Effects of Additive Binder Contents on Electrode Properties ofCarbon Anode for Fluorine Electrolysis

(1)

Printed in the Republic of Korea

*^† ^‡ *^§

†

‡

§

(2001. 8. 6 )

Effects of Additive Binder Contents on Electrode Properties of Carbon Anode for Fluorine Electrolysis

Hong-Joo Ahn*, Han-Jun Oh^†, Choong-Soo Chi^‡, Young-Cheul Kim*, and Young-Shin Ko^§ Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea

†Department of Materials Science, Hanseo University, Seosan 352-820, Korea

‡Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea

§Dartment of Science Education, Seoul National University of Education, Seoul 137-742, Korea (Received August 6, 2001)

. coal tar pitch petroleum cokes !"# $% &'(

)% &* + , - !. &*/01 234 56 +789:. )% &*- /0 + 74 1 mM- [Fe(CN)⁶]³⁻/[Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻. ;.< 0.5 M K²SO4(=1- cyclic voltammogram >?, @ AB CD, EFG KFH2HF (=1- &@B >? I8J K.LMNO P 40 wt%-

. ;.< QR S T &*/0 UVWM:. PX T &*/0Y )%&* Z[1 \0<

@P B]8^ _`8J abBN &*- cZ[B 6d"e@ fgP:.

ABSTRACT. The carbon electrodes for fluorine electrolysis were prepared from petroleum cokes con- taining coal tar pitch as binder and the effects of binder contents on electrode properties were investigated. The evaluations were performed by cyclic voltammogram in the 0.5 M K2SO4 solution with 1 mM [Fe(CN)6]³⁻/ [Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻ redox couple, mechanical strength, and electrochemical behaviour in molten KF·2HF electrolyte.

It was revealed that the carbon anode formed with 40wt% of coal tar pitch as binder has a better electrode properties compared to those of the other carbon anode, which led to the increase in the effective internal surface area due to proper size and distribution of pores on carbon anode.

ShBN )% 4 cB iY &@&D0

JX jk- &'b1 8J Wl0P R8O .m P no8@ fg1 &* .p qP 7(LG rNO, s Pt 4 W+u !"v@. c

B (P8O &*N 7(LG r4 wx(Gy, _ z, fiber, foil). :8^ { 8@ fg1 | }~

8^ &@B B(P @LG r4 &* P :. / *N- Y 7(~ &' "

l1 n0P R i@ fg1 ( $

(KFH2HF) (80~150^oC)1 &@_' QR

*&*N P(LG r:.^1,2EXU $

- &'" )%&*- Z[1 \0< $%@y s 4 )%&* A[- GD $% Z[)%. h8 J &*Z[1 Dy- /0 4 $)%- G_

(2)

, -(CF)n-, P w0L[ &'D &k. L 4 *- g. \LG, PX dY )%&*- Z[1 2 @- wx _` +]

' N ' r:G GL :.^3-7 PX )%&*- Z[1 UVU4 : 2@

- _`wx4 _ &* +" ;.L4

- c 0w ¡1 -' -{L4 Q6P rNO &

*Z[- @¢@ £ _`1 ¤¥ &* A[1 Z[

(@- ¦ PU §¨d ©- : Z[

hP ª« ¬ |¥ &*A[ h- kinetics1 uB 56 23^ <:. s H. Groult³4 $%

&'( )%&*- /0 @dx1 ¤¥ '®89 NO, )%&* Z[1 20~183µm ¢@- @P _`

L r f ¢&k. ¯.89:G G89NO PX ¢@- @ _`4 )% &* Z[B ¯."

# ¢ &k- ¯. °±8² &k- ¯.¬

|¥ &* 7("³- ´1 .µ0D "8 9:.

¤¥ ¶ ·¸14 iY Wl0 B] Z[- 2@P ¹¸L4 $% &'( )%&*- +

ºBN )%&* +" ;.L4 - ;.

