농업분야 곤충자원 활용실태와 향후과제

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(1)P91｜2007. 10.. 농업분야 곤충자원 활용실태와 향후과제. 김 배 성. 부 연 구 위 원.

(2) 연구 담당 김 배 성. 부연구위원. 연구책임, 단독집필.

(3) i. 머. 리. 말. 우리나라의 경제발전 과정과 1995년 WTO 체제 출범 이후 농산물 수입관세 가 매년 하락하는 과정에서 농업부문 실질소득이 지속해서 감소하여 왔다. 더 욱이 최근 세계 여러 나라 및 경제블럭과의 FTA 확대가 가시화되고 있는 상황 에서 농업소득의 추가적인 감소가 예상되고 있다. 이에 대응한 새로운 성장가 능 분야 및 농가소득원 발굴 등 새로운 활로모색이 그 어느 때 보다 시급하고 중요한 현안과제로 대두되고 있다. 곤충은 지구상 전체 동물계의 약 70% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 곤충은 이러한 풍부한 종 다양성으로 인해 21세기 최대 미개발 생물자원으로 주목되고 있고, 농업분야에서도 농가 소득증대원으로 그 활용에 관심이 집중되 고 있다. 곤충은 전통적으로 양봉과 양잠, 그리고 일부 약용으로 이용되어 왔으나, 최 근 친환경 농산물 수요증대와 더불어 천적용 및 화분매개용 곤충시장이 빠른 속도로 신장되고 있다. 또한, 국민소득 증대와 주 5일 제 근무 등 여가시간 증 가로 인해, 곤충 생태학습이나 애완용 곤충도 각광을 받고 있다. 이외에도 곤충 은 건강식품 또는 약제, 사료, 축산분뇨 및 음식물쓰레기 정화, 그리고 지역행 사 소재용 등 매우 광범위하게 활용되고 있다. 곤충자원의 이용과 관련된 자연과학 기술의 발달과 그 시장이 급성장하고 있음에도 불구하고, 아직까지 농업분야 생물자원으로서 곤충의 활용실태와 더 불어 그 성장가능성 등을 종합적으로 검토한 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 이 연 구는 농업분야 곤충의 용도별 활용실태, 수출입실태, 농가의 사육 실태, 그리고 관련 정책 및 제도 등을 검토하고, 농업분야 곤충산업의 성장잠재력과 그 제약 요인을 탐색하고, 지속가능한 발전을 위해 필요한 개선방안과 발전방향을 제안 하고 있다. 연구 진행과정에서 많은 도움을 주신 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술원 농업생물 부의 연구진, 함평군, 무주군, 예천군 등 군청 및 농업기술센터 관계자, 그리고.

(4) ii (주)세실, (주)그린아그로텍의 여러 전문가 및 관계자들께 감사드린다. 양봉과 양잠 분야를 제외하고는 일본, 네덜란드 등 선진국에 비해 일천한 역 사를 가지고, 이제 태동된 우리나라 곤충산업이 지속해서 건전하게 성장․발전 할 수 있기를 기대하며, 이 연구가 관련 정책담당자나 독자들에게 도움이 될 수 있도록 잘 활용되기를 바란다. 2007. 10. 한국농촌경제연구원장. 최. 정. 섭.

(5) iii. 요. 약. ○ 현재 지구상에 서식하고 있는 곤충의 종수는 정확히 파악된 바가 없으나, 약 500~1,000만종 정도 서식하고 있는 것으로 추산되고 있음. 이중 우리 인 간과 직간접적으로 관련을 맺고 있는 종은 약 15,000여종으로 보고되고 있 음. 곤충은 이와 같은 풍부한 종 다양성과 더불어 21세기 최대 미개발 생물 자원으로 주목받고 있고, 농업분야에서 농가 소득증대원으로 곤충의 활용 에 관심이 집중되고 있음. ○ 우리나라에서 곤충은 전통적으로 양봉과 양잠 그리고 일부 약용으로 이용 되어 왔음. 그러나 최근 천적용 및 화분매개용 곤충시장이 성장하고 있고, 장수풍뎅이, 사슴벌레, 나비, 반딧불이 등은 생태학습용이나 애완용으로 각 광을 받고 있음. 또한 곤충은 그 유충이나 성충으로부터 유용물질을 추출하 여 식품 또는 약제로 개발하는 분야, 곤충사료를 가축의 단백질 공급원으로 개발하는 분야, 축산분뇨 및 음식물쓰레기를 정화하는 환경정화 분야, 그리 고 함평 나비축제, 무주 반딧불이, 예천 곤충바이오엑스포 등 지역행사 소 재 이용분야 등 다양한 분야에서 광범위하게 이용되고 있음. ○ 이 연구는 우리나라 곤충의 분포, 곤충 용도별 활용실태, 수출입 실태, 곤충 관련 정책 및 제도 현황 등을 종합적으로 검토하고, 이를 통해 우리나라 곤 충산업의 성장잠재력과 문제점을 탐색하고, 지속가능한 발전을 위해 필요 한 개선방안을 제안하고자 수행됨. 이 연구는 양봉과 양잠분야는 오랜 전통 과 더불어 이에 대한 실태가 파악된 것으로 판단되어 연구의 대상에서 제외 하였음. ○ 천적곤충 활용분야는 농림부의 적극적인 천적보급 사업의 추진으로 천적을 활용한 재배면적이 급속히 확대되고 있고, 농업과학기술원이 천적의 대량.

