*intrinsic: 내재적인
① invested ② scarce ③ transferred
④ divisible ⑤ deposited
Most importantly, money needs to be ________ in a predictable way. Precious metals have been desirable as money across the millennia not only because they have intrinsic beauty but also because they exist in fixed quantities. Gold and silver enter society at the rate at which they are discovered and mined; additional precious metals cannot be
produced, at least not cheaply. Commodities like rice and tobacco can be grown, but that still takes time and resources. A dictator like Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe could not order the government to produce 100 trillion tons of rice. He was able to produce and distribute trillions of new Zimbabwe dollars, which is why they eventually became more valuable as toilet paper than currency.
① change their habit
② get more things done
③ regulate their behavior
④ build their selfesteem
⑤ improve their speaking skills
In one experiment, children were told they could have one marshmallow treat if they chose to eat it immediately, but two treats if they waited. Most of the children, who ranged in age from 4 to 8, chose to wait, but the strategies they used differed
significantly. The 4yearolds often chose to look at the marshmallows while waiting, a strategy that was not terribly effective. In contrast, 6 and 8yearolds used language to help overcome temptation, although in different ways. The 6yearolds spoke and sang to themselves, reminding themselves they would get more treats if they waited. The 8year- olds focused on aspects of the marshmallows unrelated to taste, such as appearance, which helped them to wait. In short, children used “selftalk” to __________________. [3 점]
① spread of media
② experience of neglect
③ freedom from authority
④ curiosity about the unknown
⑤ misunderstanding of popularity
The desire for fame has its roots in the ________________. No one would want to be famous who hadn’t also, somewhere in the past, been made to feel extremely
insignificant. We sense the need for a great deal of admiring attention when we have been painfully exposed to earlier deprivation. Perhaps one’s parents were hard to
impress. They never noticed one much, they were so busy with other things, focusing on other famous people, unable to have or express kind feelings, or just working too hard.
There were no bedtime stories and one’s school reports weren’t the subject of praise and admiration. That’s why one dreams that one day the world will pay attention. When we’re famous, our parents will have to admire us too. [3점]
*emblazon: 선명히 새기다
① understood and made intelligent use of personal promotion
② made public policies that were beneficial to his people
③ knew when was the right time for him to leave office
④ saw the wellbeing of his supporters as the top priority
⑤ didn’t appear before the public in an arranged setting
When the late Theodore Roosevelt came back from Africa, just after he left the White House in 1909, he made his first public appearance at Madison Square Garden. Before he would agree to make the appearance, he carefully arranged for nearly one thousand paid applauders to be scattered throughout the audience to applaud his entrance on the platform. For more than 15 minutes, these paid handclappers made the place ring with their enthusiasm. The rest of the audience took up the suggestion and joined in for another quarter hour. The newspaper men present were literally swept off their feet by the tremendous applause given the American hero, and his name was emblazoned across the headlines of the newspapers in letters two inches high. Roosevelt
_____________________. [3점]
① consistent ② sympathetic
③ patient ④ warm-hearted
⑤ open-minded
When it comes to dog training, you need to be _____________. Because dogs don’t speak our language, and because we don’t speak theirs, we need to be careful about what we communicate during training. For example, if you sometimes say “watch,” and other times say “look at me,” and still other times say your dog’s name, your dog will have a difficult time learning the meaning of the verbal cue. The same rules apply for using hand gestures as behavior cues. Similarly, if you are using time outs to reduce unwanted behavior, make sure that every instance of the unwanted behavior results in a time out. If your dog avoids a time out some of the time, but gets a time out at other times, your dog will be confused and the unwanted behavior will continue. Following this tip will make your training more effective.
① divide a goal into specific steps
② bring their store to the shoppers
③ reduce delivery time substantially
④ sell food items at discounted prices
⑤ reflect customers’ requests on production
Shifting frames can be applied to any industry anywhere in the world. For example, the directors of a food-marketing business in the UK set a goal to increase market share substantially and needed to find a creative way to do so. They looked at their customers and realized that their lives are so busy that it is actually quite stressful to find time to go to the store. So they decided to __________________. They completely reframed the shopping experience by taking photos of the food aisles and putting up full-sized images in the subway stations. People can literally shop while they wait for the train, using their smartphones to buy items via photos of the QR codes and paying by credit card. The items are then delivered to them when they get home. This new approach to shopping has boosted the sales of the food-marketing business significantly.
