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Luminescence Properties of Nd 2 O 3 -doped Gadolinium-Borate Glass Scintillators

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Luminescence Properties of Nd 2 O 3 -doped Gadolinium-Borate Glass Scintillators

D. H. Ha · H. J. Kim · J. M. Park

Department of Physics, Kyunqpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea

J. Kaewhao

Center of Excellence in Glass Technology and Materials Science (CEGM), Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Thailand

(Received 9 December 2014 : revised 11 February 2015 : accepted 13 February 2015)

Glass scintillators have good radiation hardness and high chemical and thermal resistance.

Therefore, glass scintillators are suitable for use in the high-energy physics, nuclear power, and so on. Because the fabrication of glass scintillators is not difficult, adding various dopants is easy. Thus, we doped rare-earth elements in glass scintillators in order to increase their lumi- nescence properties. In this study, we used Nd

2

O

3

-doped glass scintillators with a formula of (55-x)B

2

O

3

:25Gd

2

O

3

:10SiO

2

:10CaO:xNd

2

O

3

(x: 0.05 ∼ 2.50 mol%). We measured the absorp- tion spectrum, the X-ray-induced emission spectrum, and the photoluminescence of Nd

2

O

3

-doped gadolinium-borate glass scintillators. The absorption spectrum followed the f-f transition of Nd

3+

ions. In the X-ray-induced emission spectrum, an emission peak was observed at 890 nm. The photon emission peaks are 800 nm and 890 nm, and excitation peaks are 542 nm, 592 nm and 653 nm.

PACS numbers: 29.40.Mc, 78.55.Hx, 81.05.Pj

Keywords: Nd

2

O

3

, Glass, Scintillator, Luminescence properties, Rare earth, Lanthanide

Nd 2 O 3 õ u § Y 8 È” X ¢ Gadolinium-Borate – ¥P  V Ȱ Ë Ñ= k8 ý ®  o° Ë Ñ— ¤V R Ë Ž ì ŏ Œ

6 00 å  · ™ » ý — ¡® £ · ƒ ‘ š+ ä  * >

 â

· ¡ ¤ @ /† < Ɠ § Ó ü t o † < Æõ , @ /½ ¨ 702-701

J. Kaewhao

Center of Excellence in Glass Technology and Materials Science (CEGM), Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Thailand

(2014¸   12 Z 4 9{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, 2015¸   2 Z 4 11{ 9  à º& ñ ‘ : r ~ à Î6 £ §, 2015¸   2 Z 4 13{ 9  > F  S X ‰& ñ )

Ä

»o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H ~ ½ Ó ‚  \  @ /ô  Ç $ † ½ ӕ ¸ Z  } “ ¦  o† < Æ& h , \ P & h  ? /$ í s  Z  }   “ ¦\  -t  Ó ü t o  x 9 " é ¶



§ 4 ì  r   1 p x \ " f æ ¼s l \  & h ½ + Ë  . Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H ] j Œ • ~ ½ ÓZ O s  ç ß –¼ #  # Œ  € ª œô  Ç " é ¶ ™ è\  ¦ ' ‘ 

l  ¼ #  Ù ¼– Ð, ê ø Íò ø Í7 á ¤ " é ¶ ™ ès “ : r`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ $ 3 F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ > h‚   l \  6   x s   . ‘ : r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f Nd

2

O

3

 ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  ¦  6   x % i Ü ¼ 9, z  ´+ « >\   6   x ) a Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H (55-x)B

2

O

3

:25Gd

2

O

3

:10SiO

2

:10CaO:xNd

2

O

3

(Nd

2

O

3

' ‘ 0 l x • ¸: 0.05 ∼ 2.50 mol%)_  › ¸$ í q \  ¦ 

255

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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any

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g ^ ‰  H Ó ü t| 9 _  7 á x À Óü <  © œI \     Ä »l  $ 3 F g ^ ‰ü < Á ºl 

