Effect of Dietary Additives on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Body Composition of Juvenile Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

(1)

683 Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

국내어류양식산업은해양환경의급변화와빈번하게발생하 는질병발생등으로인한대량폐사때문에양식어민들의경제 적손실은아주심각한실정이며

,

^이러한^{대량폐사를}^감소시키 기위한목적의양어용사료첨가제개발은지속적으로많은연 구자들의관심대상이되고있다

(Ji et al., 2007b; Gabor et al., 2010; Bulfon et al., 2015).

그러나양식중인어류의대량폐사를감소시키기위한목적의 사료내합성항산화제나합성항생제의사용은이들물질의어체 내잔류

,

^환경오염^및^{식품으로서의}^안전성^위협^등의^문제를^야 기시킬수있기때문에유럽의몇몇나라에서는이들의사용을 전면금지하고있으며

(Tang et al., 2001),

우리나라에서도사료 회사에서양어용배합사료를생산할때에는합성항생제

(

^동물

용의약품

)

^를^사용하지^못하도록^법규로^규정하고^있는^실정이 다

.

^따라서^어류의^{양식생산양}^증대를^위해서는^이들^합성항산 화제나합성항생제를대체할수있는새로운천연소재의식품 으로서도안전한사료첨가제의개발이지속적으로이루어져야 한다

.

^특히

　

양어용배합사료내

　

항생제대체원으로서약용식 물의적용에최근전세계적으로많은연구자들의관심이모아 지고있다

(Jeney et al., 2009; Gabor et al., 2010; Chakraborty and Hancz, 2011; Harikrishnan et al., 2011).　

해산어류용 배합사료내 면역성

(

^내병성

)

^향상의 ^목적으로 개발한 천연 소재의 사료첨가제

[

^인도산 ^약용 ^식물

(Ocimum sanctum

와

Withania somnifera

의메탄추출농축액

),

^약용^식 물

(Massa medicate, Crataegi fructus, Artemisia capillaries

와

Cnidium officinale)

또는이들

4

종류의혼합물

,

인도산약 용식물

[Cynodon dactylon, Piper longum, Phyllanthus niruri,

배합사료내 사료첨가제가 조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli) 치어의 성장, 사료 이용성 및 체조성에 미치는 영향

이기욱·윤아영·김준·김희성·조성환*

한국해양대학교 해양생명과학부

Effect of Dietary Additives on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Body Composition of Juvenile Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

Ki Wook Lee, Ahyeong Yun, June Kim, Hee Sung Kim and Sung Hwoan Cho*

Division of Marine BioScience, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime University, Busan 49112, Korea The effects of dietary supplementing natural additives [yacon (YC), ginger (GG), and blueberry (BB)] on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile rockfish were compared to those of ethoxyquin (EQ), which is commonly used to prevent rancidity of fish feed. A total of 480 fish were distributed randomly into 12 50-L flow- through tanks (40 fish/tank). Four experimental diets were prepared: the control diet (Con) with 0.01% EQ, and the YC, GG and BB diets containing 1% YC, GG, and BB instead of wheat flour. Each diet was assigned randomly to triplicate tanks of fish, which were hand fed to satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed the YC diet was higher than that of fish fed all other diets. Feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein reten- tion (PR) in fish fed the YC diet were higher than those in fish fed the other diets. Whole-body chemical composition of the fish was affected by the additive sources. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with GG effectively improved weight gain and feed utilization (FE, PER, and PR) of juvenile rockfish.

Key words: Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegeli ), Yacon, Ginger, Blueberry, Feed utilization

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2016.0683 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(5) 683-688, October 2016 Received 28 June 2016; Accepted 29 September 2016

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 410. 4755 Fax: +82. 51. 404. 4750

E-mail address: [email protected]

(2)

Tridax procumbens

^와^생강

(Zingiber officinalis)]

^혼합^추출물

, neem (Azadirachta indica),

페퍼민트

(Mentha piperita)]

의사 용시양식대상어종의성장과사료이용성개선효과뿐만아니 라면역성이나질병내병성향상효과가뚜렷이나타난다고보 고된바있다

(Sivaram et al., 2004; Ji et al., 2007a; Punitha et al., 2008; Talpur and Ikhwanuddin, 2013; Talpur et al., 2013;

Talpur, 2014).

야콘

[Yacon (YC), Polymnia sonchifolia]

은 항산화

(Kim et al., 2010; Park et al., 2012)

기능이있는것으로알려져있 다

.

