36KRIHS
02 >> Measures to Enhance Social Capital in the Field of National Territorial Management(II)
37KRIHS Ⅱ2009 Research ProjectsGreen Territory & Urban Research Division
The study aims to review UK's national policies and programs to cope with climate change, expe-cially focusing on the eco-town programme; con-duct case studies of eco-town development; and provide useful insights for developing green cities in Korea.
The case studies covered in this study are Rackheath Eco-town project proposing 5,000 new homes in Greater Norwich, Pennbury Eco-town project proposing 15,000 new homes in Leicester-shire, Northstowe Eco-new town project that aims to provide 9,500 new homes in Cam-bridgeshire, and Upton project that proposes building more than 1,000 new homes in Northampton.
The results are briefly summarized as follows.
The case studies provide a snapshot of develop-ment at each point in the projects’ lifecycle. The implications from the study are as follows. First, in Korea, low-carbon urban development is implemented without any upper level plans whereas in the UK, the projects are carried out in a thoroughly systematic and planned way. Sec-ond, in Korea, most low-carbon green city devel-opments are implemented mostly by the public sector whereas in the UK, various parties interest-ed in the development take part in the project.
Third, in Korea, the focus is more on building
energy-efficient spaces, encouraging the use of public transportation, and expanding facilities that use new renewable energy, but in the UK, the focus is on providing job security through education, raising up talents, creating new jobs through green industries, and constructing eco towns. Fourth, Korea as yet only considers physi-cal aspects of low-carbon green cities whereas the U.K envisages formation of a community when making green city plans. Fifth, many ministries carry out projects individually and the projects tend to overlap in Korea whereas in the U.K., each ministry has its own unique function and interacts with other ministries in a systematic and integrated manner. Sixth, in Korea, each ministry follows a different set of rules and regulations in conducting projects whereas in the U.K., a clear legal standard is in place for the forging of eco towns. Finally, Korea does not as yet provide clear guidelines to developers whereas the U.K.
provides clear standards and codes to eco town developers and therefore can maintain unity and congruence in development.
Research Period: 2009. 4. 1~2009. 6. 30
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-6, 125pp
>> Making the Case for Possible Korean Application of the UK Low-carbon Model of Ecotown Development
영국 저탄소형 에코타운 조성사례와 국내 적용가능성 연구
Lee Soonja & Michael Chang38KRIHS
02
Austin is practicing successful green city-making programs. In order to make an energy-saving and growing green city, it practices green growth pro-grams in construction and transportation area.
Austin started on its path to becoming a high-tech city when Austin's Chamber of Commerce and Industry requested the SRI corporation to form regional development strategy for Austin.
The company recommended that a private R&D sector should be established and that leaders of local communities should nurture innovative start-ups. The precondition of the program was first, to include all regions in the planning process, second, to revitalize local areas and third, to preserve the environment and open spaces in order to improve the quality of life in Austin. The Sprawl Mitigation Matrix has become the stan-dard to measure how much each project has con-sidered green growth. The major determinants for receiving points are the location of the project, the proximity to public transportation, character-istics of the city design, ability to generate a sense of neighborhood, creation of jobs, increase of tax base, and support for other policies of high priority. The city provides incentives according to the points received. Austin Energy Green Build-ing Program promotes buildBuild-ings that are efficient, healthy, and well-constructed. The program is an
improvement of the Energy Points Program which was conducted to save energy in the city of Austin and which was operated by both the municipality and the electric company of Austin.
The successful example of green growth by the city of Austin offers us useful policy suggestions.
First, each region should develop its own green growth engine suitable for the region. Second, we should ensure the participation of self-governing bodies, citizen communities, and residents. Third, the example of Austin helps to determine ade-quate incentives for development of the green growth program. Fourth, The matrix rating system should be incorporated in guidelines for issuing development permits in order to reduce rampant development. Fifth, it is important to recognize the importance of the green transportation pro-gram and the strong commitment of related per-sonnel to push the program. Finally, public and private sectors should work together to supervise the program.
Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-34, 140pp
>> A Study on Green Growth Action Programs toward The Green City Based on Low Carbon Emissions : the Case of Austin
저탄소 녹색도시의 녹색성장 프로그램에 관한 연구 : 오스틴을 중심으로
Kim Sunhee, Kang Byungsu & Hwang Wonsil39KRIHS Ⅱ2009 Research ProjectsGreen Territory & Urban Research Division
The main purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the four major rivers in S.
Korea, explore world's successful river restoration projects in Europe, Japan, and the U.S., and derive policy implications for the Four Major River Restoration Project of Korea.
