[제6주] 식물표본 제작 및 관리
Chapter 8. Specimen preparation and herbarium management
Collections of plant specimens-essential for taxonomic research variability (변이성)
prime sources for floristic study (식물구계론의 주요 자료) voucher (증거물)
Observation: field (complete features: flower color or fragrance) but dried materials에서의 한계
Sampling: entire plants of small annual species and some herbaceous perennials
herbaceous perennials-rhizomes(지하경), roots, bulb(인경)
vegetative and reproductive organs
* reproductive organs - flower, fruit, seed vegetative organs - leaf, root, stem
→most keys for identification!
Pressing and drying plant specimens
press에 필요한 5가지 장비
(1) press (압축기) - 12x18 inch. 두장의 합판, 3/8 inch 두께 (2) straps or ropes - 5 feet 以下길이
(3) blotters (壓紙) - 12x18 inch의 흡습지
(4) corrugate ventilator - 주름진 종이 (12x18 inch) (5) torn newspaper - press보다 약간 적다.
Useful tools
heavy-duty trowel (모종삽)-뿌리를 파낼때 사용(for digging roots)
prunning shears (큰가위)-식물의 거친부분 제거(for clipping tough plants) pole prunner (긴가위) - 큰나무의 표본수집용 (for tall trees)
Vasculum (채집동란) or heavy-duty plastic bag으로 대치 可能
Table 8-1. Checklist of field equipment and supplies [1] Advanced students and
[2] Professionals
1. Bound field notebook(for collection data) 2. Field press(complete)
3. Drying press(complete)
4. Digging tool(such as trowel, geological pick, hammer, dendelion digger) 5. Pruning shears(전지가위)
6. Heavy-duty plastic bags(50-lb. fertilizer bags are excellent) : Vasculum 7. Newspaper
8. Plastic milk jug with water(for moistening specimens) 9. 10X hand lens
10. Pocket knife 11. Soft lead pencils
The placing and arrangement of the specimens
- 대체로 자연상태와 같이 보이도록 정리
- 식물학적으로 필수적인 세부까지 보이도록 정리
- 중복되어진 불필요한 부분 (건조를 늦게하고, 질을 저하시킴)은 제거 - 가능하면 잎은 가장자리 쪽에 정리
- press하기 전에 불필요한 물질 (흙, 찌꺼기)들을 제거
ⓐ Maximum efficiency of the plant press
자료의 혼란을 막기 위하여 each newspaper - one specimens
ⓑ Slender plants
the shape of a V or W - 초본(草本) large plants - segments
ⓒ Bulky organs such as fruit
Slicing - 얇게 잘라 두께를 줄인다.
corne - tagged with the collection number
cacti and succulents(多汁) - inner parts removed
humid tropical regions specimens - formaldehyde or alcohol to control decomposition
ⓓ Tall grasses, sedges(사초), and rushes(골풀)
표본의 접힌 부분을 card의 1 inch정도의 틈에 끼운다.
ⓔ Filamentous or filmy aquatic plants floating in a pan of water
→Algal specimen을 보일것
ⓕ Plants with mucilage or with delicate flowers waxed or tissue paper를 이용한다.
The field notebook
Full data on each collected plant shuold be recorded in the field at the time the collection is made.
ⓐ locality - longitude, latitude
ⓑ elevation,
ⓒ habitats,
ⓓ information about plant,
ⓔ date,
ⓕ collection number: 수집자는 일생동안 1에서 시작해서 계속 Duplicate collections of one species
→the same date and place: the same collection number
ⓖ Pocket-size tape recorders
Collecting, conservation, and the law
수집은 자연본존을 고려하여 신중히 행하여야 한다.