P )%&*- »FB @AB /0 &@B /0 1 234 561 8J +789:. Pf )%&*-

¼ª4 74µmP8- ½D .ª petroleum cokes

7(8G 4 Qb coal tar pitch JX c

;.8J 7(89:.

 . ¼ª4 S¶- ¾¿ÀÁ(Â)-

"ÃN \ÄL4 petroleum cokes 7(89NO, P 4 GÅ)%- P 96.439 wt% iY )%

Æ UVWG rNO Ç»bY 2.769 wt%. `

< ÈN UVÉ:. 4 ÊË $(_(BI)P 21.1%, ÌÍÎ $(_(QI). 4.4%`< coal tar pitch

7(89NO "ÏY ¼ª petroleum

cokes 74µmN ÐÅ8J ¼ª b

coal tar pitch 30~45 wt% ÑÒ8G, ÑÒ< "

2 g _Ó8J 40 mmÔ10 mm- w1 2000 kg/cm² - 0w ¡N 0w89:. 0w< "ÏY 1^oC/min - D 1300^oCÕÖ .×8J ×ØF89:

. ×ØF Å1 &*"Ï- Ä !w ÙÖ8@

8J petroleum coke ÚÛ ÜÝ2U1 p&8J × ØF, &* 7(89NO ¼ª £

- /0Y Table 1 Table 21 UVWM:. P Þ^ < "ÏY ßD, @, SEMàáâC D, QD © @AB /0 &@_'1 ã¹ &@&

D0 +789:.

Cyclic Voltammetry . aä1 )%"

ÏY ?S +å1 &@B /0 c 8 J @8B Z[BP 1 cm²LDæ .8G, çjB N Emery paper #1200 ·è éÖ , "ÏN

7(89:. Pf 7(< &'=N 0.5 M K²SO4 (

=1 êê 1 mM- [Fe(CN)⁶]³⁻/[Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻PP ; .< (= 7(89:. &'= + ' éP

P(89NO ëì "íY Merck(GR, grade, Germany) 7(89NO "ä& î b% P(

8J (=- éÄ%ØF a"89:. s cyclic voltammetry ïÅ 8J &@ ïÅ@(IM6, Zahner-Elektrik, Kronach) 7(8J 5, 30, 100 mV/sec.

- 7D &*/0 +789NO 3&*A I 8J ëì "äP PÝðG, @ñ&*Y Hg/Hg²SO4

&* P(89NO ïÅ"- òÄ & ÙÖ8

@ 8J Hg/Hg2SO4 @ñ&*- (=Y ïÅ+ ? S &'= 7(89:. Hg/Hg²SO4&*1 &@

B KwhY

Hg2SO4+ 2e⁻= 2Hg + SO42− Eo= 0.6158 V (1) PO, Zñ%&*1 0.5 M K²SO4- @ñ&*

- & Y &'b- ó?D a = cγ1 - Nernst l

Table 2. The properties of coal tar pitch as binder Elemental analysis

(wt% daf) BI^a

(wt%)BI/QI QI^b

(wt%)C/H Ash (wt%)

SP^c (^oC)

C H N S

92.16 5.76 0.92 − 21.1 16.7 4.4 1.65 2.5 109

aBenzene insolubles.

bQuinoline insolubles.

cSoftening point.

Table 1. The properties of petroleum cokes Elemental analysis

(wt% daf) Ash

(wt%) FC^a (wt%)

TG^b (g/cm³)

C H N

96.765 0.127 0.668 0.396 96.439 2.023

a Fixed carbon.

bTrue gravitiy.

(3)

E = E^o-RT/(nF)ln(γC)1 ¤¥ 25^oC, 0.5 M K2SO4 (

=- γ= 0.261 I' Zñ%& UVô r:. ¤¥, ¶ aä1 7(< & Y :õ öP Zñ%& ÷Ä8J Z"LM:.

