C HAPTER 3 T RANSLATIONAND L ANGUAGE

T RANSLATION AND L ^ANGUAGE C ^HAPTER 3

1

S ^EMANTICS

의미장

단어의 관계 내포(함축)

단어의 의미와 번역

The study of meaning is normally referred to as Semantics, from the Greek noun sema, ‘sign, signal’. A linguist studying meaning tries to

understand why certain words and

constructions can be combined together in a semantically acceptable way, while others

cannot.

W HAT IS SEMANTICS ?

Catford

Translation-theory

draws upon a theory of meaning

Charles Hockett Meaning is not so important to the study of language

Translation Focuses on Meaning

Early Linguistics Does not Focus on

Meaning

T RANSLATION VS . L ^INGUISTICS

I can’t see how meaning

is structured^.

M EANING WAS IN THE ‘ ^{BLACK BOX} ’

OF THE MIND .

 Denotation

 Connotation

 Componential analysis

 Semantic fields

 Presupposition

 Entailment Concepts at

Word Level Concepts at Sentence Level

M

S EMANTIC FIELDS

Each language is full of gaps and shifts when compared with other languages.

same

external

예시) the Inuit

D

(1)

D

(2)

English

Put the light on

French

Anneau

Rapplique

English

cook boil simmer

German

kochen

H ^{YPERNYM VS} . H ^YPONYM (1)

English

arm hand

leg foot

Russian

ruka

noga

H ^{YPERNYM VS} . H ^YPONYM (2)

H ^{YPERNYM VS} . H ^YPONYM (3)

A language that has no word for ‘foreskin’

has only two hyponyms, one meaning

‘uncircumcized male member’ and the other meaning ‘circumcized male member’.

Igor

Mel’cuk

(1978:292)

‘Bring back the foreskins of the Philistines’

(English)

‘Bring back the non-circumcized male members of the Philistines’ (Literal

Translation of Boulou)

THE TRANSLATION OF

‘

’

OF THE BIBLE

D

French

• baguette

• bagel

• croissant

English

• bap

• bun

• teacake

SUPERFICIAL SIMILARITY

(Loss of the non-central meaning)

English German

sausage wurst

Italian

butter burro

D

(2)

‘un bruit de soie, de chaises’

‘the

rustle

‘the

scraping

Geoffrey Leech

W ^ORD R ^ELATIONS



동의어(유의어): 어형은 다르나 뜻이 같은 말

예시) 태양, 해

Synonymy



다의어: 두 가지 이상의 뜻을 가진 단어

Polysemy

• 소리는 같으나 뜻이 다

동음이의어

른 낱말

• 모양은 같으나 뜻이 다

동형이의어

른 낱말

Homonymy

배

머리

동음이의어

다의어



양분 대립어 예시) alive/dead

Binary opposition



다중 대립어

예시) single/married/divorced

Multiple opposition



양극 대립어

예시) large/small

Polar opposition



상관 대립어

- Directional vector 포함

예시) up/down

Relative opposition

Relative Oppositions의 예시) -I own this cat.

-This cat belongs to me.

개념 적용의 어려움

이론 정의

외국어능력

실제 사용

번역적용능력

I F YOU ENJOY IDLENESS

“나태함”의 부정적 의미 언어능력

텍스트 종류

텍스트 기능 일반적인 번역능력

나태해지고 싶으시다면

나태해지고 싶으시다면

일반적인 모화자

“태양 아래서 여유를 즐기고 싶다면”

“If you just want to relax in the sun”



따라서 바위 혹은 자갈 위에 누운 채로 햇볕에 타고 있을 것입니다.



thus you will remain lying on rocks

or on pebbles getting sun-burnt

Joseph Malone

Directional Vectors

Level of style

Information flow

Formal parallelism

structuresof

EX) That pleases meI like that

32

번역시 개념 적용

 SL text 직역보다는 동의어 사용

-다양성, 완곡어법, 형식성 등이 원인

 양극 대립어 사용

- 자주 사용되는 번역 기술

R ELAXATION VS . I ^DLENESS

CONNOTATION

This is not a very useful

It’s just one aspect of associative

meaning.

I devoted over 100 pages to

this topic.

Who’s

A SSOCIATIVE MEANING

BRIOCHE

예시

relish, treat (do you feel it? How are you going to translate this?)

예시

 Let them eat cake.(TT)

(What is the difference?)

*There is no apparent equivalent for this object in

CANTAL

 사전은 명시적 의미만을 제공한다

 단어의 함축은 어떻게 번역할 것인가?

예: texture, taste, smell, geography

C

D

(1)

Passive Active

Bad

Good Strong Weak

Word Connotations



Fanaticism



terrorism



Martyrdom



sacrifice

Islamic Media Western Media

Islamic Fundamentalists

D ^IFFERENT C ^ONNOTATION (1)

Western Connotations

Passive Active

Good Bad Weak

Strong

Islamic Fundamentalists

C ONNOTATIONAL M ^EANING (1)

Islamic Connotations

Passive Active

Good Bad Weak

Strong

Islamic Fundamentalists

C ONNOTATIONAL M ^EANING (2)

Good ^Active Strong



French academics

positive/negative axis

C

D

(2)

예시)

Juvénile = Juvenile

French-English Dictionary

English-English Dictionary

D ^IFFERENT C ^ONNOTATION (1)

예시) dreadful adventures

예시) repeat performance? repeat Holocaust?

D ^IFFERENT C ^ONNOTATION (2)

dreadful adventures

Holocaust performance

L

’

Ladmira’s Solution

Nontranslation Periparaphrase Minimal mistranslation

M ^INIMAL M ISTRANSLATION

Lamb of God (English) Seal of God (Inuit)

Pure meaning

Je suis allée à la gare pour chercher mon frére et ma soeur

Ich bin zum Banhof gefahren um meine Geschwister abzuholen

French German

▶ 화자가 여자

▶ 일반적인 운송수단

▶ 화자는 누구나

▶ 모터로 구동되는 운송수단

▶ brother & sister 중성처리

Inevitable (?) Loss in the Process of Translation



Catford(1965:49)

“출발어와 도착어가 언어적으로 동일한 의미를 갖 기는 어렵지만 동일한 상황에서 기능을 할 수 있다.”

예시 1) Man shall not live by bread alone.

사람은 밥만 먹고 살 수 없다.

예시 2) Good morning?