Climate change is now widely recognized as a major environmental problem that negatively affecs various aspects of human settlements. Since water resource-related problem is central to the issue of the recent crisis, proper management of water resources including rivers is required to maintain or enhance the national competitiveness of S. Korea in the future. The main role of the Korean government's master plan for the river restoration project is limited to providing a big picture. The smaller pictures should be completed by Korean local governments, using their own ideas. From this standpoint, the characteristics of the four major rivers need to be identified in detail. By introducing detailed accounts of rela-tively unknown successful river restoration pro-jects of the world in detail, as well as by illustrat-ing distinctive features of the four major rivers in S. Korea, this study sought to help local govern-ments form their own ideas about river restora-tion, waterfront development, and waterfront-led urban regeneration.
Most river restoration projects introduced in this study are examined by extensive field trips to the sites. When necessary, email interviews, web-site visits and professional workshops were orga-nized. This study described the projects' back-ground, goals and strategies, success factors, and major achievements. These accumulated data would help the Korean government push the four river restoration project succesfully while mini-mizing trials and errors.
Hopefully, this project would lay a foundation for overcoming the problems of past river restora-tion or retrofit projects in S. Korea, which were mainly due to a standardized approach without consideration for local circumstances. This study would provide a basis for further practical and academic efforts to develop Korean river restora-tion models, and the models will ultimately con-tribute to the creation of more unique riverscape, more efficient water resource management, and safer flood controls for Korean rivers.
Research Period: 2009. 5. 25~2009. 10. 25
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-10, 199pp
>> International Case Study for the South Korean Four Major River Restoration Project 4대강 살리기 관련 외국사례와 시사점
Sim Oubae, Kwon Taejung & Lee Syunguk
40KRIHS
02
The 「Special Act on Accelerating Urban Renewal」
established in 2005, is the most recent legislation for regeneration of dilapidated urban areas. This research seeks to suggest new district selection criteria and development approach suitable for Incheon City, Gyeonggi Province, and other cities.
We discovered that there are several problems in urban renewal projects, after interviewing experts, conducting surveys and field studies. In Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, the relocation of original residents is a hot social issue. Especially rental resident's rehabilitation is very difficult due to lack of available development site within the district and economic supporting systems. The study also compares the difference between can-didate areas selected according to legal criteria and real candidate areas by utilizing the KOrea Planning Support Systems(KOPSS). According to the result, most current newtown districts' boundaries do not match with legal district boundaries. It was found that districts were selected based on financial feasibility and prefer-ences rather than according to strict legal criteria.
Newtown projects have several problems in criteria and procedures for district selection;
excessive district acreage, ambiguity of legal selection criteria, simplicity of designation
method, district selection based on financial fea-sibility, and lack of resident participation proce-dures. Newtown projects also have several prob-lems in implementation methods: lack of inter-grated supply of infrastructures, lack of utility services and management, monopolization by private construction companies, and low resident relocation rate.
It is important to suggest basic principles for improving the regeneration system. First of all, priorities for district selection should be decided based on objective indicators and comprehensive approaches. Also, more sophisticated and efficient citizen participation process is necessary in the near future. The direction of regeneration should be changed into strengthing public benefits, pre-venting windfall profits, and increasing the rate of relocation of original inhabitants. Gradual and cyclical development approach could be the best option.
Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-31, 252pp
>> Rational Implementation Method of Urban Regeneration Project 뉴타운사업의 합리적 추진방안 연구
Lee Wanggeun & Lee Jinhui
41KRIHS Ⅱ2009 Research ProjectsGreen Territory & Urban Research Division
This study aims to describe the role of communi-ty business and improvements of related systems for sustainable urban regeneration.
The definition of a community business used in this study refers to “an activity employed by local residents to solve regional challenges(projects) by themselves using business operation methods (profitability) and form local communities."
Therefore, urban regeneration and community business share a common objective, which is community recovery. Community business could be reinterpreted as a method of urban regenera-tion which brings communities together.
In the case of the U.K. and Japan, community business has already become part of urban regen-eration efforts. Community business was used as a strategic catalyst to settle comprehensive chal-lenges of such community ills as declining eco-nomic, social welfare, and urban conditions.
In the case of Korea, there are no supporting policies for community businesses. However, there exist individual policies such as welfare and job creation policies to support low-income citi-zens and urban policies for community recovery.
To support community business for sustainable urban regeneration, these individual policies must be improved and link together as a comprehen-sive strategy.
The study analyzed the Korean community businesses using in-depth interviews and surveys.