$ 3

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Õ

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| 9

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\

 $ 3 F g | ¾ Ós    É r $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  q K  & h # Q  € ª œô  Ç ì  r  \ " f V ,

o   Ö ¸6   x ÷ &t  3 l w % i   [2]. t ë ß – Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H ] j Œ • s

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º Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  ¦  6   x l \  Ä »o   . ¢ ¸ô  Ç  o† < Æ& h Ü ¼

–

Ð # Œ Q t  Ä »l  x 9 Á ºl  r €  •\  @ /K " f Z  }“ É r ? /$ í `  ¦ t

m  9, \ P \  @ /ô  Ç ? /$ í s  y © œ “ ¦ 0 l q  H& h s  Z  } Ü ¼ 9 : £ ¤ Ä » _

 Z  }“ É r ~ ½ Ó ‚   $ † ½ Ó$ í `  ¦ t “ ¦ e ” # Q" f “ ¦“ : r, “ ¦~ ½ Ó ‚  

\

 ” ¸Ø  ¦ ÷ &  H " é ¶  § 4  µ 1 τ  ™ è\ " f_  z  ´+ « >s  , œ í$ “ : r x 9 Z

 }“ É r ~ ½ Ó ‚  | ¾ Ó\  ” ¸Ø  ¦ ÷ &  H “ ¦\  -t  x 9 Ù þ ˜Ó ü t o  z  ´+ « > 1 p x _

 z  ´+ « > › ¸| \ " f• ¸  6   x| ¨ c à º e ”   [1,3]. s  Qô  Ç  © œ& h  [

þ

t – Ð “  K  Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H  € ª œô  Ç ì  r  \   Ö ¸6   x| ¨ c à º e ”   H



Œ

™F & h “   0 p x$ í s  Z  } Ü ¼Ù ¼– Ð Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í

`

 ¦ > h‚  K   ½ + É € 9 כ ¹$ í s  ß ¼ . Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H # Œ Q Ó ü t| 9  [

þ

t`  ¦ ' ‘  l  ~ 1 l  M :ë  H \  µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í > h‚  `  ¦ 0 AK  ê ø Íò ø Í 7

á ¤ " é ¶ ™ ès “ : r`  ¦ ' ‘ ½ + É Ã º e ”   [4]. ê ø Íò ø Í7 á ¤ " é ¶ ™ è[ þ t“ É r ™  ¥ y

  Bž ÐÀ Ó " é ¶ ™ è[ þ t – Ð · ú ˜ 94 R e ” Ü ¼ 9, s  Qô  Ç ê ø Íò ø Í7 á ¤ " é ¶ ™ è [

þ

t _  s “ : r[ þ t“ É r 4f C • ¸\ " f f-f „  s  ¢ ¸  H f-d „  s \  ¦ > 

 )

a  . s  Qô  Ç „  s  ×  æ µ 1 ÏÒ q t   H \  -t  s   H  ü @‚  \ 

"

f r  F g‚    s _  „   l  \  K { © œô  Ç . s  Qô  Ç : £ ¤$ í

“ É

r   & ñ $ 3 F g ^ ‰, Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰ 1 p x _  µ 1 Ï F g  © œ`  ¦    or  v

  H X <  6   x ½ + É Ã º e ”   [5,6].

s

   ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä

»o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  ¦  6   x % i  . Gadolinium-Borate › ¸$ í `  ¦ l

ì ø ÍÜ ¼– Ð ô  Ç Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H ½ ¨$ í   H " é ¶ ™ è[ þ t s  Z  }“ É r Z

° ú

כ`  ¦ f ” Ü ¼– Ð “  K  y Œ ™ ‚    Ž Ø  ¦ \  ´ òÖ  ¦& h s   [7]. s 

E-mail: [email protected]

Fig. 1. (Color online) The picture of Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillators.

\

 µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ > h‚   l  0 AK  Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘  % i Ü ¼ 9, Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  µ 1 Ï F

g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ · ú ˜ ˜ Ðl  0 A # Œ f  ¨ à º Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 , X-‚   Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô

! 3

, F g  \  _ ô  Ç # Œl  x 9 ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦ Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  .

