢ J®Æ, W "û 2. ï® ÿÿ 2. e Ü
þ 2.Ò ®B V®V:. :. R, VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ JW e W Ê û~ «Î¶
n ÞêÆ, Êê Z® K¿" 2ú²& Þr VGCNFs &C2 Ê® W î Z® û Vz ê K¿"® V¦ÂÆ® óV ¢ÊÒ f>r:.
Abstract:In this work, the thermal and mechanical properties of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs)-reinforced difunctional epoxy (EP) composites were investigated in the presence of the 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt% VGCNFs. The thermal properties of the VGCNFs/EP composites were studied by thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The mechanical properties of the VGCNFs/EP composites were also examined by universal testing machine (UTM), falling impact test, and the friction and wear tests. From experimental results, the thermal and mechanical properties of the VGCNFs/EP composites were improved with increasing the VGCNFs contents. This was due to the increase of crosslinking structure of the composites, resulting in improving the mechanical interlockings between VGCNFs and epoxy resins in the present composite system.
Keywords: vapor grown carbon nanofibers, epoxy resin, thermal and mechanical properties, crosslinking structure, mechanical interlocking.
†To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: psjin@krict.re.kr
V®B kÎ û2ú Z² $ FÂ:Ê ßn6 Þ:.21,22
Òr, N FÂ&rê VGCNFs ¾& Î VGCNFs/&C2 K
¿"® TMA DMAÒ wk®V6, VGCNFs® ¾& Î
W ¢J ZÊ UTM e þ ¢úÒ :2®V:.
ÊÒ Ê Jn e nÒ wk®VÆ VGCNFs® ¾
ªV K¿"® JW e W & N®ê Wû& V®
B 6®6æ ®V:.
2. /
2.1 ÷#
N FÂ&r kª² ÿ² vê ÒN Showa Denko® vapor grown carbon nanofibers(VGCNFs)ÊÆ, :ú² ÿr &C2 n
ê Z ÿgΠê¯(R)® diglycidylether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)
YD-128(V:1.17 g· cm-3, f: 11500»13500 cps, E.E.W185»190 gÜeq-1)Ò ÿ®V:. ªr²ê ® rÞÎ 4,4-diaminodiphenyl- methane(DDM) ÿ®VÆ Table 1& ÿ² VGCNFs® , Figure 1&ê ÿ² &C2 n ªr® ª¯W ÂÆ3 WW î:.
2.2 YJFQIv2&'#(´÷£#g»#
VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"Ò rÆ®6æ, &C2 ¾ 100² Òk®â ®6 VGCNFs® Zî² 70 × Kzf&r 242Z Ê Æ®B nÚ e ê® ÿ:Ò rƲ VGCNFs® ¾ 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 wt%² ª2úÊr ¿®V:. ÊÒ 60 ×&r Ó 22 Z / î Ún³ ¦n² , DDM 21 phr þV®B DDM Ê ZÞ ÿÊr Kzf&r f«®6 B G ®B, :® 6Ò Zÿ f² ² vf 2& ¿² 2"Ò RÛ²
Kzf&r ~ ãÒ 5 ×/min² ®B 70 ×(30 min), 140 × (2 h) N6 180 ×(1 h)® 3> ª ÊÊ Wÿ®B VGCNFs/
&C2 K¿"Ò rÆ®V:.23 rÆr VGCNFs/&C2 K¿
"ê VGCNFs® ¾ rr& Ò WW VE-0.0, VE-0.1, VE-0.5, VE-1.0, N6 VE-2.0² ÛÛ®V:.
2.3 ?L#|#
VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® JW 6® Z®B ~
ª& Î 1~&W ®n® ªÒ wk®ê û®Î TMA(Q400, TA instrument)Ò ÿ®B Tg Z® Jn(thermal expansion co- efficient)Ò â ÚZ ®&r ~ ãÒ 10 ×/min² ®B 30»300 × ~ êZ&r wk®V:. Ê¢, ÿ² 2® Âê 0.5Ý0.5Ý0.5 cm3Ê:.
VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® Æ& Î /W f
¢J6æ /WÚs(DMA2980, TA) û®Ò Êÿ®B â ÚZ ®&r 30»300 × ~ êZ&r ~ ãÒ 5 ×/min²
®B wk®V:. Ê¢, /nê 1 HzÊ6 C 5 amp² 6k®
V:.
2.4 {L#|#
VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® W ASTM 399& V®B
"û2.(#1125, Lloyd LR 5k, UTM)Ò Êÿ² single edge notch(SEN)- three point bending ë² Z bÎ(critical stress intensity factor, KIC) h ®B ¢J®:.24Ê¢, 2® ή Êê ¦.® 1/2
² 6k®6 span-to-depth ratioê 4:1² cross-head speedê 1 mm/min
² Æ^®B wk®V:.
K¿"® ÿÿkê ï® ÿÿ 2.(DTI-605, Daekyung Tech) Ò ÿ®B wk®VÆ, Ê¢ ²6 ®k èÊê 1 m, ®g 2 kg
² 6k®V:.
2.5 {· ó#|
rÆr VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® Æ& Î e þ
V2 ®&r ball-on-disk k2Ò Vê NR g_ k 2® 2.(PD-102, R&B)Ò Êÿ®B wk®V:. 2 ÚÊ 30 mm ¦.V 10 mmÎ &fk² rÆ®VÆ, ~, z² 2
&r âZf® ãê 500 rpm² ®B Òk â, ß 3 kg®
6k3 ®g ballR disk g_Ê& V² wk®V:.
3. ûG Z ë«
3.1 ?L#|
Jnê ~ª& Î ®nª(dimensional change)Ò î
NîZ® h²Ö ¶ n ÞÆ, Jn h
kΪ Ê® g{ V®2úê Ù² ¢z Þ:.
ÒnW² Jnê :¢ 3 (1)& ®Ê ¶ n Þ:.
T L
k L
∆
×
×
=∆ sp
α (1)
Br, αê Jn, L ~&r 2 Ê, ∆Lspê ²V«
{&r 2 Ê® ª, kê Jkn, ∆Tê ~ ~Ò î
:.
VGCNFs® ¾& Î VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® JW
TMAÒ Êÿ®B JnÒ TgZ² wk®B ¢J®
:. ~ª& Î 1~&W ®n® ªÒ Figure 2&, ¾& Î K¿"® JnÒ Figure 3& WW î:. R² r, VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ ~ª& Î ®n ª
Figure 1. Chemical structures of the DGEBA and DDM used.
H2C H C O
H2
C O C
CH3
CH3 O
H2 C C
H H2 C O OH
C CH3
CH3
CH2 H C O H2 C O n
DGEBA
H2N H2
C NH2
DDM Table 1. Characteristics of the VGCNFs Used
Characteristics Values Young’s modulus(GPa)
Maximum tensile strength(GPa) Diameter(nm) Specific surface area(m2ág-1)
Length(µm)
150»200 1»3 100»200
37 10»20
fâ®ê Ù V¶ n ÞêÆ, Êê VGCNFs® ¾Ê ó V®Ê 6Úæ :ú® çÿ Ê 6Úæ ® J
& V² k V®2r JW Ê ûn ¢² f>r :. B² VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ JnV ç¢êÆ Êê kª² ÿr VGCNFsV J& V² Ê n®B &
C2 n& Ú~& Ò &C2 ÖÂÆ& vÛr J ·n¾
²¾ K¿"® Ö§{R Âï r3¶ fâ2r RW² JnÒ fâ2úê Ù² Vr:.
