Joint Research

79KRIHS ⅢInternational CooperationJoint Research

The objective of this study is to propose policy measures that would promote diversity of hous-ing types in Korea. This research consists of nine chapters.

Chapter 2 includes the hypothesis of this research, a summary of literature review, and the-oretical explanation of the logit model and the hedonic price function.

Chapter 3 presents statistics on the housing stock and newly constructed housing by housing types. Also physical and economic aspects of sin-gle-family detached houses, such as the price, size, location, neighborhood infrastructure and services, are compared against those of apartment houses.

Chapter 4 describes socio-economic character-istics of single-family households based on the 2008 KRIHS Regular Housing Survey and a sur-vey on preferred housing types. The result and the interpretation of the logit model analysis is also included in the chapter.

Chapter 5 discusses various aspects related to home builders specializing in single-family hous-ing construction or development. Also, the financing system, land supply system, and con-sumer protection system for single-family hous-ing are compared against the systems for

apart-ment housings.

Chapter 6 deals with the price, liquidity, and distribution structure of single-family housing.

The result of the hedonic function analysis and attributes that affect housing price are also cov-ered in chapter six.

Chapter 7 is allocated for the case study of housing industry and related policies in foreign countries including Japan and the United States.

In chapter 8, the problems of various govern-ment policies and programs are summarized based on the previous analysis, and countermea-sures or policy recommendations needed to miti-gate current problems are suggested. The policy recommendations are made for seven areas: resi-dential land supply system, infrastructure and neighborhood service supply system, housing finance and tax, promotion of single-family housing construction industry, technology-foster-ing strategies for the construction of stechnology-foster-ingle-fami- single-fami-ly housing, consumer protection, housing distrib-ution system, and information sharing system.

>> Analysis of the Single Family Detached Housing Market to Promote the Diversity of Housing Types

주거다양성 제고를 위한 단독주택시장의 구조적 분석과 정책방안 연구

■Researchers: Bae Soonsuk, Kim Hyeseung, Kang Mina & Lee Yongman

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-43, 322pp

80KRIHS

The global community is engaged in active dis-cussion about providing aids to developing coun-tries. Many developing countries express deep interests in Korea's economic success. The objec-tive of the study is to propose strategies and action plans for helping developing countries by analyzing the amount of support provided by donor countries and demands of recipients. The study especially focuses on the capacity building of spatial planning system of developing coun-tries.

According to a survey by experts of developing countries, demands from developing countries are very diverse: establishment of statistical DB &

GIS(24%), improvement in law and regula-tions(19%), reinforcement in educations(18%), and improvement in financial policies(13%).

However, there was disparity between demands and actual projects carried out by KOICA. Thus, an improvement plan that can accommodate changes in demands must be established.

In order to solve those problems, three basic strategies are proposed: ① strengthening global partnership, ② establishing a competitive cooper-ation system that is truly beneficial to aid receiv-ing countries, and ③ providreceiv-ing aids accordreceiv-ing to demands. Since aids in the spatial planning area

are still in a primitive stage, the study focused on analyzing the present state of developing coun-tries and the present state of international aids.

Based on various analysis results, seven improve-ment plans, instead of concrete action plans, are suggested in this study.

This study is a leading research on capacity building of developing countries, which is an area where not much study has been conducted.

It defines the concept of "capacity building" and is expected to serve as the basic data for future research. There needs to be diverse research to put into practice basic methods suggested in this study.

>> Cooperative Strategies for Capacity Building on Spatial Planning Systems of Developing Countries

개발도상국 공간계획체계 발전을 위한 협력방안 연구

■Researchers: Chung Jinkyu, Oh Seongho, Ko Yongseok & Lee Syunguk

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-16, 155pp

81KRIHS ⅢInternational CooperationJoint Research

This study aims to examine public housing poli-cies for low-income household of developed countries and derive policy implications for improving the quality of housing of low-income households. This study examines previous litera-tures and trends of policies in advanced countries such as the U.S., the U.K., France, Japan, and Sin-gapore, where public housing policies for low-income households are well established.

Each country has various policies for lower-income households according to the state of the country. The U.S. federal government provides financial supports, such as Home Affordability Modification Plan, Tax Credit for Home Purchase, Mortgage Refinancing Plan, and Low Income Hosing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and the Public Hous-ing Corporation in the U.S. conducts construction and manages public housing with federal aid pro-gram.

The U.K. supplies affordable housing to low-income households through the program Housing Benefit, which is conducted by local authorities.

France adopted a law called “Loi portant Engagement National pour le Logement” to assist the poor, and promoted various public policies to support the institutional and financial strategy for housing.

Meanwhile, Japan established and carried out

renewed public housing policies to accommodate changing housing demands due to aging popula-tion and low fertility rate.