II. Nd 2 O 3 õ u § Y 8 È” X ¢ Gadolinium-Borate – ¥P  V

Ȱ Ë Ñ= k8 ý ®  o° Ë Ñ — ¤V R Ë ÷ m Ç] M ö

1. Nd 2 O 3 õ u § Y 8 È” X ¢ Gadolinium-Borate – ¥P  V È

° Ë Ñ= k

s

   ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  6   x   H Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University \ " f ] j Œ •÷ &% 3  . ] j Œ • ~ ½ ÓZ O “ É r Melt quenching technique\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 20 ∼ 50 g_  r « Ñ\  ¦ 1000 ∼ 1500 C _  “ : r • ¸\  ¦ K  Ö 6 x K r †   Ê ê Í ‰ ty Œ • 

%

i Ü ¼ 9, s Ê ê é ß –º  õ & ñ `  ¦  5 g 10 mm × 15 mm × 4 mm _  ß ¼l – Ð / B N % i   [8].

Figure 1“ É r z  ´+ « >\   6   x ) a Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  ”  s  . z  ´+ « >

\

  6   x ) a Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H (55-x) B 2 O 3 :25Gd 2 O 3 :10SiO 2 : 10CaO:xNd 2 O 3 _  › ¸$ í q – Ð ] j Œ •÷ &% 3 “ ¦, Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ 0.05 mol% \ " f 2.50 mol%  t  0 l x • ¸\  ¦ 0.05 mol% m ”  7 £ x  r

v  9 8 ú x 14 > h_  Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  ¦ > hµ 1 Ï # Œ z  ´+ « >\   6   x

% i  . › ¸$ í `  ¦ s À ҍ  H " é ¶ ™ è ×  æ [  t o ³ o u (Gd) “ É r Z ° ú כ s

 64s  . y Œ ™ ‚  “ É r $ 3 F g ^ ‰ü < F g„  ´ òõ \  _ ô  Ç ì ø Í6 £ x`  ¦ Å

Җ Ð  9, s  Qô  Ç ì ø Í6 £ x“ É r $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  Z° ú כs  Z  }`  ¦ à º2 Ÿ ¤ ¸ ú ˜

(3)

Fig. 2. (Color online) The (a) schematic diagram and (b) picture of photoluminescence spectroscopy equipment.

{ 9

# Q >   ) a  .   " f Z  }“ É r Z ° ú כ`  ¦ t   H Gadolinium- Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H y Œ ™ ‚  `  ¦  Ž Ø  ¦   H X < e ” # Q" f a % ~

“ É

r ´ òõ \  ¦ l @ /½ + É Ã º e ”   [3]. ' ‘  Ó ü t| 9 – Ð  6   x ) a W 1š ¸ n

¶ o u (Nd) s “ : r“ É r  Bž ÐÀ Ó " é ¶ ™ è×  æ _   – Ð 4f C • ¸† < Êà º

\

 ¦ t “ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9, þ j ü @y Œ • „     H f-f „  s \  ¦ >   ) a  .



 " f ' ‘ ô  Ç W 1š ¸n ¶ o u s “ : r \  _ K  & h ü @‚  \ " f  ü @

‚

   © œ % ò % i  t    5 g" f µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í s    ± ú ˜  כ s   [4, 6].

2. ÷ m Ç] M ö X ê sV   ŒV R Ë

ì

 rF g >  (JASCO CO. V-650 spectrometer) \  ¦ s 6   x 

#

Œ Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  f

 ¨ à º Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  .  © œ_  8 £ ¤& ñ # 3 0 A  H 200

∼ 800 nm s  9,  © œ“ : r \ " f f  ¨ à º Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i 



. X-‚  \  @ /ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ · ú ˜ ˜ Ðl  0 AK  ) í Û ¼J $ ™`  ¦ s