^그리고^생강

[Ginger (GG), Zingiber officinale]

은항생제 대체

(Sebiomo et al., 2011),

^항균제

(Ekwenye and Elegalam, 2005)

및항산화

(Balestra et al., 2011)

기능이있는것으로알려 져있을뿐만아니라배합사료내생강첨가시무지개송어

(On- corhynchus mykiss)

와농어

(Lates calcarifer)

의성장과사료이 용성개선효과가보고된바있다

(Nya and Austin, 2009; Talpur et al., 2013).

^또한^블루베리

[Blueberry (BB), Vaccinium ashei]

는항산화

(Papandreou et al., 2009; Vizzotto et al., 2013; Deng et al., 2014)

^기능이^있는^것으로^알려져^있기^때문에^이들^원 료는양어용배합사료내사료첨가제로서개발가능성이높다

.

조피볼락

(Sebastes schlegeli)

은과거수십년동안넙치

(Para- lichthys olivaceus)

^와^더불어^우리나라^{해산어류양식을}^대표하 는주요양식대상어종이다

(KOSIS, 2016).

따라서본연구에 서는양어용배합사료내자주사용되고있는항산화제인

eth- oxyquin (Thorisson et al., 1992; Drewhurst, 1998)

과비교하 여천연소재의야콘

,

^생강과^{블루베리를}^{조피볼락용}^배합사료 내첨가시어체의성장

,

^사료^이용성^및^체조성에^미치는^영향 을조사하였다

.

재료 및 방법

실험어 및 사육 조건

실험에서사용된조피볼락치어는개인양어장에서구입하여 사육실험환경에

2

^주간^{적응시켰으며}

,

^적응기간^동안에는

1

^일

2

회충분한양의배합사료

(

상품사료

:

단백질

52%,

지질

12%)

를어체중의

3%

^가량^공급하여^주었다

.

^조피볼락^치어

[

^시작시 마리당평균무게

(Mean±SE: 4.3±0.00 g)] 40

^마리씩을

12

^개 의

50 L

사각형유수식플라스틱수조

(

수량

: 45 L)

에각각수용 하였다

.

^각^수조당^환수량은

1.41 L/min

^이었으며

,

^각각의^수조 에는충분한

aeration

을시켜주었다

^표준방법

(1990)

^에^따라^{분석하였다}

.

통계 분석

One-way ANOVA

와

Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955)

^로서

SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)

^을 Table 1. Ingredients of the experimental diets containing the various sources of additives (DM basis, %)

Experimental diets Con YC³ GG³ BB³ Ingredients (%)

Fish meal 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5

Fermented soybean meal 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

Wheat flour 22.99 22.0 22.0 22.0

Ethoxyquin¹ 0.01

Additives 1 1 1

Squid liver oil 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Soybean oil 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Vitamin premix² 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Mineral premix² 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Choline 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Nutrients (%)

Dry matter 90.7 90.5 91.1 91.0

Crude protein 50.4 50.8 50.2 50.1

Crude lipid 10.8 10.9 11.2 11.0

Ash 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.9

1Ethoxyquin was supplied from Chunhajeil feed Co Ltd. (Dae- deok-gu, Daejeon, Korea). ²Vitamin and ²Mineral premixes were same as Jeon et al. (2014)’s study. ³YC (yacon), ³GG (ginger) and

3BB (blueberry) were purchased from Tojongherb Co Ltd. (Dong- daemun-gu, Seoul, Korea).

(3)

이용하여각실험구간의유의성을검정하였다

.

결과 및 고찰

8

^주간의^{실험종료시}^{조피볼락의}^최종무게

(P<0.005)

^와^어체 중증가

(P<0.001)

는야콘

(YC)

^을^공급한^{실험구에서}^다른^실 험사료를공급한실험구에비하여유의적으로높게나타났다

(Table 1).

그러나조피볼락의생존율은

99-100%

의범위로서 사료첨가제에따른유의적인차이가없었다

(P>0.05).

그러나 무지개송어와 농어의 배합사료내 생강

(GG)

^을

0.1-1%

^첨가 시무첨가구에비하여첨가함량에비례적으로어류의어체중 증가가보고된바있으나

(Nya and Austin, 2009; Talpur et al.,

2013),

일부연구에서는사료첨가제공급에따른어류의생존

율이나성장에영향이없는것으로나타났다

(Choi et al., 2004;

Kim et al., 2005; Cho and Lee, 2012; Cho et al., 2013).