* obscurity: 무명
① is sometimes exaggerated too much
② plants the illusion of success in others
③ yields a desire for a much bigger one
④ always leads to that of someone else
⑤ involves humiliation for lots of others
One wants to be famous out of a desire for kindness. But the world isn’t generally kind to the famous for very long. The reason is simple: the success of any one person
_____________. The celebrity of a few people will always contrast painfully with the obscurity of the many. Being famous upsets people. For a time, the anger can be kept under control, but it is never controlled for very long. When we imagine fame, we forget that it is complexly connected to being too visible in the eyes of some, to bugging them unduly, and to coming to be seen as the possible cause of their humiliation: a symbol of how the world has treated them unfairly. So soon enough, the world will start to go through the rubbish bags of the famous, it will comment negatively on their appearance, it will pour over their setbacks, it will judge their relationships, and it will mock their new movies.
① interpret events from past experience before we react
② are reluctant to be exposed to new social institutions
③ make progress by contacting with familiar people
④ interact with each other based on the needs of our culture
⑤ think we can create everything because we’re human beings
What would your life be like if you had never had contact with other people? Without it, you’d lack the key experiences that make you a functioning human being. Contact with people is essential to a person’s social development. There is much more to social life than simply bumping into others from time to time. We act and react to things and people in our environment as a result of the meaning we’ve already attached to them. At the sight of Mokolodi, my big golden retriever, a squirrel instinctively runs away. A human, however, does not have such an automatic reaction. We’ve all learned from what we did previously that some animals are approachable and others aren’t. So we can think, “Do I know this dog? Is it friendly or fierce? Does it want to lick my face or bite my ankle?” and respond accordingly. In short, we usually __________________________.
① the task at hand
② helping other people
③ personal relationships
④ the criterion on safety
⑤ ideas that are self-rewarding
Unlike other types of listeners, action-oriented listeners are most concerned with
___________. Their main concern is to figure out what sort of response is required by a message. They want to get to the heart of the matter quickly. For this reason they
appreciate clear, concise messages, and they often translate others’ remarks into well- organized mental outlines. Action-oriented listening is most appropriate when taking care of business is the primary concern: such listeners encourage others to be organized and concise. But their no-nonsense approach isn’t always appreciated by speakers who lack the skill or inclination to be clear and direct. Action-oriented listeners seem to minimize emotional issues and concerns, which may be an important part of business and personal transactions. [3점]
* condensation: 응결
① a world without dust would suffer from floods
② the air would be too clean for us to breathe in
③ a clean world would be intolerably hot and humid
④ the global circulation of currents would never exist
⑤ dust provides valuable nutrition to bacteria and plants
Here on Earth we wouldn’t want to do without dust. For starters,
_____________________. In the planet’s water cycle, water evaporates off the oceans and lakes, condenses in the air, and falls back to the ground. But that condensation step assumes a sky full of dust, upon whose little surfaces water vapor can gather. Without dust, water vapor wouldn’t begin to condense until the relative humidity was about 300 percent. For lack of a more suitable nucleus, the water vapor would condense on your body. Since a cloud is just a collection of water droplets condensed around various dusts, a shortage of dust also implies a shortage of clouds in the sky. And clouds reflect much of the sunlight that hits them, casting shade on the planet. At any given time, they cover about half the Earth. Without them, it would get mighty warm down here. [3점]
① is essentially a comprehensive design
② originally develops well-informed young people
③ excludes a deep understanding of the organization
④ involves exploring human interaction with other cultures
⑤ basically aims to increase student awareness of history
Social studies as a subject is made up of several traditions. In the United States history, geography, and civics were among the core subjects that came to the forefront of the American curriculum by the late-19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, emerging subjects such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science came to be embraced as well. Then, in 1916, there was the birth of social
studies as a school subject. Over the developing years of this new curriculum, subjects as diverse as multiculturalism, law-related education, service learning, gender studies, and environmental education have come to be known as aspects of social studies. The reason is that social studies ___________________. That is, social studies as an entity is an important concept that merges the social nature of mankind with what it means to be human. [3점]
* phenomenon: 경이로운 사람
① bring them closer to their daughters
② focus on the developments of pop music
③ allow them to feel the new rhythm of music
④ support an ideological vision of youth culture
⑤ enable their daughters to have an eye for fashion
Madonna represents a popular phenomenon that is attractive to both mothers and daughters. Madonna is a famous star whose appeal rests upon lifestyle, clothing style, and attitude as well as musical performance. Joseph A. Kotarba, a professor of sociology at the University of Houston, interviewed a number of mother-daughter pairs who
attended Madonna’s “Like a Virgin” concert in Houston. The pairs typically were dressed alike, in outfits such as short black skirts, with matching jewelry. During the interviews, they talked about Madonna in similar ways and appeared more like friends than family.