6   x ô  Ç X-‚   µ 1 ÏÒ q t © œu \  ¦  6   x % i  . Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  ¦ ì  rF g l  (Ocean Op- tics Co. QE65000) ü < ƒ     ) a F g$ 3 Ä » = å Q \  _ …á ԏ : r f . Ë  8

\

 ¦ s 6   x # Œ  ҂ Ã Ì “ ¦, · ú ˜À Òp ³ o u   ñ{ 9 – Ð y Œ ™    É r ‚  

"

é

¶ \  _ ô  Ç ¸ ú š6 £ §`  ¦ é ß – % i  . s   Òì  r`  ¦ X-‚   µ 1 ÏÒ q t © œu 

\

 “ ¦& ñ r &  X-‚  `  ¦ › ¸  % i Ü ¼ 9  © œ“ : r  © œI \ " f X-‚  \  _

ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç F g  \  _ ô  Ç # Œ

Fig. 3. The absorption spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillator.

l

 Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3  x 9 ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦ Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ l  0 A # Œ ì  rF g + þ

AF g >  (HORIBA. Fluorolog Spectrofluorometer) \  ¦ s  6

 

x % i  . Figure 2\  z  ´+ « >  © œq _  > h| Ä Ì• ¸ü <  ”  `  ¦ > h F

 % i  . z  ´+ « >“ É r  © œ“ : r  © œI \ " f ] j 7 H (Xe) Ï þ ›á Ô\  ¦ s 6   x

# Œ à º' Ÿ  % i Ü ¼ 9, 8 £ ¤& ñ \   6   x ) a ³ ð‘ : r“ É r 0.50 mol% _  Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰ s  .

III. ÷ m Ç] M ö + s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í À X Ø8 ý

1. ÿ  • ¤ ­ Žz ð ² Žâ ì È

Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  f

 ¨ à º Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç   õ \  ¦ Fig. 3 \  ˜ Ð% i  . f  ¨ à º Û

¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 “ É r 348 nm ( 4 I 9/24 D 1/2 ), 357 nm ( 4 I 9/24 D 3/2 ), 430 nm ( 4 I 9/22 P 1/2 ), 462 nm ( 4 I 9/24 G 9/2 ), 476 nm ( 4 I 9/24 G 11/2 ), 512 nm ( 4 I 1/22 G 3/2 ), 526 nm ( 4 I 9/24 G 7/2 ), 584 nm ( 4 I 9/22 G 7/2 , 4 G 5/2 ), 626 nm ( 4 I 9/22 H 11/2 ), 680 nm ( 4 I 9/22 F 9/2 ), 745 nm ( 4 I 9/2 → 4 S 3/2 , 4 F 7/2 ) – Ð 8 ú x 11 > h_  f  ¨ à º  © œ`  ¦ S X ‰ “   

%

i Ü ¼ 9 ‚ à Г ¦ë  H‰  ³ [9]ü < { 9 u    H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . s \  ¦ :

Ÿ

x K  Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰ _

 \  -t  f  ¨ à º ½ ™× ¼\  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . Õ ª ×  æ \ " f 584 nm \  K { © œ   H  © œ% ò % i \ " f  © œ ´ ú §“ É r f  ¨ à º‚  | ¾ Ó`  ¦ ˜ Ð

#

Ε  r  .

2. X- Ò Å; c 8 ý” X ¢ ®  o° Ë Ñ X ê s

X-‚   µ 1 ÏÒ q t © œu _  Ø  ¦§ 4 › ¸| `  ¦ 100 kV, 2.0 mA – Ð [ O & ñ

“ ¦  © œ“ : r  © œI \ " f z  ´+ « >`  ¦ à º' Ÿ  % i  . Figure 4  H  Á º

 כ

• ¸ ' ‘ ÷ &t  · ú §“ É r í  H à ºô  Ç Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 

(4)

Fig. 4. The X-ray induced emission spectrum of Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillator (Pure).

Fig. 5. The X-ray induced emission spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium -Borate glass scintilla- tor.

