Species Diversity and Energy Flow of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in Okcheon Stream

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Species Diversity and Energy Flow of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in Okcheon Stream

Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University

This study was conducted to understand the phytoplankton-zooplankton trophic linkage and species diversity in Daecheong ecosystem(Okcheon stream) from August 2008 to July 2009. A total of 54 phytoplankton species were identified in the water column. Among them, Bacillariophycea dominated the phytoplankton community, accounting for 35.2% of species number, followed by Chlorophycea (33.3%), Cyanophycea (25.9%), Falgellate algae (5.6%). Phytoplankton density were ranged from 2×10 ³ to 15×10 ³ cell/ml during investigation and carbon biomass was similar with density. Dominant species were 6 taxa, which were Microcystis sp., Oscillatoria sp., Aulacoseira sp., Cyclotella sp., Na- vicular sp., Cryptomonas sp. in water column. A total of 31 Zooplankton species were identified in the water column. Among them, Rotifer dominated the zooplankton community, accounting for 77.4%

of species number, followed by Cladocera(12.9%), Copepods(12.9%). Zooplankton density were

ranged from 47 inds./L to 688 inds./L during investigation and carbon biomass was the high value

in October in contrast with density. Dominant species were 4 taxa, which were Rotaria sp.,

Brachionus sp., Asplanchna sp., Diaptomus sp in water column. Macrozooplankton(MACZ: >200儙m)

clearance rate were relatively high in the winter however, amount of C-flux were relatively high in

the summer. Microzooplankton(MICZ: 20 60儙m) clearance rate and amount of C-flux were

relatively high in the spring. Each zooplankton was relatively low in fall. Also, MICZ amount of

C-flux were similar than those of MACZ, while MICZ clearance rate were relatively higher than those

of MACZ.

⑧# # ᮫

(Keckeis et al., 2003)

(Reynolds, 1984; Sommer et al., 1986; Sterner, 1989; Kagami et al., 2002).

Daphnia sp.

(Brook, 1985; Gawler et al., 1988), clear water phase (Lampert et al., 1986; Sommer et al., 1986; Vanni and Temte, 1990; Kim et al.,

2003). (Thys et al., 2003),

(Keckeis et al., 2003), (Heath et al., 2003), (Reynolds, 1994)

. 1970

. 1987

, (Kim et al., 1998;

Kim and Joo, 2000). Murray Darling River

(Shiel and walker, 1984).

(Kim, et al., 2000, 2002; , 2003),

(Hwang et al., 2004) .

.

(C-flux) .

⫷ᰗ# ὚# ὴῠ

(Fig. 1). 29.0km , 537.2 km ² .

,

(1994 5 ) , 18.0×10 ³ m ³ /day .

8 9

.

, .

,

.

5 6m , , .

,

( , 1999; , 2000). 2008 8 2009 7

.

Ilj1# 41#

51# ␨ẇ# ὚# 㦣ဈ⧟⫃# ⃏⑨

4,# 㦣ဈ⧟⫃# ⃏⑨

, pH, , , YSI(6920 MDS, USA)

.

7L

. SS ( , 1996) .

(PO 4 -P) ascrobic acid , (TP) persulfate ascrobic acid

. (NH 3 -N) (NO 2 -N) phenate, colorimetric

, (NO 3 -N) cadmium reduction , (TN)

cadmium reduction (APHA, 1995). 儎(Chl-儎) GF/C

90% 24

( , 1996).

5,# ὃ⒃ᶄ⪿ᴨ# Ⴗ⑼⧟ⓗᠯ⪣# ⯐⮻⑼/# Ὃᜏ/# ␨ẇᬔ# ⃏⑨ὴῠ

+4,# ☨ẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯

100 mL Lugol Sedgwick-Rafter

(Zeiss, Axiovert 40 CFL, ×200 400)

. (Dinophyceae) (Cryptophyceae)

(flagellate algae) .

, Keller et al.(1980) (V:儙m ³ ) ,

儙gC 儙gC(Mullin et al.,

1966) 200 fgC·儙m ³ (Starthmann, 1967) carbon

.

+5,# ᜤẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯

( 64儙m) (

5%) , Sedgwick-Rafter , ,

(Stemberger, 1979; Balcer et al., 1984; , 1993). ,

, . Downing and Rigler

(1984) , 1.025 ,

10% (Hall et al., 1976). Lengh-Dry weight

(Culver et al., 1985), (儙gC L ¹ ) 48%

(Anderson and Hessen, 1991) .

+6,# ᜤẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯0☨ẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯⪣# ⑸☨။ဏ

- (C-flux) Lehman and Sand-

gren(1985)

.

(Microzooplankton: MICZ, Nauplii, 60 200儙m)

(Macrozooplankton: MACZ, , >200儙m) .

200儙m 60儙m

0 (control, . , 60儙m ), 2, 4, 8 (<60儙m: MICZ , <200儙m:MACZ ) 2L

24 . 2 , 24 50 mL

subsample Lugol 60儙m 200儙m

.

