Expected Service
Perceived Service
Service delivery (including pre- and post-contracts)
Translation of perceptions into service quality specs
Management perceptions of consumer expectations
External communications
Consumers Gap 5
Gap 4 Gap 3
Gap 2 Consumer
Provider
Gap 1
Figure 1. Service Quality Model
source: Parasuraman , Zeithaml , & Berry. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. J Mark, 49, 44.