F

g ^ ‰_  X-‚  \  @ /ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 s  .  Á º כ • ¸ ' ‘ 

÷

&t  · ú §“ É r í  H à ºô  Ç Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\ " f• ¸ µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ˜ Ðs 



, Õ ª [ jl  €  •K " f $ 3 F g ^ ‰– Ð  6   x l \   H & h ½ + Ë t 

· ú

§6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

Figure 5  H 0.50 mol% _  Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium- Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  X-‚   µ 1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3  8 £ ¤& ñ   õ s 



. 860 ∼ 930 nm  © œ % ò % i \ " f µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ˜ Ðs   H  כ

`

 ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . þ j@ / µ 1 Ï F g  © œ“ É r 890 nm e ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ Ã

º e ” % 3  . Figure 6  H 1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç X-‚  _  Ø  ¦§ 4 › ¸| \ " f ' ‘ 

 0 l x • ¸ (0.05 ∼ 2.50 mol%)_     o\    É r µ 1 Ï F g [ jl \  ¦ q

“ §ô  Ç   õ s  . Nd 2 O 3 _  ' ‘ 0 l x • ¸ 0.05 mol% \ " f 1.00 mol%  t   H ' ‘  0 l x • ¸ 7 £ x † < Ê\     µ 1 Ï F g [ jl 

 7 £ x  % i “ ¦, 1.00 mol% s Ê ê\   H Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  µ 1 Ï F g [

jl   H 0 l x • ¸ 7 £ x † < Ê\     y Œ ™™ è   H  ⠆ ¾ Ó`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œ Å Ò

%

3  . s \  ¦ : Ÿ x K  Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç Gadolinium-Borate Ä »

Fig. 6. Luminescence intensity comparison of difference concentration Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-borate glass scintillator.

Fig. 7. Excitation spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillator under emission at 890 nm.

o

 $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  & h & ñ ' ‘  0 l x • ¸  H 1.00 mol% e ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 

% 3  .

3. ° Ë Ñ ; c 8 ý” X ¢ # bM  õ m Í U ê s û s Ú ­ Žz ð ² Žâ ì È

Figure 5\  ¦ ‚ à Г ¦ €   X-‚  \  _ ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g  © œs  890 nm e ”

`  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ”  .   " f µ 1 Ï F g  © œÜ ¼– Ð 890 nm \  ¦ [ O

& ñ “ ¦,  © œ“ : r \ " f 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç Ä »o  $ 3  F

g ^ ‰_  # Œl   © œ`  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . Õ ª   õ  Fig. 7õ  ° ú  “ É r

#

Œl  Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ % 3 % 3  . 8 ú x 3 > h_  # Œl   © œ`  ¦ ½ ¨Ù þ ¡Ü ¼ 9, s   H y Œ •y Œ • 542 nm( 4 I 9/24 G 7/2 ), 592 nm( 4 I 9/24 G 5/2 , 2 G 7/2 ), 653 nm ( 4 I 11/24 G 5/2 , 2 G 7/2 ) \  K { © œ  ) a



 [5]. s ×  æ 592 nm \ " f  © œ Z  }“ É r [ jl \  ¦ t  9, s \  ¦ :

Ÿ

x K  592 nm_  # Œl   © œ`  ¦ s 6   x €   µ 1 Ï F g s  ´ òÖ  ¦& h Ü ¼

–

Ð { 9 # Q± ú ˜  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  .

(5)

Fig. 8. (Color online) Photoluminescence spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium - Borate glass scin- tillator under excitation at 592 nm.

 © œ Z  }“ É r # Œl \  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r 592 nm  © œ`  ¦ # Œl   © œÜ ¼

–

Ð [ O & ñ “ ¦, µ 1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ K  ˜ Ѐ Œ ¤ . Õ ª   õ \  ¦ Fig. 8 \  ˜ Ð% i  . µ 1 Ï F g  © œ“ É r 800 nm ( 4 F 5/2 , 2 H 9/2 → 4 I 9/2 ), 890 nm ( 4 F 3/24 I 9/2 ) 2/ B M \ " f 8 £ ¤& ñ ÷ &% 3   [10].