(6) iv 생산 기술을 개발하여 민간에 보급하여, 증대되고 있는 수요에 부응하고 있 음. 그러나 이러한 과정에서 시험․연구 및 대량생산을 위해 수입되고 있는 외래 천적곤충에 대한 보다 철저한 관리가 필요한 것으로 사료됨. ○ 우리나라 곤충 사육농가들은 대부분 애완용 및 생태체험학습용 곤충을 생 산하고 있고, 일부 농가가 민간약재로 사용되는 곤충을 생산하고 있음. 천 적 및 화분매개 곤충은 지자체 농업기술센터와 민간업체를 중심으로 생 산․보급되고 있는 실정임. 또한, 농업과학기술원 및 지자체 농업기술센터 는 자체 개발한 천적 및 화분매개 곤충의 대량생산 기술을 민간업체에 이전 하여 민간업체가 농민에게 판매․보급토록 유통체계가 구성되어 있음. ○ 따라서 농업과학기술원이 기술이전 대상을 각 지역 지자체 농업기술센터로 확대해서 그 기술을 이전하고, 이들이 다시 생산자단체 및 생산자들에게 기 술을 보급해서, 생산현장에서 곤충을 직접 생산해서 이용할 있도록 지도하 는 방안을 검토할 필요가 있음. ○ 애완용 곤충분야는 그 수요자가 대부분 초중등학생 이하인 실정을 감안할 때, 최근 사육농가의 급증으로 그 공급량이 수요량을 초과하고 있는 것으로 추정됨. 이에 따라 애완용 곤충가격의 하락은 물론 농가의 피해가 확산될 것이 우려되어, 이에 대한 정책적인 대응책 마련이 시급한 것으로 사료됨. ○ 현재 우리나라 현행법 체제에서 곤충은 법적인 지위를 부여받고 있지 못한 실정임. 즉, 축산법 내에 양봉과 양잠은 포함되어 있으나, 이외 곤충에 대 해서는 어디에도 규정되어 있지 않다. 이에 따라 곤충 사육농가는 지원과 규제의 대상에서 제외되어 있음. 현재 곤충 사육농가들은 사육하고 있는 곤충들이 축산법 내 가축의 범위에 포함되기를 희망하고 있으나, 일부에서 가축인 동물과 곤충이 서로 다르다는 점 등의 사유로 이를 반대하고 있음. 그러나 현재 곤충 사육농가가 적지 않고, 그 관련 산업과 시장규모가 급속.

(7) v 히 확대되고 있는 상황을 고려할 때, 곤충에 법적인 지위 부여와 더불어 곤충 사육농가를 지원하고 규제할 수 있는 제도적 장치 마련은 시급히 이 루어져야 함. ○ 현재 우리나라에서 곤충 활용분야는 천적용, 화분매개용, 애완용, 약용 등 몇몇 분야에만 국한되어 있고, 해외시장 개척도 거의 이루어지고 있지 않은 실정임. 그래서 다양한 식용대상 곤충의 개발 및 수출방안, 환경정화 곤충 의 실용화 및 보급방안, 가축․어류․조류 등의 먹이로 이용될 수 있는 곤 충사료 개발 등 새로운 곤충분야 창출을 위한 전략적인 정책추진이 필요한 것으로 사료됨..

(8) vi ABSTRACT. Current Status and Prospect of Insect Resource Utilization in Korean Agriculture Now, it is estimated that there are about 5 10 ～ million insect species on Earth, and approximately 15,000 insect species are directly or indirectly related with humankind. With this affluent diversity of insect species, insects are given attention in the utilization of bio-resources. In Korea, insects have been used for bee culture and silkworm culture, and as materials for alternative medicine. Recently, the utilization of insects is extended for the provision of natural enemies, pollination, and insect pets such as Allomyrina dichotoma, Lucanus maculifemoratus dybowskyi, firefly, etc., as well as for the education of children on natural ecology, extraction of medicinal materials from larvae or adult insects, insect feed for livestock, sanitary disposal of livestock excrements, and so on. The aims of this study are to investigate the growth and restriction factors of the insect industry in Korean agriculture and to suggest complementary measures. Under this aim, this study reviews the current status of insect utilization, the present state of insect export and import, and insect related policies and institutions in Korean agriculture. Several policy suggestions are made for the sustainable development and growth of insect industry in Korea. Researchers: Bae-sung Kim E-mail address: [email protected].

