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Ch.1. Basic Concepts

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Ch.1. Basic Concepts

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전기회로의 정의

• 전기회로의 정의 : 전기소자의 상호연결

(Interconnection of electrical elements)

• 대표적인 전기소자 -전원

-저항(Resistance)

-인덕터(Inductance)

-콘덴서(Capacitor)

-Switch

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SI Units (Int’l System of Units)

기본적인 SI Units

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System of Units

• The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Quantity Unit Symbol

Electric charge Coulomb C

Electric potential Volt V

Resistance Ohm Ω

Conductance Siemens or Mho S, ℧

Inductance Henry H

Capacitance Farad F

Frequency Hertz Hz

Force Newton N

Energy, Work Joule J

Power Watt W

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전하와 전류

• 전하(Electric Charge) : 어떤 물체 또는 물질이 가지고 있는 전기적 성 질 또는 전기의 양을 의미함

- Unit : 쿨롱 (Coulomb, 표기 : C)

- 전자 및 양자의 전하량 : 1.6021773349x10-19 C

일반적으로 자연에서 발견되는 전하량은 1.602x10-19C의 정배수 - “전하량 보존의 법칙”의 성립

- 도체에서는 전하가 자유롭게 이동할 수 있으며 음전하(전자) 이동 의 반대방향을 전류방향으로 정의

(Benjamin Franklin’s convention)

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전하와 전류

• 전류(Electric Current) : 단위 시간당 전하량의 변화

(Time rate of change of electric charge) - 수학적 표현 : or

- Unit : ampere[A] = coulomb / second [C/sec]

• 직류와 교류

- 직류(DC, direct current) : a current that remains constant

- 교류(AC, alternating current) : a current that varies sinusoidally

※ 직류는 일반적으로 italic 대문자로, 교류는 italic 소문자로 표시

i dq

dt

0 ( )

t

q

t i t dt

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전하와 전류

Example 1.1

How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Example 1.2

The total charge entering a terminal is given by q=5t sin4πt [mC].

Calculate the current at t = 0.5 sec.

Example 1.3

Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t=1 and t=2 if the current passing the terminal is i=(3t2 – t) [A].

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전하와 전류

• 전류의 방향

- Direction of positive charge movement

- Positive & negative current

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전압

• 전압 또는 전위차 (Voltage or Electric Potential Difference) :

The energy required to move a unit charge through an element - 수학적 표현 :

- Unit : [V] = [Joule / Coulomb] = [Newton · meter / Coulomb]

• 전압의 방향

- (그림 a) point a의 전압은 point b 보다 9V 높다

- (그림 b) point b의 전압은 point a 보다 9V 낮다

v dw

dq

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전압

Example 1.4

An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10sec to flow through a light bulb. If 2.3kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

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전력과 전력량

• 전력(Power) : the time rate of expending or absorbing energy -수학적 표현 :

- Unit : [Watt] = [Joule / Sec] = [Volt · Ampere]

• 전력의 부호에 대한 convention

- (그림 a) p>0이면 element에 의하여 전력이 소비됨을 의미 - (그림 b) p<0이면 element가 전력을 공급함을 의미

dw dw dq

p v i

dt dq dt

 

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전력과 전력량

• 전력의 부호에 대한 convention (2)

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전력과 전력량

• 전력량(Energy) : 일정기간 동안 element에 의하여 흡수/공급된 전력 (the capacity to do work)

- 수학적 표현 :

- 단위 : [Watt · sec] or [Watt · hour]

• 전력량 보존의 법칙 (law of conservation of energy) :

“공급된 전력량(energy supplied) = 흡수된 전력량(energy absorbed)”

0 ( ) 0

t t

t t

w

p t dt

vi dt

0

p 

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전력과 전력량

Example 1.5

Find the power delivered to an element at t=3 ms if the current entering its positive terminal is

i=5 cos60 πt [A]

and the voltage is : (a) v=3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt Example 1.6

How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

• 회로 소자의 구분

- Active element : Energy를 생성할 수 있는 소자 예) Generator, Battery, Op-Amp - Passive element : Energy를 생성할 수 없는 소자

예) Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

• Ideal Independent Voltage / Current Source

“an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit element”

Ideal Independent

Voltage sources Ideal Independent Current sources

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

• Ideal Dependent (Controlled) Voltage / Current Source

“an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current” (대부분 OP-Amp로 구현)

- VCVS : Voltage controlled voltage source - CCVS : Current controlled voltage source - VCCS : Voltage controlled current source - CCCS : Current controlled current source

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

Example 1.7

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element.

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

Example 1.8

The electron beam in a TV picture tube carries 1015 electrons per second. Determine the voltage Vo needed to accelerate the electron beam to achieve 4W.

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회로 소자(Circuit Elements)

Example 1.9

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