^이러한 차이는어종이나사료첨가제의종류나실험에이용된사료첨가 제의상태

[

^본^{연구에서는}^상품화된^생강을^{사용하였으나}^위의 연구

(Nya and Austin, 2009; Talpur et al., 2013)

에서는시장에 서구입한생강을직접사료첨가제로사용하였음

]

^또는^사육실 험조건등에따라서다르게나타나는것으로생각된다

.

Ethoxyquin

^은^양어용^{배합사료내}^산화를^억제하는^사료첨가

제로서많이사용되고있으며

(Weil et al., 1968; Thorisson et al., 1992; Drewhurst, 1998),

농어

(Lateolabrax japonicus)

치 어

(

^시작시^무게

: 8 g)

^에^있어서^최적^성장을^위한

ethoxyquin

^요 구량은

13.78 mg/kg diet

^인^것으로^최근^보고된^바^있다

(Wang

et al., 2015).

8

주간의사육실험종료시조피볼락의마리당사료섭취량

(g/

fish)

^은^블루베리

(BB)

^를^공급한^{실험구에서}^다른^사료를^공급

한실험구보다유의적으로높게나타났다

(P<0.04) (Table 3).

그러나 사료효율과 단백질전환효율은

YC

^를 ^공급한 ^실험구 에서 다른 모든 실험구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났으나

(

^각

P<0.0004

과

P<0.0003), Con, GG

와

BB

를공급한실험구간에 는유의적인차이가없었다

.

^또한^{단백질축적율도}

YC

^을^공급한 실험구에서다른모든실험구보다유의적으로높게나타났으며

(P<0.0001), GG

를공급한실험구에서

Con

^나^또는

BB

^를^공급 한실험구보다유의적으로높았다

(P<0.05).

본연구와는 달리무지개송어와농어의배합사료내

GG

첨 가시 함량에비례적으로 사료효율이나또는단백질전환효율 이개선되는경향을보였다

(Nya and Austin, 2009; Talpur et al., 2013).

^{조피볼락의}^육성어

(grower)

^에서^{배합사료내}^생약제 혼합물첨가시와넙치치어용부상용배합사료내김

(Porphyra

tenera)

분말첨가시어체의성장개선효과는관찰되지않았

으나

,

^{사료효율과}^{단백질전환효율의}^개선^효과가^{관찰되었다}

(Seo et al., 2009a, 2009b).

또한조피볼락에있어서

Chlorella

분말첨가시성장과사료효율개선효과가관찰되었으며

,

^조피 볼락유어용배합사료내

0.5% Chlorella

^첨가를^적정^함량으로 보고하였다

(Bai et al., 2001).

몇몇해산어류에있어서다양한천연소재의사료첨가제가어 류의성장이나사료효율또는면역성향상이나질병에대한내 성개선효과가보고된바있다

. Sivaram et al. (2004)

^는^그루 Table 2. Survival (%) and weight gain (g/fish) of rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed the experimental diets containing various sources of additives for 8 weeks

Experimental diets Initial weight (g/individual) Final weight (g/individual) Survival (%) Weight gain (g/individual)

Con 4.3±0.00 16.4±0.06^b 100.0±0.00^a 12.1±0.06^b

YC¹ 4.2±0.02 17.0±0.10â 100.0±0.00â 12.8±0.10â

GG¹ 4.3±0.01 16.6±0.05^b 100.0±0.00^a 12.4±0.06^b

BB¹ 4.3±0.00 16.6±0.09^b 99.2±0.83^a 12.4±0.09^b

Values (means of triplicate±SE) in the same column sharing a common superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05). ¹YC (yacon),

1GG (ginger) and ¹BB (blueberry) were purchased from Tojongherb Co Ltd. (Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea).