And Singapore set up Housing and Develop-ment Board (HDB) to carry out its public housing policy, which is called Interim Rental Housing for Households.

Each public housing policy of advanced coun-tries for lower-income households gives us strong implications for low-income household of Korea.

Therefore, this study focused entirely on examin-ing various cases of advanced countries, which help policy-makers, practitioners and experts in the relevant field of Korea to understand global trends of housing policies.

>> Housing Policy for Lower-Income Household of Advanced Countries

선진국의 저소득층 주택정책 동향

■Researchers: Jin Jungsoo & Jeon Sungje

■Research Period: 2009. 9. 21~2009. 12. 21

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-29, 169pp

82KRIHS

This study aims to coordinate housing supply programs based on demand analysis. Housing construction no longer guarantees sales. The number of unsold housing was recorded to be highest at the end of 2008. We are at a point when we need to establish housing supply pro-grams based on sophisticated housing demand analysis.

The study consists of six chapters. Following the introduction, chapter two reviews past research related to housing demand analysis methods such as hedonic price model, Heckman model, and Mankiw-Weil model.

Chapter three examines the current conditions of housing supply policies and points out prob-lems in government's housing supply policies.

The government's long-term housing supply plan is set up without a preliminary in-depth study and lacks the ability to react swiftly to the hous-ing market situation.

The long-term housing demand is estimated using modified Mankiw-Weil model in chapter four. We improved the Mankiw-Weil model by adding income, age of household head which reflects the family life cycle, one person house-hold dummy, and couple househouse-hold dummy vari-ables. The dummy variables reflect the recent

changes of household composition. The housing demand is projected to decrease from 46 thou-sand units in 2010 to 41 thouthou-sand units in 2020.

The foreign cases of housing supply programs are benchmarked in chapter five. We focus on the roles of the central government and local organi-zations in housing supply programs and examine housing policies for low-income families in the U.S., the UK., and Japan.

Finally, chapter six suggests policy implica-tions of this study. About 49 thousands housing units must be supplied annually in order to meet housing demands including public housing demands. The proportion of apartments in the long-term housing supply plan released by the government should be reduced from 80% to 70%.

And it is desirable for the ratio of rental housing in the current government's long-term housing supply plan to be raised from 18% to 25%.

>> Korean Housing Supply Programs Based on Demand Analysis

수요 지향적 주택공급 프로그램에 관한 연구

■Researchers: Kim Geunyong, Park Chungyu, Jin Jungsoo & Cho Panki

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-40, 120pp

83KRIHS ⅢInternational CooperationJoint Research

To address the chronic imbalance between the demand and supply of urban land, the Lee Myungbak Administration decided to supply 3,000km²of urban land by the year 2020.

Toward this end, the administration eased land use regulations for 2,719km²of land in 2008.

This policy is based on the premise that land prices will be stabilized when more land is devel-oped.

The purposes of the study are to review logical bases for deregulation policy, conduct empirical analyses of land use deregulation vis-a-vis how it impacts the land market, and suggest policies for maximizing positive effects of land use deregula-tion and minimizing negative effects.

The provisional conclusion of empirical analy-ses can be summarized as follows: Although land use deregulation has an impact on land stability, the effect on the total land market is quite limited contrary to general expectations. The price of land, even after applying deregulation, rise because deregulation is accompanied by land use conversion. Shortening the period required to develop the land was confirmed to be more effec-tive for land market stabilization rather than applying deregulation.

Once deregulation has been applied, the remaining imperatives of land market manage-ment policy are as follows: First, ways should be sought to provide land time and just-in-place at a low price. Development demands should be assessed scientifically and methods to spread out development demands to provincial areas should be explored. The focus should be on redistributing development gains in order to redress the imbalance between supply and demand. Also, the price of new urban lands should be stabilized. Finally, land information system should be integrated in order to link and support various systems, and objective data should be provided to make the land market more transparent.

>> Policy Directions for Stabilizing Land Market in the Era of De-regulation to Increase Urban Land Supply

도시용지 공급확대에 따른 토지시장 관리방안 연구

■Researchers: Jung Heenam, Choi Soo, Cheon Hyeonsook, Kim Seungjong, Sohn Hakgi, Kang Mi-young, Kim Sunji, Moon Taehoon, Suh Seonghwan, Kim Youngtae, Edwin Buitelaar & Arno Segeren

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-24, 420pp

84KRIHS

The objectives of the present two-year study are to establish business models which can encourage cooperation between natural resource industries and the construction industry for the nation's grand purpose of achieving energy security, and to illustrate the supporting role of the govern-ment.

In the country analysis, the following criteria were mainly examined: reserves, exports and imports of oil and gas, country risk, industrial structure, government policies related to energy resources or minerals, and prospects of demand for the construction industry. In conclusion, it was determined that the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and Iraq were the most suitable markets to penetrate. Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Algeria, Libya, and Vietnam came in second, and South Africa and Brazil were evaluated as having the lowest poten-tial.