0.5M K2SO4 EH(Hg/Hg2SO4) = 0.676 V (2) P &4 `ø &*(S.C.E.)1 dB &

÷Ä8[ Hg/Hg²Cl2(S.C.E.) = 0.2409 V1 'ù<

:. Pf d&*(counter electrode)N4 ú&*

P(ûNO "ä&1 ª üÄ(=N ý , 7(89:.

. &'+4 SUS304 b< u[y ¸ + .Ûþ1 * )%&* ÿ38G )%&

* [1 è8J - &* õ*N ÿ3 89:. êê- &*Y b- ÖÖ P(8 J &'+ &@BN _F"eNO, &'+ [

1- % \ ÙÖ8@ 8J &* è

4 &'+ W[ 1D b- GÅ ÿ389:. * õ*1 \0< $% %4 &

'= PU @y `Ù1 ÑL[ HF 8

² P ÙÖ8@ ' &'=1 + @4 mF *, õ* 7P1 ÿ38J . _F8J ` rDæ 89:. KFH2HF &'=Y §0P Cþ S _ §8[ )%&*1 *.

^ SU² @ _P §½L4 È Ù Ö8@ 8J &*Y b%_@1 ÿ389G, $

% &'+ aä 8Ö f14 . Ù1 b

% 5cc/min F[ &'+ 89:.

aä1 )%"ÏY ?S ¸+B +å1

&'/0 c 8J @8B Z[BP 2 cm² LDæ .8G, çjBN Emery paper #1200 · è éÖ , "ÏN 7(89:. &'=Y KFH2HF

ÆÖ8Dæ HF D MNO, $% &'D 4 850.05^oC ÆÖ89:. )%&*- &'/0 +78[ &'= - _P n >L 8

² aä Øõ14 &* *N 7(8J 2.5 V1 "³ ? &'8J &'= &ØF

,, " )%&*N y8J 2&*A I' )

%&*- &'/0 ïÅ89:. $% &'+åY 0~

10 V ~1 100 mv/sec &k-& d"v4

!& 50 h P,1 . 10 !& &

k-& "« , +7 c89:.

 . +< )%&*Y JX Å !1 -8J /0P ¥ÖO E 1 .p ¹

!4 - 0bP:. Yamada©⁸1 ¤ [ QI 0_Y ×ØF Å1 mesophase- \0 0p

!ª8O, cokes©1 ÑL[ cokes Z[1 ¨L

@AB 0b 6d"vÖ" =Å- ½D ¯.14 Ù'. <:G 89:. ¶ aä1 coal tar pitch4 ÊË $(_(BI)P 21.1%, ÌÍÎ $(_(QI)Y 4.4% UVWG rG, ShBN )% Ã1 7(L 4 coal tar pitch- /0Y QI. 10~16% W# ¹¸

8G rN², BI0_P $Ý% 0_ >- c&8:

4 ' G ' ( f, ¶ aä1 7(<

coal tar pitch4 $% &'( )%&*- $ (_ 0_ ¸c8G rNO / %0" ( ·8 J Å0P )* cokes ¬ |¥ )%&

*- ´1 uBN 56 4 β-resinP B]

8J B8:4 È UVWG r:.

Table 3Y 1 ¤+ ßD @

,, 0w , êê UVWMNO, ß D /0 @ /0Y hc-84 Q6P UV É:. +< )%&*Y &yBN ßD4 1.071~

1.453 g/cm³7P- . .ðNO, @Y 25.27/

44.90% :8^ UVÉ:.

PX )%&*1 .p 0 ßD UV1 Q R4 35 wt% ;.< QRPO Pf 1.453 g/cm³- ßD UV2NO @Y 25.27% . p ^ UVÉ:. P4 - P B]8J × ØF f Ç . - 34 ç 58G )%&

*- ´P "8^ PÝª È -28O )%&

* Z[- &2Q(SEM) 6 7ª Fig. 1 I 8J @ uQP 101 20µm ÅD- Y uQ ¢

@- @P _`8G @ # U7Ö _Y 3 ß ¸+ 4 È Ü rM:. s

P cB 8Y 30 wt% QR14 - Ç

Table 3. The characteristics of bulk density and porosity for carbon anodes

Binder Content (wt%)