Figures 4 5ê ~ ª& Î K¿"® Vû ¶R tan δ Ò WW î ÙÊ:. Figure 4&r Jê j oÊ, vZÊ WC R 6 WC þ¦ VGCNFs® þV² ÎÊ Vû ¶Ê ó V®ê Ù ¢ n Þ:. Êê ²ÊWÊ Æ VGCNFsV 6Úæ
Ú Ê®ê K¿"® kª C¶ ®² ¶Ê ó V®ê Ù² f>r:. B², tan δ® Â&r tan δ® ²VfÊ î
îê ~ê TgÒ ®N®Æ rn &C2 n& Ê VGCNFs®
¾Ê óV¶n³ TgV çâ óV®:V VE-2.0&rê 154.01 ײ
¦W Ââ óV² Ù «Î¶ n Þ:. Êê TMA® R&r
¢ n ÞEÊ VGCNFsV &C2 n® çÿ Ê 6Úæ
® v/ V®2ú² ÂV zÎ ² Ê/² Ù² f>r:.
3.2 {L#|#
bÎ(fracture toughness) K¿"® :r Wÿ& Þ gê
®â 6zÊÒ ¶ ÃÊÆ, :ú&r kªv² ÂïÊ Zbv
¢ Vîê ÊÒ ¶ n Þ:.25
Figure 6 VGCNFs/&C2 K¿" bÎ(KIC) h î
Ù²r, VE-2.0&r Ó 4.236 MPa· m1/2² Vû Æ h V& ¢ n Þ:. Êê Figure 7® SEM R&r ¢ n ÞEÊ VGCNFsV
&C2 :ú& î Ún 6Ò² VGCNFs/&C2 ¿
k®6 n² n§ ²ÊW lâ nÆ VGCNFs æV V
6 Þê kÎR W G² ήB ÎÖ²Ö® ÿÿ
ª2r R ¢& VGCFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ n² bÎ
lê Ù² f>r:.
Figure 2. Thermal expansion curves of VGCNFs/EP composites.
.0 .1 .2 .3
VE-0.0 VE-0.1 VE-0.5 VE-1.0 VE-2.0 316#
315#
314#
313#
#
Dimentional change(mm)
# 3# 433# 533# 633#
Temperature(×)
Figure 3. Coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE) of VGCNFs/EP com- osites as a function of VGCNFs content.
:813#
:518#
:313#
9:18#
# CTE(µm/m×)
# 313# 318# 413# 418# 513#
VGCNFs content(wt%)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
5 0 5
0 below Tg
above Tg
53;#
537#
533#
4<9#
4<5#
4;;#
Figure 4. Storage modulus(E’) vs. temperature plots of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
613 518 513
418
Log storage modulus(E′, MPa)
3# :3# 473# 543# 5;3#
Temperature(×)
5 0 5
0 VE-0.0
VE-0.1 VE-0.5 VE-1.0 VE-2.0
Figure 5. Loss tan δ vs. temperature plots of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
415#
31;#
317#
313#
Tan δ
83# 433# 483# 533# 583#
Temperature(×)
0 4 8
2 VE-0.0
VE-0.1 VE-0.5 VE-1.0 VE-2.0
Figure 6. KIC values of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
8
7
6
5 KIC(MPa.m1/2 )
313# 318# 413# 418# 513#
Contents of VGCNFs(wt%)
2 3 4 5
ÿÿkê K¿"® W îê gê² Ãÿ² 2Ê ÿÿ q® ¢ "V bnê î &²:.26 Figure 8
rÆr VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"® ÿÿkÒ î Ù²r, VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ K¿"® ÿÿkV :ê û «Î¶ n ÞêÆ, Êê ´® Ê R Ò®®ê Ù
² VGCNFsV ÿÿ& ®Ê r3r Âï û Ê®B ZW
² K¿"® ÿÿÊ ûn ¢² f>r:.
3.3 {· ó#|#
g_®ê ¦ V Î{ qê 2&r ² Ê :Î ² & VW² ÊÆî Êz ¶ ¢& g_ Ê® gv
û² r3®ê VÃ{ÊÆ ÊÒ 3² îÊ :¢R o:.27 FµL (2) Br, Fê {, L n ®g, µê nÒ î:.