592 nm _   © œ\  _ K  [ þ t›  H „     H ç ß –  s  › ¸x 9 ô  Ç \ 



-t  ï  r 0 A[ þ t`  ¦ : Ÿ x õ  €  " f „   l  \  ¦ ? /t  · ú §  H G – Ð

4 F 3/2 \  -t  ï  r 0 A t  ? / 9š ¸>   ) a  . s  M : \ P  F ì  r Ÿ í (thermal redistribution) ´ òõ – Ð “  K  „     H 4 F 3/2 C • ¸

\

" f 4 F 5/2 C • ¸– Ð  r  `  ¦  >  ÷ &“ ¦, Õ ª Ê ê 4 I 9/2 \  - t

 ï  r 0 A– Ð b  # Qt >  ÷ &  H X < s   â Ä º 800 nm µ 1 Ï F g  © œs 

~

½ ÓØ  ¦ ) a   [11]. 0 A z  ´+ « >   õ \  ¦  „ ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð ½ ¨ô  Ç Nd 3+ s 

“

: r _  \  -t   ½ ™× ¼ „  s \  ¦ Fig. 9 \    ? /% 3   [12].

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H Nd 2 O 3  ' ‘   ) a Gadolinium-Borate Ä

»o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  µ 1 Ï F g : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ƒ  ½ ¨ % i  . 0.50 mol% 0 l x

•

¸_  Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰ _

 f  ¨ à º Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç   õ  8 ú x 11 > h_  f  ¨ à º  © œ

`

 ¦ S X ‰ “   % i Ü ¼ 9, ' ‘  Ó ü t| 9 – Ð  6   x ) a Nd 3+ s “ : r \  _  K

 — ¸¿ º f-f „  s \  ¦  Ø Ô  H  כ `  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . Õ ª ×  æ 584 nm ( 4 I 9/22 G 7/2 , 4 G 5/2 )  © œ_  f  ¨ à º ‚  | ¾ Ós  



© œ Z  } >  8 £ ¤& ñ ÷ &% 3  .

X-‚  \  _ ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 “ É r 890 nm  © œ\ " f µ 1 Ï F g :

£ ¤$ í `  ¦   ? /% 3  . Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç 0 l x • ¸\     µ 1 Ï F g :

£ ¤$ í _     o\  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ” % 3   H X <,  © œ Z  }“ É r $ 3 F g | ¾ Ó`  ¦ ˜ Ð

#

ŒÅ ҍ  H Nd 3+ ' ‘ 0 l x • ¸  H 1.00 mol% s  9, 1.00 mol% s 

„

  t   H ' ‘  0 l x • ¸ 7 £ x † < Ê\     $ 3 F g | ¾ Ós  7 £ x  

Fig. 9. (Color online) Energy level diagram of Nd 3+ ion.

“

¦ s Ê ê\   H y Œ ™™ è   H  ⠆ ¾ Ó`  ¦ S X ‰ “   % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç  Á º כ

•

¸ ' ‘  t  · ú §“ É r Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_   â Ä º X-‚  \  _ ô  Ç µ 1 Ï F g [

jl   © œ Z  }“ É r  â Ä º 40 “  X < q K , Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç Ä

»o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  µ 1 Ï F g [ jl  890 nm\ " f 1.0 mol%\  ¦ ' ‘ 

ô  Ç  â Ä º 120 & ñ • ¸“    כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  . s \  ¦ : Ÿ x # Œ   Á

º כ • ¸ ' ‘  t  · ú §“ É r Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\  q K  Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ ' ‘ 

ô  Ç Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰  H µ 1 Ï F g [ jl  7 £ x  % i “ ¦, ¢ ¸ô  Ç 860

∼ 940 nm _  V , “ É r µ 1 Ï F g  © œ % ò % i `  ¦ f ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3 



.