30 35 40 45

Bulk density (g/cm³) Porosity(%)

1.430 32.61

1.453 25.27

1.110 41.72

1.071 44.90

(4)

. P B )% &* Z[1 9Û @ "tÖ :8G ½D³- * I'" Ç . . 34L

² petroleum cokes- ½D³1 { 84 *

. ¼_ Ú; Ö ::. ¤¥ Fig. 1N

E @ uQY µm~30µm ÅD w089G,

ßD. .p 0 35 wt%- QR4 F

@P ·Lª wx .ÖG r ßD 4 <%8G @Y 28^ ¯.89:. EFG,

P 40~45 wt%14 P :%³

P² ×ØF f 1 \ @y W

P d8J ´P n8LG, S- @y4 )

%&* =N )%&* Z[N : uQ - 34 I \0"# @Y dù ¯.8G

ßD4 <%8^ <:. 40 wt% ;.< QR

µm1 40µmÅD- uQ 4 @P : { 84 È Fig. 1 ò89NO, 

P >? ¯.< 45 wt% QR14 @ uQP 100 µm @4 > @P UVU @Y ¯.84 Q6 PU, 40 wt% c8J @-

y4 cB <%84 Q6 UV2:. PX

ßD @1 Q60Y - /01 -8J

ÅL4 QRD rNU ¶ aä14 - ;.

1 -' 56 qP A4 ÈN UVÉ:.

)% &*14 - ;.P )%&* Z[

- @ \01 56 4 ShB PÆ4 ×Ø F Å1 UVU4 )%- h1 @L4 ÈN

7<:. )%&*- ×ØF" 200~300^oC1 pitch . (LG 300~500^oC1 S4 Ç_N @

LÖ", =d :4 ×_', ´ h1 ¤¥

c'P 8Y »bP ¯k8[ GF, Ù6B 8O Pf \0< K[B :÷Ù6B _tY ´÷- π &- 56 A| van der waals C1 -' K[_

dT³1 B¦, 36P SU mesophase¥4 =Å w084 DEFN ª«<:.^10-12PX h

Å1 pitch- Ç1 ¤+ @ w0 )

%&*- ´1 ¤+ @ uQ <%. ?"1 SU 4 dP UVUO, ´P G ÇP ¢[ @ P 0 )% &*P +LG, h ÇP G ´

Fig. 1. Micrographs of carbon anodes formed with various binder contents.

(5)

P ¢[ @P BY )% &*P +<:. PX

dY ¶ aä ?S Q6 UVWG rM:.

 . )%4 ShBN &D 0 Wl0 g ?"1 ' r4 &*

ShBN &@ n0Y &* y- n &@

W1- n- .Ö ¸_ r:. &

- QR ShB @ñY 52.25µΩHmPO, ,- Q R4 &*y n `8J, &'b- dx,

- ¸0 dx©- qY ! `:. P !

¥D =ê PdP GL[ - nY D8

^ HFG uBN &*- IJ °±:. ¤¥

&*- IJ ÙÖ8@ '4 &*- @AB CD . R' 8O, ShBN4 áâCD 147 kg/cm²

QD 72ÅD @ñN 7(<:. ¶ aä1 +< &* y- c n/0 @AB CD -28 4 áâCD QD /0 Table 41 UV2:. c n

/0Y ßD hc-8O áâCD QD / 0Y c-84 Q6 UV2:. ¶ aä1 ßD . .p R &*, ;.. 35 wt% +< )%&*- QR cn0Y 51.87µΩHm

.p 8Y n. UV2NO áâCD QD4 ê ê 564.8 kg/cm² 89 ShB QR c8J ?