In virtually all cases, they noted a distinct lack of true appreciation of Madonna by the men in their lives. And in most cases, the mothers indicated that Madonna served to ________________________. [3점]
*intermezzo: 간주곡
① empathy ② reasoning
③ regulations ④ universality
⑤ particularity
Artworks are the most complex and diverse of human achievements, creations of free human will and conscious execution. Art-making requires rational choice, intuitive talent, and the highest levels of learned, not innate, skills. Every member of a web-spinning spider species produces essentially the same web from the same code as every other member. Artworks, on the other hand, tend toward a personal expression that gives them dazzling variety: no two Monet water-lily paintings, Attic tragedies, or Brahms
intermezzos are identical ― not even two performances of the same tragedy or intermezzo. Art is about ___________. It brings together traditions, genres, an artist’s personal experience, fantasy, and emotion ― all fused and transformed in aesthetic imagination. [3점]
*quotient: 지수, 비율 **ratio: 비(比)
① an endless arithmetic class
② a military base on full alert
③ a true melting pot of culture
④ an express train without brakes
⑤ a form of popular entertainment
It is said that the very hairs of your head are all numbered. There is little reason to doubt it. Increasingly, everything tends to get numbered one way or another; that is, everything can be counted, measured, averaged, or estimated. Intelligence is measured by a
quotient, humidity by a ratio, and the trends of birth, death, marriage, and divorce by rates. In this age, society is as often described and analyzed with statistics as with words. Politics seems more and more a game played with percentages, and economics is full of difficult codes and numbers that few people can translate and apparently
nobody can control. Modern civilization, in sum, has begun to resemble _______________.
*inviolate: 흩뜨러지지 않은 **dune: 사구(沙丘)
① created facilities to attract visitors
② stuck to the traditional perspective
③ introduced the concept of respecting life
④ valued the continuation of life most of all
⑤ considered harmony one of the top values
Women have made enormous contributions to the National Park System, both as outsiders and insiders. Their perspectives and values have often been different from men’s. That is where their greatest contributions lie. The women who worked
independently of the Park Service as preservationists ___________________. Women led drives to save Joshua trees and other desert plants in a national monument, to protect the natural succession of forests on the Olympic Peninsula, and to keep inviolate fossils representing life as it was more than thirty million years ago. They also led drives to save a wild sand dune habitat bordering an industrial lakeshore, to protect birds by opposing development of park lands on fragile Atlantic barrier islands, and to stop dams from being built on wild and scenic rivers. [3점]
① lead team members to set their own goals
② change the behavior of everyone in a team
③ satisfy team members with what they have
④ persuade team members to discuss problems
⑤ realize what was dealt with in a team meeting
Social norms can be powerful when trying to _____________________. Consider the manager of a sales team who was tired of his team leaving the office kitchen in a mess.