F

g  – Ð “  ô  Ç # Œl  Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 “ É r 890 nm  © œ`  ¦ ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦  © œ Ü

¼– Ð [ O & ñ ô  Ç   õ  y Œ •y Œ • 542 nm ( 4 I 9/24 G 9/2 ), 592 nm ( 4 I 9/24 G 5/2 , 2 G 7/2 ), 653 nm ( 4 I 11/24 G 5/2 , 2 G 7/2 )

\

" f # Œl   © œ`  ¦ S X ‰ “   ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3 Ü ¼ 9,  © œ # Œl  ¸ ú ˜

÷

&  H  © œ“ É r 592 nm e ” `  ¦ S X ‰ “   % i  . s    õ \  ¦ ž Ð

@

/– Ð 592 nm  © œ`  ¦ # Œl   © œÜ ¼– Ð [ O & ñ “ ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç µ

1 Ï F g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 _  800 nm ( 4 F 5/2 , 2 H 9/2 → 4 I 9/2 ), 890 nm ( 4 F 3/24 I 9/2 )`  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i Ü ¼ 9 $ 3 F g ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦ | ¾ ӓ É r 890 nm   © œ@ /& h Ü ¼– Ð Z  }6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  .

s

 © œ_  z  ´+ « >? /6   x`  ¦ l Õ ü t ô  Ç  ü < ° ú  s  Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰\ 



Bž ÐÀ Ó " é ¶ ™ ès “ : r“   Nd 3+ \  ¦ ' ‘  % i “ ¦, Õ ª\    É r $ 3 F g :

£ ¤$ í `  ¦ S X ‰ “   ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . s \  ¦ : Ÿ x K  “ ¦“ : r, “ ¦\  -t \ 

”

¸Ø  ¦ ÷ &  H Ó ü t o  z  ´+ « >ì  r  , ~ ½ Ó ‚   í ß –\ O  1 p x \ " f Nd 2 O 3 \  ¦ '

‘ ô  Ç Gadolinium-Borate Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_   Ö ¸6   x 0 p x$ í

`

 ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ” % 3  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç · ú ¡Ü ¼– Ð  8¹ ¡ ¤  € ª œô  Ç  Bž ÐÀ Ó

"

é

¶ ™ è s “ : r _  ' ‘ ü < ì  r$ 3 `  ¦ : Ÿ x K  Ä »o  $ 3 F g ^ ‰_  $ 3 F g : £ ¤

$ í

_  > h‚  `  ¦ s À Ò# Q è ­ q à º e ” `  ¦  כ s   Ò q ty Œ •  ) a  .

(6)

delberg, 1987), p. 149.

[2] M. J. Weber, J. Lumin. 100, 35 (2002).

[3] W. R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Hei- delberg, 1987), p. 159.

[4] T. D. Kelly, J. C. Petrosky, J. W. McClory, V. T.

Adamiv and Y. V. Burak et al., Condens. Matter Phys. 2, 31 (2014).

[5] B. Ahrens, P. T. Miclea and S. Schweizer, J. Phys.

Condens. Matter 21, 125501 (2009).

CrystEngComm 12, 1307 (2010).

[10] S. R. Bullock, B. R. Reddy, C. L. Pope and S.

K. Nash-Stevenson, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 212, 85 (1997).

[11] C. C. P´ erez-Rodr´ıguez, L. L. Mart´ın, S. F. Le´ on- Luis, I. R. Mart´ın and K. K. Kumar et al., Sens.

Actuators B 195, 324 (2014).

[12] G. H. Dieke and H. M. Crosswhite, Appl. Opt. 2,

675 (1963).

수치

Fig. 1. (Color online) The picture of Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillators.
Fig. 3. The absorption spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium-Borate glass scintillator.
Fig. 5. The X-ray induced emission spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium -Borate glass  scintilla-tor
Fig. 8. (Color online) Photoluminescence spectrum of 0.50 mol% Nd 2 O 3 doped Gadolinium - Borate glass  scin-tillator under excitation at 592 nm.

참조

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