• Focus on Urban Redevelopment in South Korea
• Concept definitions and three case studies
• Report prepared by Mun Su Park
Questions for the Research
• Who felt unfairly treated and why?
• How did the government react?
• How did the lack of a legal definition of
housing rights hinder arbitration?
Assumptions of the Research
• There is a need to actively promote local community in large cities
• Urban redevelopment in South Korea should take place in the democratic arena of negotiation
• To facilitate arbitration there should be a legal framework for housing rights and fairness in urban redevelopment
projects
Local community:
a sociological definition
• Local community is the sense of identity that at least some of the residents of a given area maintain among themselves through cooperation and intentional action.
• Local community is not a geographical unit
• Local community is both myth and
reality
Features of local community listed in the Habitat Agenda
• Generates a sense of citizenship and identity
• Cooperation and dialogue for the common good
• Spirit of voluntarism and civic engagement
• All people are encouraged and have an equal opportunity to participate in
decision-making and development
Citizen participation model in the
“arena of consensus” –John Abbott
• Local government, NGOs, professionals support local community organizations
• Intervention for empowerment:
information gathering, training &
education, mediation, facilitation, conflict resolution
• Importance of projects and project
management
Neighborhood self-management model– Hillel Schmid
• An ideology of administrative and political decentralization
• Important role of nonprofit org. in
providing social and communal services
• Promotion of neighborhood organizations
• The community council as a merger of neighborhood self-management and community centers
Housing rights as expressed by the Habitat Agenda
• An obligation of Governments to enable people to obtain shelter and to protect and improve dwellings and neighborhoods
• Adequate shelter for everyone
• “Adequate” means healthy, safe, secure, accessible and affordable
• including basic services, facilities, freedom
from discrimination, legal security of tenure
Fairness in a public project in the
“arena of consensus”
• The opportunity for all whose interests are affected by the project
• to participate equally
• in the negotiated outcomes of the project
Conflict issues in Songnim-dong
• Selling and moving out versus remaining and investing
• Lack of transparency in the
homeowners ’ association
Local community in Songnim-dong
• Neither strong nor weak prior to redevelopment
• An ideal proposed by a religious leader
• The idea that local residents themselves should take financial responsibility for development and enjoy its benefits
• An extended struggle led residents to opt to sell and move out
Role of the community organizer in Songnim-dong
• He participated as a homeowner in the homeowners ’ association
• Formed a network with other organizers
for publicity, planning, education, and
advocacy
Arbitration in Songnim-dong
• Government role mainly passive, granting permission
• Developer’s role proactive, seeking profit
• Lawsuits filed, moving arbitration to the courts
• Delay in court decisions led both sides in the conflict to ‘cut their losses’
Conflict over compensation in Yongdu-dong
• Official evaluation much less than market value
• Compensation insufficient to allow alternative housing for many residents
• The problem of unregistered property
Yongdu-dong: role of nonprofit org. and professionals
• Nonprofit org. responded to the unfairness of forced evictions
• They advised residents on strategy and they increased public concern
• Professionals helped negotiate a compromise
Yongdu-dong: role of Korean Housing Authority
• KHA’s options were limited by the requirement to get returns on housing investment
• They ignored housing rights and used violent eviction methods, instigating a long struggle by the residents
• Maintained an unfair advantage in
negotiations by refusing to reveal actual
construction costs
Arbitration in Yongdu-dong
• KHA took a rigid stance in negotiations
• Non-profit organizations softened residents ’ demands by stressing ‘the
right to livelihood ’
• Experts intervened suggesting the compromise solution of providing
compensation through the illegal selling of purchasing rights
Muak-dong: demand for on-site temporary housing
• To avoid hardship imposed by
temporary move to a different district
• Opportunity to strengthen local community
• Pressure the government to keep its
promise to provide public rental housing
Arbitration in Muak-dong
• Seoul city would not allow on-site temporary housing to renters, only to homeowners
• A violent attack on renters hospitalized 21 of them, instigating a sit-in at the local government ( ‘Jongno-gu’) office
• Jongno-gu brought an end to the sit-in by agreeing to overlook the illegality of on-site temporary housing
Causes of ‘community fatigue’ in Muak-dong
• Two years of living under constant stress and threats of violence
• Inadequate response to the spread of false rumors and faction formation
• Belief that community organizers had exaggerated the need for struggle
• Tensions from high-density living
Community rebuilding in public rental housing
• Community Chest of Korea project
sponsored welfare networks and funded community organizers
• Salient issues, such as the need for a senior citizens’ meeting place
• Legal status of the renters’
representative association made community building less stressful
Obstacles to promoting local community in urban
redevelopment
• Expectation of windfall profits
• Lack of recognition of the housing rights of renters
• Extended time-frame that puts hardship especially on low-income households
• Too little financing from local residents
and from the public sector
Aids to negotiation and arbitration in urban
redevelopment
• A legal framework that
• allows a win-win outcome among affected persons
• defines the common good clearly
• Assures fair participation in negotiation for all affected persons
• Specifies arbiters for speedy and
professional arbitration
PRIVATE SECTOR HOUSING RENEWAL IN
문서에서
REGENERATION POLICY IN THE UK
(페이지 103-116)