 ! "#$. ;.- 1 ¤+ )%&

*- &@B >?- P @ ' 1 mM- Ä

÷ PK [Fe(CN)⁶]³⁻/Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻P ;.< 0.5 M K2SO4(= 7(8J 25^oC1 !& &k & L Ð ïÅ89:. J@ dù iY &D0- D . &L rN² &* Z[ MØ- Ä÷ KP

t- &Y Ö D @@1 - òÄ1 -8J ª«LO Pf & - 7D4, dE/dt = 5, 30, 100 mV/sec a" 89NO @ñ &*81 & ~4 250 mV 750 mV 7P1 ïÅû:. P & ~1

&* hY Ä ÷ hP ª«LO |± ö:.

[Fe(CN)6]³⁻+ e⁻= [Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻ (3) P +å81 !& LÐY Ö &* Z[N- h»t- òÄ, P¦- &8, &8P?h- ª«

1 -'" 56 A4:. õ* *Ù6N &

7" &kLÐ14 õ* £ * ¢&k(Ipc<0 £ Ipa>0)P UVUO P ¢@ .Y Nd r:. g

O^13,141 -8[ &8P? hP .PBN ª«<:

[ Z[B A 4 &*Z[1 ¢&k(Ip)4 òÄ A D òÄj- D c1 -' AÄL ª:.

Ip= (2.72Ô10⁵)z^3/2 (A/cm²)(D/cm²s⁻¹)^1/2

(c/molcm⁻³ )(dE/dt)^1/2 (Vs⁻¹)^1/2 (4)

¶ aä1 7(< &'=1- òÄA¹²4 :õ

ö:.

D([Fe(CN)6]³⁻) = 7.63Ô10⁻⁶cm²Hs⁻¹, D([Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻) = 6.32Ô10⁻⁶cm²Hs⁻¹

¤¥ 25^oC .P h QR &8(z). 1S f

¢&k(I^pa, Ipc). UVU4 & , ∆E^p4 59 mV

UVUO "í &@B h- .P0- Ï. U VU[ 59 mV: 0 .P UV*:. PÈP &* h

- c.P0- ýD P(LO, P .P ÅD 4 7(L4 &* 1 ¤¥ P. UV*:. P

öP .P0 I8J )% £ Q· 1 Ä÷

P- &@B >?1 '4 qP G^16-18LG r:.

¶ aä1 +< )%&*- Z[1 ïÅ< !

& &k & LÐ(cyclic voltammogram) Y Fig. 21 UV2NO P LÐ1 Rª 4 Table 51 UV 2:. !& &k & LÐN ;.1

¤+ &@ >?Y ë Æ78^ UVÉNO, Ä

÷ ¢ &k. (Ipa, Ipc) ¢ &(∆Ep) U VU4 c.P ýD4 ê@ : ^ UVÉ:. Fig. 2

Table 5 I8J . 35 wt% ;.< QR Ä

÷ ¢&k. .p ^ UVÉNO P1 c'

P P : BY 30w t%S QR4 Ä ÷

¢&k. 10%ÅD ¢^ UVÉ:. P S QR 40, 45 wt%14 êê 35% 12%ÅD i^

UVUG rNO PÈY )%&* A[1 { 84 @ - P1 -' )%&*- a Z[BP P. U Table 4. The characteristics of specific resistivity, and

mechanical strength for carbon anodes Binder Content (wt%)

30 35 40 45

Specific resistivity (µΩ·m) Tensile Strength

(kg/cm²) Hardness

53.79

369.4

83

51.87

564.8

89

75.64

204.8

67

73.27

170.7

66

(6)

@ fgN 7<:. &hB Q60Y ¢&k. @ /01 c-84 ÈN UVÉÖ", 45 wt%-

. ;.< QR4 40 wt%- . ;.< QR

c8J @Y ¯.89Ö", )%&* Z[1 _`84 @Y 100µmPd- >@tP &*Z [1 _`84 wx UVU T &@B Z[

B <%"v4 P 89NO, PX )%&* A [- Z[B P4 ;.1 -' ×ØF Å

1 \L4 @- _` ¢@1 - 56 Å ò S38G rNO Table 3 Fig. 1- ÿU1 P

2 VWLM:.

c.P ýD ¸_L4 Ä ÷ ¢&4

¢&k. .p i^ UVU4 40 wt% - QR1

.p | :+ - QR: .P0â Ü

rM:. PX .P0Y ¢&k- ¢@ î

UVU . 40, 45, 30, 35 wt%- î c.P 0P iY ÈN UVU ¶ aä1 7(< "ÏtY

¢&k ¯.1 ¤¥ .P0D ?"1 T Ü rM:.