In addition, a survey of experts showed that the host country factor was most critical in the success of the package deal. Especially in case of a project involving oil, gas, or minerals, financial factors became important variables after development phase.

Case studies were performed to supplement the survey. A case of an oil field development in Iraq showed that the conflict between the federal gov-ernment and the states could actually serve as an opportunity. In the package deal in DR Congo involving water resource development and the mineral sector, a new type of cooperation emerged among public enterprises in the con-struction and resource sectors.

Lastly, this study presented an outline for spe-cific project models and implications for future study. Project models are set up through the fol-lowing process: ① country and industry analysis,

② assessment of the prospect for package deals,

③ selection of promising industries, e.g., oil and transportation infrastructure industry, ④ desig-nation of the stage (exploration, drilling, produc-tion stage) for oil, gas, or mineral projects, ⑤ identification of factors which could influence the project, ⑥ establishment of a detailed project plan, such as determination of the ratio of oil, gas, or mineral projects against construction pro-jects, the starting time of each project, and the availability of a joint venture etc.

>> Policy Measures to Encourage Package Deals Overseas : Bundling Construction Industry with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Industry(I) - Market Potential Analysis and Setting the Direction for Establishment of Business

Models-자원개발 연계형 해외건설 및 플랜트 진출지원 방안 연구(I) : 자원개발 연계시장 잠재력 분석 및 진출모형 구축방향

■Researchers: Kim Sungil, Kim Minchul, Park Taesun, Yoon Hajung, Jo Jincheol & Kim Youngjin

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-46, 231pp

85KRIHS ⅢInternational CooperationJoint Research

This study aims at, first, explaining the changes in the economic geography of the maritime zone of East Asia and, second, examining the respons-es taken by city-regions to threspons-ese changrespons-es by focusing on transborder spaces. Since city-regions instead of nations are more meaningful units of analysis in increasingly transnationalized economies, the study places an emphasis on the transformation of city-regions in transborder regions. An allied objective of the study is to derive policy implications for cities in Korea and East Asia. Hong-Kong, Taipei, Singapore, Incheon (Qingdao), and Busan (Fukuoka) are selected for detailed case studies.

The case studies suggest two things: 1) political economy variables still play a big role in trans-border regions and inter-city relations in East Asia; and 2) the positioning of cities in fluid transborder spaces is not only difficult but also varies by the city's status. All the cases indicate a big issue of transborder regional governance. The most troublesome aspects of governance are related to redundant infrastructure investment and labor mobility. Even the most advanced transborder region of East Asia, namely Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta, poses a serious question of to what extent labor mobility should be allowed and of how to avoid redundant

infra-structure building in the larger region.

For the Korean policy-makers at both the cen-tral and local level, the following points are sug-gested. First, it is necessary to establish anchor cities to expand transborder linkages beyond simple trading of commodities. Local initiatives should be encouraged by awarding funds for transborder inter-city cooperation in knowledge sharing and joint R&D. Second, current industrial linkages based on the vertical division of labor across the border need to be changed so as to lead a more horizontal division of labor. Third, the concept of industrial cluster should be expanded to include services. Fourth, policy-makers in Korea should keep in mind that trans-border economic cooperation depending on fac-tor cost differentials is coming to an end in the maritime zone of East Asia. A strategic thinking is required in transborder cooperation, whether between nations or between cities. Pooling the resources of a wider region (e.g., transborder region), establishing a common labor market, and growing new growth industries together between cities and nations across the border are the major areas on which policy-makers need to pay serious attention.

>> Transborder Regional Development and Urban Strategy in East Asia

동아시아 초국경적 지역 형성과 도시전략

■Researchers: Kim Wonbae, Mike Douglass, Park Sehoon & Kim Minyoung

■Research Period: 2009. 1. 1~2009. 12. 31

■Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2009-42, 238pp

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■Presentations

1. Japan's Legal System for Creating Historical Town

- Wakisaka Ryuichi (Assistant Director, Min-istry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)

2. Genoa : The New Streets and the System of the Palazzi dei Rolli

- Francesca Mazzino (Professor, University of Genova)

3. Regeneration of Old Cities along Jing Hang

Water Carriage System)

- Li Huadong (Prof. of Beijing University of Technology)

4. Baekje : Its Significance and Major Issues in the Historical & Cultural City Development Policy

- Lee Soonja (Research Fellow, KRIHS) 5. Discussion

- Presided by Chae Mieoak (Head of Center for Cultural Territorial Policy, KRIHS)

- Panelist : Kang Taiho (Professor, Dongguk

문서에서 World’s Leading Think Tank in the Field of Spatial Policy to Create New Territorial Values of the Future (페이지 79-87)