B², Ê: Ê® nê ²Ê ":(asperities)® k,
þ Ûæ:R ² ²Ê ":® (ploughing), ² Ê: Ê® §(adhesion) G® :ç² K¿W Wû:& ήÆ, ÊÒ 3
² îÊ :¢R o:.28
µµdµaµp (3) Br, µdê ²Ê " k(asperity deformation) Ú, µaê
§ Ú, µpê Ú î:. Ê Ú:® V W Bê ® Ê{, , ²Ê® k, N6 ®® Wû
qê Ê® 2& ®Ê²:.29
², þ® vk ²Ê ² k& ®² þ, Fþ,
§þ, ª¯W R þ® NWÎ z V² zÛn6 Þ
Æ, :r® þZ&ê ", ç/ÆÊ, ® G® ¿& Ò Ê:® B&ê ~ÊV Þ" K¿W² îò:.29
VGCNFs® ¾& Î K¿"® /& ®² { e
Figure 7. SEM image of VGCNFs/EP composites; (a) VE-0.1, (b) VE-0.5, (c) VE-1.0, and (d) VE-2.0.
+d,# +e,#
+f,# +g,#
Figure 8. Impact strength of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
453 433
;3 93 73 Impact strength(kgf)
# 313# 318# 413# 418# 513#
Contents of VGCNFs(wt%)
0 0 0 0 0
Figure 9. Friction force and coefficient of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
415 413 31;
319 317
Friction force(N)
3# 314# 318# 413# 513#
Contents of VGCNFs(wt%)
.4 .6 .8 .0
.2 Friction force
Coefficients of friction 3158#
3153#
3148#
3143#
#
Coefficients of friction(µ)
nÒ wk®VÆ, N RÒ Figure 9& î:. R&r
¢ n ÞEÊ VGCNFs® ¾Ê Wn³ K¿"® {R
nV :Æ VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ {R
nV fâ®ê Ù ¢ n Þ:. Êê kªÎ VGCNFsÒ þV¾& Ò ÊÊ V Ê& þRW² kn
¢Ê:.
Figure 10 VGCNFs® ¾& Î þæ: î Ù²r, rn &C2& Ê VGCNFsÒ þV² K¿"® ç þ æ: îêÆ, Êê VGCNFsV V Ê& Ê
®B R þÒ fâ2ú ¢ÊÒ f>r:.29
4. û«
N FÂ&rê VGCNFs ¾& Î VGCNFs/&C2 K¿"Ò rƲ , VGCNFs® ¾ªV JW e W & N®ê W û ¢J®:.
:. R, VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ K¿"® JW
Ê nÊê Ù «Î¶ n ÞêÆ, VGCNFs ¾Ê óV¶n
³ JnV fâ®ê Ù Vnê Ù² J kªÎ VGCNFsÒ &C2 n& þV¾& Ò &C2® V¦ª& Wû
R VGNFs/&C2 K¿"® JW Ê ûr Ù² f
>r:. B² VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ bÎ êâÎ KIC hR ÿkV :ê Ù V¶ n ÞêÆ &C2 n&
ÎÖ ®gÊ VÊÊ VGCNFsV ÎÖ ÿÿ& V² barrier C¶
®B ZW² K¿"® §{ ª Z V: R ¢Ê Ò f>r:. N6 VGCNFs® ¾Ê óV¶n³ {Ê óV
®6 nê fâ®VêÆ, Êê kªÎ VGCNFs& ®²
ÊÊ V Ê& þRW² kn:ê Ù JBR ê ÙÊÆ, ÊB² Ê® k² þæ:Ê fâ®V:
6 f>r:.
+S
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Figure 10. Wear loss of VGCNFs/EP composites as a function of VGCNFs content.
315:
3157 3154 314;
3148 3145
Wear loss(mm)
# 313# 318# 413# 418# 513#
Contents of VGCNFs(wt%)
2 5 8 1 4 7