¤¥ !& &k & LÐ I8J .p B Fig. 2. Cyclic voltammograms for 1.0 mM Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− on various carbon anodes in 0.5 M K2SO4 solution.

dot (5 mV/sec.), dash (30 mV/sec.), straight (100 mV/sec.).

(7)

)%&*Y - ;.P 40 wt%1 +<

QRPO Pf &* QA[P aBN .p 0 cZ [B @ fg1 &* dQA[1 iY capacitance D NdLM:.

. JX +åN +< )% *&

*N 7(8J ( KFH2HF- 85^oC &'=1

$%&' /0 +7 Fig. 31 UV2:. 7 (< *&*Y 40 wt% . ;.< dx1 0 w !"# +89:. ïÅ< &k & LÐ1

4 & - ¯. >$ 4~6 V1 &kßD.

¯. 8O $Ä &'. PÝÖG 8 V M 1 &kßD. .p 0 Å' UVW4 âA &kß D. UVÉ:. P ¸³ 7P1 \L4 &*hN

öY hP ª«<:G LMNO P QR $% P

- )% &*1 §¨ hP DÅA¥ G89:.

HF2−+ CX HF + C(F)ads+ e⁻ (5) C(F)ads+ C(F)adsX F²+ 2C (6) EXU Watanabe⁶1 -' )% &*1 §¨< $%P

$Ä (=- h1 -' $%. \0L4 ÅP DÅA¥4 GD r:.

C(F)ads+ HF2−X F²+ HF + C + e⁻ (7) PX ÅP ÖU & P >? ¯.8J 8 V M

ÖU[ &kßD4 Wm <% PG r:. P X dY & ¯. >$ )%&* Z[1 c&

D0- $)%»P w0LG Wm \0< $%

@y. $)%»d1 ¨L[ a- &'[

B <%"vG &'=- ! Ù'8J &kßD

<%"v@ fg ÈN ÜY r:. PX Å1 &'1 .p ¹ !4 &*Z[

- @_` dxPO Fig. 31 40 wt%- QR .p &'P iG âA &kßD. 22.780 A/dm²N .p ¢^ UVÉ:. ¤¥ P +å1

+< )%&*P .p BN $% &'/01 B @- _`/0 UV2@ fgPO, [Fe(CN)6]³⁻/Fe(CN)6]⁴⁻P ;.< 0.5 M K²SO4(=- cyclic voltammogram- Q60 S38G r4 ÈN

UVÉ:.

$Ä&' ºBN * )%&* +8 9:. Pf ¼ª petroleum cokes 7(8G

4 coal tar pitch 7(89:. s Z [/0- ! I8J iY &'- &* +

8@ 8J - !"# ;.8J )%

&* + , !1 ¤+ &*/0-

! ïÅûNO Rª Y :õ ö:.

1. coal tar pitch4 ÊË $(_(BI)P Table 5. Voltametric data for 1.0 mM K3[Fe(CN)6], K4[Fe(CN)6] with various carbon anodes prepared by changing binder contents in 0.5 M K2SO4. Pick current Ipa and Ipc, pick potential Ea and Ec. For a reversible system execpected

∆Ep= 59 mV for 25^oC and z = 1. Potential vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 1 cm² geometric electrode surface Binder Content

(wt%)

Scan rate (mV/sec.)