(9) vii. 차. 제1장. 례. 서 론 ····················································································································1. 1. 연구의 필요성 ··········································································································· 1 2. 연구 목적 ·················································································································· 2 3. 선행연구 검토 및 연구의 차별성 ·········································································· 2 4. 연구범위 및 연구내용 ····························································································· 4 제2장. 곤충자원의 정의 및 국내 분류현황 ·······························································6. 1. 곤충자원의 정의 ······································································································· 6 2. 국내 곤충 분류현황 ································································································· 7 제3장. 국내 곤충자원의 활용 실태 ·········································································· 10. 1. 천적용 곤충 ············································································································ 10 2. 화분매개용 곤충 ····································································································· 14 3. 환경정화용 곤충 ····································································································· 19 4. 애완용 곤충 ············································································································ 21 5. 약용 및 식용 곤충 ································································································· 22 6. 지역행사 소재용 곤충 ··························································································· 26 제4장. 곤충산업 현황 ··································································································33. 1. 농가의 곤충사육 실태 ··························································································· 33 2. 곤충 수출입 실태 ··································································································· 37 3. 우리나라 곤충시장의 규모 ···················································································· 39.

(10) viii 제5장. 국내외 곤충관련 정책 검토 ·········································································· 48. 1. 우리나라 농업분야 곤충관련 정책 ······································································· 49 2. 외국의 곤충관련 주요 정책 ·················································································· 56 제6장. 향후과제 및 발전방향 ···················································································· 61. 부록. 우리나라 곤충관련 법률 현황 ············································································ 66. 참고 문헌 ························································································································ 91.

(11) ix. 표. 차. 례. 제2장 표 2- 1. 우리나라 곤충 기록종수 ············································································· 8 제3장 표 3- 1. 시설채소 작물별 주요 해충 ····································································· 11 표 3- 2. 천적곤충 보급면적 ···················································································· 13 표 3- 3. 국내 천적생산 회사 현황 ········································································· 14 표 3- 4. 경북 예천군의 머리뿔가위벌 방사사업 실적 ········································· 16 표 3- 5. 경북 예천군의 호박벌 분양사업 실적 ···················································· 17 표 3- 6. 국내 수입되는 서양뒤영벌 수출국 및 브랜드 ······································· 18 표 3- 7. 약용 대상곤충의 예 ·················································································· 23 표 3- 8. 함평나비출제 개최 비용 및 수입 동향(1999~2007) ······························ 28 표 3- 9. 무주 반딧불축제 국내외 방문객 수 ························································ 29 표 3-10. 반딧불축제 관광소비의 지역경제 파급효과 ··········································· 30 제4장 표 4- 1. 전국 곤충사육 농가 현황 ········································································· 33 표 4- 2. 국내 농가의 곤충사육 규모 ····································································· 34 표 4- 3. 국내 곤충 사육농가의 경영주 사육경력 ················································ 34 표 4- 4. 국내 곤충 사육농가의 경영주 연령분포 ················································ 35 표 4- 5. 곤충 사육농가의 조수입(2006) ································································ 37 표 4- 6. 수입이 허가된 곤충 현황 ········································································· 38 표 4- 7. 곤충 수입 동향 ·························································································· 39 표 4- 8. 천적곤충 시장규모 추산 ··········································································· 41 표 4- 9. 시설과채 작물에 대한 화분매개곤충 시장규모 추산 ···························· 42.

(12) x 표 4-10. 과채 및 고추에 대한 화분매개곤충 시장규모 추산 ······························ 43 표 4-11. 과실류에 대한 화분매매곤충 시장규모 추산 ········································· 43 표 4-12. 전국 유치원 및 초중등 학생수 현황(2005) ··········································· 44 표 4-13. 곤충시장 규모 추산 ·················································································· 47 제5장 표 5- 1. 천적활용 원예작물 해충방제사업 연도별 지원계획 ································ 50 표 5- 2. 세계의 대표적인 천적 생산․판매업체 ···················································· 57 제6장 표 6- 1. 곤충 활용분야별 성장가능성과 발전방향 ················································· 64 <부록> 부표 1. 천적 종류별 연구 및 상품화 현황(2006. 8.) ············································· 87 부표 2. 시설재배작물 해충 방제에 이용되는 천적 종류 ······································· 88 부표 3. 꿀벌의 수출입 동향(1993~2002) ································································· 88 부표 4. 누에씨(잠종)의 수출입 동향(1990~2007) ··················································· 89 부표 5. 누에고치의 수출입 동향 ·············································································· 89.

(13) xi. 그 림 차 례. 제1장 그림 1- 1. 연구의 주요내용 ························································································ 5 제3장 그림 3- 1. 세계 서양뒤영벌 공급량 변화추이 ························································ 18 그림 3- 2. 초파리를 이용한 연구 분야 ··································································· 24 제4장 그림 4- 1. 활용분야별 곤충시장의 범위 ································································ 40 제5장 그림 5- 1. 애완용 곤충의 수입절차 ········································································· 52 그림 5- 2. 농업과학기술원 농업생물부 연구조직도 ··············································· 55 <부록> 부도 1 동물 및 곤충의 분류 체계도 ········································································ 90.

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