Table 3. Feed consumption (g/fish), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention (PR) of rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed experimental diets containing various sources of additives for 8 weeks

Experimental diets Feed consumption (g/fish) FE¹ PER² PR³

Con 11.4±0.02^b 1.06±0.006^b 2.10±0.011^b 36.0±0.27^c

YC⁴ 11.5±0.04^b 1.11±0.006â 2.19±0.012â 39.5±0.08â

GG⁴ 11.5±0.06^b 1.08±0.007^b 2.14±0.015^b 38.6±0.42^b

BB⁴ 11.7±0.07^a 1.06±0.001^b 2.11±0.002^b 36.4±0.08^c

Values (means of triplicate±SE) in the same column sharing a common superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05). ¹Feed efficiency (FE) = Weight gain of fish/feed consumed. ²Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = Weight gain of fish/protein consumed. ³Protein retention (PR)

= Protein gain×100/protein consumed. ⁴YC (yacon), ⁴GG (ginger) and ⁴BB (blueberry) were purchased from Tojongherb Co Ltd. (Dongda- emun-gu, Seoul, Korea).

(4)

퍼

(Epinephelus tauvina)

유어용배합사료내인도산

herb (O.

sanctum, W. somnifera, Myristica fragrans)

^종류를 ^달리하 여메탄으로추출한농축액을농도별

(0, 100, 200, 400

^과

800 mg/kg diet)

^로^첨가하여

12

^주간^공급시^사료내

O. sanctum

^와

W. somnifera

의

100 mg/kg diet

과

200 mg/kg diet

첨가시어

체의성장과사료효율개선효과뿐만 아니라

Vibrio harveryi

의인위적인감염에대한질병저항성이개선된다고보고하였 다

.

^또한^동일한^어종의^{그루퍼에서}

5

^종류의^식물성^약재를^혼 합한추출물을농도별

(0, 100, 200, 400

^과

800 mg/kg diet)

^로

60

일간배합사료에혼합하여공급시무첨가구에비하여모든 추출물첨가구에서어체의일일성장율

,

^면역성과

V. harveryi

의감염에대한질병저항성이개선된다고보고하였다

(Punitha et al., 2008).

^참돔

(Pagrus major)

유어용배합사료에약용식 물인

Massa medicate, Crataegi fructus, Artemisia capillaries, Cnidium officinale

또는이들

4

종류의혼합물을사료에

0.5%

첨가하여

12

^주간^공급시^참돔의^성장과^사료효율^개선^효과뿐 만아니라어체의면역성과

V. anguillarum

^의^감염에^따른^폐사 율감소효과를나타내었다

(Ji et al., 2007a).

^그리고^넙치^유어 에있어서배합사료내약용식물인

Massa medicate fermentata, Crataegi fructus, Artemisia capillaries, Cnidium officinale

을

2:2:1:1

^의^비율로^혼합하여^사료내

0% (

^무첨가구

), 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%

^와

1.0%

^의^비율로^첨가하여

8

^주간^공급시

0.3%, 0.5%

^와

1.0%

^혼합물^첨가시^{무첨가구나}

0.1%

^혼합물^{첨가구보다}^어체

의성장과사료효율이개선되었을뿐만아니라공기중노출스 트레스나마취에대한어류의회복율이개선되는것으로나타 났다

(Ji et al., 2007b).

8

^주간의 ^사육실험 ^종료시 ^조피볼락 ^전어체의 ^수분 ^함량은

GG

^를^공급한^{실험구에서}^다른^모든^{실험구보다}^{유의적으로}^높 게나타났으며

(P<0.0008), YC

^를^공급한^{실험구에서}

Con

^이나 또는

BB

를공급한실험구보다높게나타났다

(P<0.05) (Table 4).

^전어체의^{조단백질과}^조지질^함량은

YC

^과

GG

^를^공급한^실 험구에서

Con

^이나^또는

BB

^를^공급한^{실험구보다}^{유의적으로} 높게나타났다

(

^각각

P<0.0001

과

P<0.0002).

전어체의조회분

함량은

Con

^{실험구에서}

YC

^이나

GG

,

^어체의^{면역성이나}^질 병감염에대한내성평가등에대한연구가더필요한것으로 생각된다

.

또한이들사료첨가제가함유된사료를공급받은어 류체내에서사료첨가제로이용된유용성분들의체내축적여 부등에대한조사도필요할것으로생각된다

.

이상의결과를고려할때조피볼락치어에있어서배합사료

내야콘

(YC)

^첨가는^어체중^증가뿐만^아니라^사료의^이용성^개

선효과가나타나서조피볼락의양식생산성을향상시킬수있 을것으로판단된다

.

^또한^{사료첨가제}^공급에^따른^어류의^면역 성이나질병감염에대한내병성효과에대한연구가더필요할 것으로생각된다

.