Anodic dir. Cathodic dir. ∆Ep

(mV) Ea (mV) Ipa (µA) Ec (mV) Ipc (µA)

30

5 526 78.1 465 -78.1 61

30 531 213 456 -213 75

100 535 395 452 -395 83

35

5 536 70.9 455 -73.4 81

30 543 184 447 189 96

100 548 310 442 326 106

40

5 526 96.3 465 -101 61

30 530 271 462 -273 68

100 532 480 457 -491 75

45

5 526 80.0 464 -80 62

30 527 225 459 -228 68

100 533 447.5 455 -456 78

(8)

21.1%, ÌÍÎ $(_(QI)4 4.4% UVU ´1 56 4 β-resinP B]8J B89:.

2. )%&*- ßD4 35 wt%- 1

1.453 g/cm³- .p iY ßD .p 8Y @

25.27% UV2:. s @Y 45 wt%-

1 44.90% .p i^ UVÉ:.

35 wt%14 cn0D .p 8Y . 50.98µΩHm PG, áâCD QD4 êê 362 kg/cm² 88 UV É:.

3. !& &kLÐ1 35, 30, 45, 40 wt%-

î1 ¤¥ Ä ÷ ¢&k- ¢@. ¯ .89NO, .p iY ¢& UV1 40 wt%-

1 :+ c8J ç 33% ç%

7%- ¢&k- P 9:. c.PýD Ä ÷

¢ & I .P0D öY Q6N UVÉ :. PX ¢& &4 )%&* Z[1 { 84 @- ¢@ £ _`1 @84 ÈN

î1 ¤¥ a Z[BP õ -2û:.

Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammograms for various carbon anodes in Molten KFH2HF electrolyte.

(9)

4. $%&' K.1 UVU4 âA&k ßD4

40 wt%1 22.780 A/dm² .p iY â A&kßD 9NO, P4 @- ¢@ £ _`1

¤¥ ÅL² !& &kLÐ- ¢ &k öY Q60 UV2:.

1. Nakakima, T. Fluorine-Carbon and Fluoride-Carbon materials; Macel Dekker Inc.:New York, U.S.A., 1995;

p. 251.

2. Allen J. Bard Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements; Macel Dekker Inc.:New York, U.S.A., 1976;

p.103.

3. Groult, H. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1994, 24, 870.

4. Childs, W. V. J. Electrochem Soc. 1995, 142, 2286.

5. Bai, L. J. Appl. Electrochem 1988, 18, 839.

6. Watanabe, N. Denki Kagaku 1963, 31, 756.

7. Nakajima, T. J. Fluor. Chem. 1988, 40, 407.

8. Yamada, Y.; Imamura, H.; Kakiyama, H. Carbon 1974, 12, 307.

9. Oh, H. J.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, Y. H.; Ko, Y. S. J. K.

Chemical Soc. 1996, 40, 308.

10. Miyazaki, K. J. mater. Sci. 1981, 16, 752.

11. Ogawa, I. J. mater. Sci. 1981, 16, 1281.

12. Bermejo, J. Fuel 1997, 76, 179.

13. Nicholson, R. S.; Shain, I. Anal. Chem. 1964, 36, 706.

14. Delahay, P. New Instrumental Methods in Electrochem- istry ; Interscience Publishers Inc.: New York, U.S.A., 1954; p. 119.

15. Arvia, A. J.; de Cusminsky, J. B. Trans. Faraday Soc.

1962, 58, 1019.

16. Hu, I.; Karweik, D. H.; Kuwana, T. J. Electroanal.

Chem. 1985, 188, 59.

17. Wightman, R. M.; Deakin, M. R.; Kovach, P. M.; Kuhr, W. G.; Stutts, K. J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1984, 1578 18. Deakin, M. R.; Stutts, K. J.; Wightman, R. M. J. Elec-

troanal. Chem. 1985, 182, 113.

Effects of Additive Binder Contents on Electrode Properties ofCarbon Anode for Fluorine Electrolysis   

      

Effects of Additive Binder Contents on Electrode Properties of Carbon Anode for Fluorine Electrolysis

Effects of Additive Binder Contents on Electrode Properties ofCarbon Anode for Fluorine Electrolysis