According to the result, some regions saw stable growth of community businesses, despite low social awareness. In these regions, despite their small sizes the community business served to meet regional challenges by creating jobs and making physical improvements. However in some cases, many projects stopped or were delayed by lack of human resources and financial problems, even though locals had strong motivation to tackle regional issues by themselves.
For sustainable growth of community busi-nesses, there should be a continuous input of know-hows, financial supports, and human resources at the right time and at the right place.
The study provides the role of each related body by proposing four strategies: awareness; financial support; and business management support;
training and educational support. Finally, the study reviews the method of improving present community business systems.
Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-50, 191pp
>> A Strategy for Promoting Community Business as a Catalyst for Urban Regeneration 도시재생을 위한 커뮤니티 비즈니스 지원방안 연구
Kim Jinbeom, Jeong Younhee, Lee Syunguk & Jin Younghwan
42KRIHS
02
This research investigates the links between neighborhood characteristics, diet/physical activi-ties, and obesity in the city of Seoul. The key data source for empirical analysis was the 2005 Korea National Health Survey by the Korea Census Bureau. This survey provides individual level Body Mass Index(BMI), food consumptions, and variables related to the physical activity as well as individual level demographic and socio-eco-nomic variables. We constructed neighborhood variables using various sources such as park data base, Yellow Pages, and GIS data. The sample for this study was 922 adults who live in forty dis-tricts in Seoul.
The results of a multi-level analysis indicated that individual level socio-economic characteris-tics and behaviors explain the variation in BMI much better than neighborhood characteristics.
Most coefficients of individual SES variables were significant with expected signs. In addition, more walking days and hours(per day) were associated with lower BMI, which is consistent with our hypothesis. A path analysis also showed consis-tent results for individual level SES variables. The results of the path model estimation provide evi-dence of two-way causal relationship between physical activities and obesity: the more vigorous the activity, the lower the BMI; on the other
hand, people with a higher BMI tend to do more exercises more often and for longer time. People with higher BMI are also likely to walk more.
Turning to neighborhood environment vari-ables, accessibility to public transit stops was associated with higher walking tendency. This is consistent with our hypothesis that higher access to transit promotes transit ridership and hence walking because most people depend on walk mode to travel to and from transit stops.
The results of this research encourage more collaborative research efforts among public health and urban planning communities, espe-cially regarding the impacts of urban planning and design elements on physical activities and walking.
Research Period: 2009. 6. 1~2009. 8. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-14, 87pp
>> The Effects of Neighborhood Environment on Obesity
건강도시를 위한 도시계획 및 설계요소 연구 : 도시환경요소가 비만에 미친 영향을 중심으로
Lee Bumsoo & Kim Eunjung43KRIHS Green Territory & Urban Research DivisionⅡ2009 Research Projects
The foreign population in South Korea(hereafter Korea) marked 1 million in 2007, sending a wake-up call that the nation is moving towards a multicultural society.
To promptly tackle the urgent social issue, many researches on multicultural phenomenon have been conducted. However, they principally focused on national scale issues, such as policies for foreign workers and foreign brides, leaving the issue of the ethnic places untouched. To bridge the gap, this study dealt with the issue of the ethnic places in Korea. After identifying exist-ing ethnic places and explorexist-ing dynamics of their socio-spatial transformation, the study came up with urban policy guidelines for the upcoming multicultural society in Korea.
After delineating spatial residential patterns of the foreign population in Korea by foreigners' nationalities and types of occupations, the research tried to explore the formation process of ethnic places in Korea. Four locales were selected to obtain more details on ethnic places: Wongok-dong in Ansan, Guro-gu Garibong-Wongok-dong in Seoul, Chinatown in Incheon, and Seocho Seorae village in Seoul. Each was chosen to represent the four types of ethnic places the study identified;
industrial worker's residential area, inner city area for Korean-Chinese, historical ethnic community
zone, and upscale residential area for professional expats.
Major findings of the research are followings.
First, the ethnic places in Korea are diverse and, in a sense, polarized. Second, it is noteworthy that some local governments are actively engaged in “a multicultural business" in a bid to turn the ethnic places into tourist destinations.
Third, the case study shows us the possibility of conflicts between Koreans and expatriates in almost every ethnic place. Even in neighborhoods where the local economy has been revitalized and sustained by expatriates, the relationship between foreigners and Koreans is conflictual rather than reciprocal.
Now, Korea is at the entrance of a multicultural society. As the cases of advanced countries illus-trate, the ethnic and cultural diversity pose both opportunities and threats. Right policies are need-ed at the right time to pull the society toward a desirable direction.
Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-19, 270pp