사 사

이논문은

2014

^년^{해양수산부}^재원으로^{한국해양과학기술진}

흥원의지원을받아수행된연구

(

^과립형^양어^미립자^초기사료 개발

)

^과제이며

,

^이에^감사^드립니다

.

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Of- ficial Methods of Analysis (15^th edn). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Bai SC, Koo J, Kim K and Kim S. 2001. Effects of Chlorella powder as a feed additive on growth performance in ju- venile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf).

Aquacult Res 32, 92-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355- Table 4. Chemical composition (%) of rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed experimental diets containing various sources of additives for 8 weeks

Experimental diets Moisture Crude protein Crude lipid Ash

Con 68.3±0.12^c 17.1±0.03^b 8.0±0.06^b 5.1±0.03^a

YC¹ 68.7±0.09^b 17.8±0.06^a 8.2±0.03^a 4.8±0.03^c

GG¹ 69.1±0.09â 17.8±0.06â 8.2±0.06â 5.0±0.03^b

BB¹ 68.3±0.07^c 17.2±0.03^b 7.9±0.03^b 5.0±0.00^ab

Values (means of triplicate±SE) in the same column sharing a common superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05). ¹YC (yacon),

1GG (ginger) and ¹BB (blueberry) were purchased from Tojongherb Co Ltd. (Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea).

(5)

557x.2001.00008.x

Balestra F, Cocci E, Pinnavaia G and Romani S. 2011. Evalu- ation of antioxidant, rheological and sensorial properties of wheat flour dough and bread containing ginger powder. LWT-Food Sci Tech 44, 700-705. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.10.017

Bulflon C, Volpatti D and Galeotti M. 2015. Current research on the use of plant-derived products in farmed fish. Aquacult Res 46, 513-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12238 Chakraborty SB and Hancz C. 2011. Application of phytochem-

icals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture. Rev Aquacult 3, 103-119. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2011.01048.x

Cho SH and Lee S. 2012. Onion powder in the diet of the ol- ive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus: Effects on the growth, body composition, and lysozyme activity. J World Aqua- cult Soc 43, 30-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345- 2011.00489.x.

Cho SH, Jeon GH, Kim HS, Kim DS and Kim C. 2013. Effects of dietary Scutellaria baicalensis extract on growth, feed utilization and challenge test of olive flounder (Paralichthys

olivaceus). Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 26, 90-96. http://dx.doi.

org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12147

Choi S, Ko S, Park G, Lim S, Yu G, Lee J and Bai SC. 2004.

Utilization of song-gang stone as dietary additive in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. J Aquaculture 17, 39- Deng Y, Yang G, Yue J, Qian B, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhong Y and 45.

Zho Y. 2014. Influences of ripening stages and extracting sol- vents on the polyphenolic compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of blueberry leaf extracts. Food Cont 38, 184-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.023 Drewhurst I. 1998. JMPR Evaluations 1998 Part II Toxicol-

ogy. Joint meeting of the FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues in food and the environment.　WHO Core Assess- ment Group, Rome, pp 21-30.

Duncan DB. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biomet- rics 11, 1-42.

Ekwenye UN and Elegalam NN. 2005. Antibacterial Activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and garlic (Allium sati-

vum L.) extracts on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.

Int J Mol Med Adv Sci 1, 411-417.

Gabor E, Sara A and Barbu A. 2010. The effects of some phy- toadditives on growth, health and meat quality on different species of fish. Anim Sci Technol 43, 61-65.

Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C and Heo MS. 2011. Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture 317, 1-15. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.039.

Jeney G, Yin G, Ardo L and Jeney Z. 2009. The use of im- munostimulating herbs in fish. An overview of research. Fish Physiol Biochem 35, 669–676. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1016/10.1007/s10695-009-9304-z.

Jeon GH, Kim HS, Myung SH and Cho SH. 2014. The effect of the dietary substitution of fishmeal with tuna by-prod- uct meal on growth, body composition, plasma chemistry and amino acid profiles of juvenile Korean rockfish (Se-

bastes schlegeli). Aquacult Nutr 20, 753-761. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1111/anu.12153.

Ji SC, Takaoka O, Jeong GS, Lee SW, Ishimaru K, Seoka M and Takii K. 2007a. Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream Pagrus

major. Fish Sci 73, 63-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-

2906.2007.01302.x.

Ji SC, Jeong G, Im GS, Lee SW, Yoo JH and Takii K. 2007b.

Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth performance, fatty acid utilization, and stress recovery of Japanese flounder. Fish Sci 73, 70-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444- 2906.2007.01303.x.

Kim AR, Lee JJ, Jung HO and Lee MY. 2010. Physicochemical composition and antioxidative effects of yacon (Polymnia

sonchifolia). J Life Sci 20, 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/

JLS.2010.20.1.040.

Kim C, Kang B, Jee H, Choi A, Kim C, Cho Y, Hahn H and Nam KD. 2005. Effect of chitosan-based feed additive on the growth and quality of cultured Japanese flounder, Para-

lichthys olivaceus. J Chitin Chitosan 10, 121-127.

KOSIS. 2016. Korean Statistical Information Service. Korea.

Nya EJ and Austin B. 2009. Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Fish Dis 32, 963-970.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01100.x.

Papandreou MA, Dimakopoulou A, Linardaki ZI, Cordopatis P, Klimis-Zacas D, Margarity M and Lamari FN. 2009. Effect of a polyphenol-rich wild blueberry extract on cognitive performance of mice, brain antioxidant markers and acetylcho- linesterase activity. Behav Brain Res 108, 352-358. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.013.

Park JS, Kim HS and Chin KB. 2012. The antioxidant activity of yacon (Polymnia sonchifoliaty) and its application to the pork patties as a natural antioxidant. J Food Sci Ani Resour 32, 190-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2012.32.2.190.

Punitha SMJ, Babu MM, Sivaram V, Shankar VS, Dhas SA, Mahesh TC, Immanuel G and Citarasu T. 2008. Immu- nostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on non- specific immunity in grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult Inter 16, 511-523.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6.

Seo J, Kim K and Lee S. 2009a. Effects of supplemental herb medicines in the diets on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish Sebastes

schlegeli. J Aquaculture 22, 112-117.

Seo J, Kim D, Kim K, Kang Y and Lee S. 2009b. Effects of supplemental medicinal herb mixture, laver powder and paprkia

(6)

powder in extruded pellet on growth and feed utilization of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 42, 395-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/

kfas.2009.42.4.395.

Sebiomo A, Awofodu AD, Awosanya AO, Awotona FE and Ajayi AJ. 2011. Comparative studies of antibacterial effect of some antibacterial effect of some antibiotics and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on two pathogenic bacteria. J Micro Antimicro 3, 18-22.

Sivaram V, Babu MM, Immanuel G, Murugadass S, Citarasu T and Marian MP. 2004. Growth and immune response of ju- venile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herb- al antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against

Vibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture 237, 9-20. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.03.014

Talpur AD and Ikhwanuddin M. 2012. Dietary effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on haemato-immunological parameters, survival, growth, and disease resistance against Vibrio har-

veyi infection in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch).

Aquaculture 364-365, 6-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

aquaculture.2012.07.035

Talpur AD and Ikhwanuddin M. 2013. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer chal- lenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish Shellfish Immunol 34, 254- 264. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003 Talpur AD, Ikhwanuddin M and Bolong AA. 2013. Nutritional

effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on immune response of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) and dis- ease resistance against Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture 400-401, 46-52 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.043 Talpur AD. 2014. Mentha piperita (Peppermint) as feed ad-

ditive enhanced growth performance, survival, immune response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates

calcarifer (Bloch) against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aqua-

culture 420-421, 71-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.039.

Tang S, Kerry JP, Sheehan D and Buckley DJ. 2001. A comparative study of tea catechins and α-tocopherol as antioxidants in cooked beef and chicken meat. Eur Food Res Technol 213, 286-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170100311.

Thorisson S, Gunstone FD and Hardy R. 1992. The antioxidant properties of EQ and of some of its oxidation products in fish oil and meal. J Ame Oil Chem Soc 69, 806-809. http://

dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02635920.

Vizzotto M, Fetter MR, Corbelini DD and Gonzales TN. 2013.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Acta Hort 972, 111-115. http://

dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.972.14.

Wang J, Ai Q, Mai K, Xu H, Zuo R, Xu W, Zhang W and Zhang C. 2015. Effects of dietary ethoxyquin and growth, feed utilization and residue in the muscle of juvenile Japanese sea-

bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquacult Res 46, 2656-2664.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12420.

Weil JT, Van der Veen J and Olcott HS. 1968. Stable nitroxides as lipid antioxidants. Nature 219, 168-169. http://dx.doi.

org/10.1038/219168a0.