What particularly irritated him was that they left dirty coffee mugs sitting on the kitchen counter rather than putting them in the dishwasher. He had tried asking them again and again to stack the dishwasher, but with little impact. So at the next team meeting he lied, telling them how grateful he was that people were increasingly putting their coffee mugs in the dishwasher. At the same time, he put up a picture of two eyes in the kitchen. The week after, he put up a sign saying, “80 percent of people in this office put their used coffee mugs directly in the dishwasher.” And sure enough, people started doing just that.
There were always some people who did not clean up after themselves, but very soon 80 percent of people really did tidy up their dirty mugs. [3점]
*tall order: 무리한 요구
① narrow down your network in social media
② go beyond a person’s superficial qualities
③ focus on intelligence rather than wealth
④ trust your first impressions of others
⑤ take advantage of criminals
Do you advise your kids to keep away from strangers? That’s a tall order for adults. After all, you expand your network of friends and create potential business partners by
meeting strangers. Throughout this process, however, analyzing people to understand their personalities is not all about potential economic or social benefit. There is your safety to think about, as well as the safety of your loved ones. For that reason, Mary Ellen O’Toole, who is a retired FBI profiler, emphasizes the need to _________________
in order to understand them. It is not safe, for instance, to assume that a stranger is a good neighbor, just because they’re polite. Seeing them follow a routine of going out every morning well‑dressed doesn’t mean that’s the whole story. In fact, O’Toole says that when you are dealing with a criminal, even your feelings may fail you. That’s because criminals have perfected the art of manipulation and deceit. [3점]
*fallacy: 오류
① the areas that were not hit
② high technologies to make airplanes
③ military plans for bombing the targets
④ the data that analyzed broken parts
“Survivorship bias” is a common logical fallacy. We’re prone to listen to the success stories from survivors because the others aren’t around to tell the tale. A dramatic
example from history is the case of statistician Abraham Wald who, during World War Ⅱ, was hired by the U.S. Air Force to determine how to make their bomber planes safer.
The planes that returned tended to have bullet holes along the wings, body, and tail, and commanders wanted to reinforce those areas because they seemed to get hit most often. Wald, however, saw that the important thing was that these bullet holes had not destroyed the planes, and what needed more protection were
_____________________. Those were the parts where, if a plane was struck by a bullet, it would never be seen again. His calculations based on that logic are still in use today, and they have saved many pilots. [3점]
① instructions should be followed at all costs
② their mission was impossible to complete
③ other options were passing them by
④ counting was such a demanding task
⑤ efforts would pay off in the long run
In the early 2000s, British psychologist Richard Wiseman performed a series of
experiments with people who viewed themselves as either ‘lucky’(they were successful and happy, and events in their lives seemed to favor them) or ‘unlucky’(life just seemed to go wrong for them). What he found was that the ‘lucky’ people were good at spotting opportunities. In one experiment he told both groups to count the number of pictures in a newspaper. The ‘unlucky’ diligently ground their way through the task; the ‘lucky’ usually noticed that the second page contained an announcement that said: “Stop counting — there are 43 photographs in this newspaper.” On a later page, the ‘unlucky’ were also too busy counting images to spot a note reading: “Stop counting, tell the experimenter you have seen this, and win $250.” Wiseman’s conclusion was that, when faced with a
challenge, ‘unlucky’ people were less flexible. They focused on a specific goal, and failed to notice that ______________. [3점]
① the process of trial and error
② the changeable patterns of nature
③ the academic superiority of scholars
④ the diversity of scientific theories
⑤ the collective nature of knowledge
Appreciating __________________________ can correct our false notions of how we see the world. People love heroes. Individuals are given credit for major breakthroughs.
Marie Curie is treated as if she worked alone to discover radioactivity and Newton as if he discovered the laws of motion by himself. The truth is that in the real world, nobody operates alone. Scientists not only have labs with students who contribute critical ideas, but also have colleagues who are doing similar work, thinking similar thoughts, and without whom the scientist would get nowhere. And then there are other scientists who are working on different problems, sometimes in different fields, but nevertheless set the stage through their own findings and ideas. Once we start understanding that knowledge isn’t all in the head, that it’s shared within a community, our heroes change. Instead of focusing on the individual, we begin to focus on a larger group. [3점] *radioactivity: 방사능