멸종위기에 있는 식물: rare and uncommon plants - only observation Identification
professionals: pressed and dried후에 identify
beginners: identify collections by using fresh materials If it is necessary to make dissection,
material → boiling or using a wetting agents: softened wetting agents: D.W. 74%, Methanol 25%, Aerosol 1%
Herbaria(pl), Herbarium(植物標本):press→dry→arrangement on mounting paper (표본은 많은 학교, 연구기관에서 보관 관리 - plant systematics에 利用)
한국: 국립생물자원관(2007년 10월 10일 개관) 건조표본의 역사적 배경
⑴ Herbarium은 16c 초에 Italy에서 시작
그 당시에는 collections of dried plants sewn on paper
⑵ Luca Ghini - 최초수집 → 그의 방식이나 지식이 Europe으로 확산
⑶ 19c初까지 plants-sewn and pasted on plain pages
⑷ Linné: 일반적인 방법을 보급
한장의 종이에 mounting된 표본을 수평적으로 보존
Holmgren and Keuken (1974)-세계의 herbaria의 목록, 표준적인 열거
Holmgren, Keuken and Schofield (1981) - A list of the herbaria of the world and their standard abbreviations를 보완
Functions of Herbaria [Textbook으로 설명]
Labels(꼬리표)
offset printing or should be typewritten
Size: xeroxed labels, 2¾ by 4¼ inches(6.985×10.795㎝) should never be folded(best: rag 100%)
(1) Heading: state, province; county, parish; name of institution (2) Scietific name: Genus+specific epithet+author(s)
(3) Locality: latitude and longitude, or permanant geographic feature (4) Habitats: vegetation type, moisture, parental material, soil,
elevation, direction of slope, side of mountain range (5) Date of collection: October 25, 2006
(6) Name of collector: J. H. Lee or Jin Hwan Lee (full name) (7) Collction number: from 1 to present
* Additional informations: associated plants, flower color, pollinators, bark, abundance, DBH, life form, economic uses, folklore and so on.
annotation label: 2×11㎝
Mounting(대지위에 올리기)
standard-size herbarium or mounting sheet : 11½ by 16½ research herbaria: 100% rag contents, but
teaching herbarium rag contents: low--very good
paste or glue: Swifts Z-5032, Elmer's Glue-All, Nicobon B, Wilhold 128,
"Yes" brand paste
Bulky parts: sewn or fastened down with strips of linen tape(아교가 마를 때 까지 철핀이나 못 같은 것으로 표본 고정)
Leaves of hard texture: resyn 35-6262
Seed or fruit: mounting sheet 위에 붙어 있는 종이 끼우개를 넣어 둔다.
Filing
Research herbaria: arranged by family or genus according to one of the well-known systems of classification
Teaching herbaria: alphabetically by family, genus, and species manila genus holders (16 5/8 by 12 inches)
Insect control (해충방지)
precautions - safeguard herbarium collections from damage by insects
*Insects: dermestid beetles, cigarette beetle, the drugstone beetle, the black carpet beetle etc.
Three following categories
(1) Heating - 특수제작한 cabinet에서 60℃로 6시간동안 heating
→effectively kill eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of the dermestids (2) Freezing-ultracold, -60℃, controlling dermestids on plant specimens (3) Repellents(기피제) - odor or taste에 의한 insects 퇴치 방법
Paradichlorobenzene(PDB), naphthalene→2-3 ounce Cloth bag/one year: again refilled
EPA-carcinogenic effects (Edwards, Bell and King, 1981) (4) Fumigants(훈증제) - gas 형태의 chemicals로서 kill insects
extremely dangerous to humans - trained fumigator wearing a full-face gas mask
Dowfume-75: control of dermastid beetle and other pests Vapona resin strips (Raid strips): toxic chemical for insects
3 Ethylene dichloroethane (1,2 dichloroethane) + 1 carbon tetrachroride CCl4): causing injury to the human liver and kidney and liver
damage, respectivelly.
Type specimens
Type specimen: separated from the general collection because of their inherent value take to reduce unnecessary handling: prevent damage or loss of it colored and marked genus holders
photographs of type specimens → available on microfiche Loans (대여제도)
Travel to other herbaria to study their holdings often is too costly or not practical → borrowed for serious taxonomic studies
(1) benefits the lending institution: annotating the specimens and revising identification
(2) lend other institution and only rarely to individuals
(3) requested by the curator of the herbarium for study by a specific researcher
(4) annotation label: mark “agree with an identification”
! “I have seen it and agree with the identification”
(5) Packing: return shipment - very important
Exchanges (표본의 교환)
duplicate specimens - exchanges for a collection at minimal cost made on one-for-one basis
exchange the unmounted and loose specimens - adequate labels