24 (exponential growth rate:

=day ¹ ) .

r=(ln N t ln N 0 )/t

r = (day ¹ )

Nt = t (cell mL ¹ )

N 0 = 0 (cell mL ¹ )

t = (day)

(clearance rate)

. (C-flux) .

ACF=CR×A×Z

ACF = C-flux (儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ )

CR = (mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ )

A = carbon biomass (儙gC L ¹ )

Z = zooplankton biomass (儙gdw L ¹ )

6,# 㔀ဏ⃏⑨

Pearson's correlation analysis , p<0.05

. one way ANOVA Duncan test (SPSS

10.0).

࿻၇# ὚# ါ⽻

41# ⥰⿧⿧# ␨㐧ဏ# 㦣ဈ⧟⫃# ​㦟

3.7 26.8 ,

, 0.84mg L ¹ 21.13mg L ¹ ,

, (n=12, p<0.05, r= 0.616)(Table 1). 86 儙s cm ¹

248 儙s cm ¹ (Table 1), . TN, TP, NH 3 -N, NO 2 -N

(TN: n=12, p<0.01, r=0.736, TP: n=12, p<0.01, r=0.885, NH 3 -N: n=12, p<0.05, r=0.619, NO 2 -N: n=12, p<0.01, r=0.925).

(SS) 2.4mg L ¹ 18mg L ¹ 4

, TN, TP a (TN: n=12, p<0.01, r=0.881, TP:

n=12, p<0.05, r=0.656). 儎(Chl-儎) 2.26儙g L ¹ 52.03儙g L ¹

, 10儙g L ¹ (Table 1).

( , 2004).

(TN) 1.87mg/L 4.04mg/L 2mg/L

, (Table

1). (NO 3 -N) 1.2mg/L 1.9mg/L

(Table 1). (NH 3 -N) detection (0.0001儙g L ¹ ) 1.68儙g L ¹ ,

(Table 1).

(TP) 18.56儙g L ¹ 218.73儙g L ¹ ,

Wdeoh# 41

Water quality parameter

Sampling month Feb.

(2 24 )

Apr.

(4 20 )

Jul.

(7 21 )

Oct.

(10 15 )

Temp. ( ) 3.72 18.64 26.8 22.69

EC (儙s cm

) 86.00 248.00 196.0 146.00

DO (mg L

) 18.90 21.13 0.8 12.98

pH 9.47 9.13 9.2 8.80

TN (mg L

) 2.29 4.03 2.33 1.87

NH

-N (儙g L

) detection 0.39 0.01 40.44

NO

-N (mg L

) 1.90 1.81 2.51 1.38

NO

-N (儙g L

) 14.05 72.61 31.48 35.79

TP (儙g L

) 24.60 218.73 97.91 18.56

PO

-P (儙g L

) 11.92 11.13 16.86 4.54

SS (mg L

) 2.40 18.00 6.00 3.92

Chl-a (儙g L

) 3.39 52.02 50.68 2.89

* Temp.: temperature, EC: electronic conductivity, DO: dissolved oxygen, TN: total nitrogen, NH

-N: ammonia, NO

: nitrite,

NO

: nitrate, TP: total phosphorus, PO

-P: soluble reactive phosphorus(PO

-P), SS: suspended solid, Chl-a: chlorophyll-a

(Table 1), (PO 4 -P) 4.53儙g L ¹ 16.86儙g L ¹

, TP ,

(n=12, p>0.05)(Table 1).

,

( , 2009).

. ,

.

51# ☨ẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯၇# ᜤẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯⪣# ⯐# 㟘⃋ᜏ/# Ὃᜏ/# ␨ẇᬔ

+4,# ☨ẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯

54 , 14 ,

3 , 19 , 18 .

(4 ) 23 , (7 ) 29

. (10 ) 22

8 , 7 , (2 ) 23 12

, .

9,390±5,178 cell mL ¹ , 63.10±39.16儙gC L ¹ . 2

, 4 (Fig.

2). (Cyanophyceae) Microcystis aeruginosa Oscillatoria limne-

tica, Merismopedium glaucum . Microcystis aeruginosa 4 10

2,000 2,060 cell mL ¹ ,

.

(Bacillaphyceae) , 10 2

. Navicular sp., Nitzschia sp., Melosira varians Cyclotella sp.

, Navicular sp. , 2

. (Chlorophyceae) Scenedesmus quadricauda., Actinastrum hantzschii, Chlamydo-

monas sp. , 4 4,120 cell mL ¹

. 10 2 , (Fig. 2). (Flagellate

algae) Cryptomonas ovata Rhodomonas sp. , 4 6,120 cell mL ¹

, Cryptomonas ovata 36.5儙gC L ¹ . 4

,

(Fig. 2).

+5,# ᜤẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯

46 , 39 ,

7 , 7 .

(4 ) 24 , (7 ) 33 , (10 ) 20 , (2 )

35 ,

.

194±210 inds. L ¹ , 74.52±61.45儙gC L ¹

. 7 , 10 . 10 148 inds. L ¹

Feb. Apr. Jul. Oct.

D ens it y ( x10 3 ce ll / m l)

0 4 8 12 16

Cyanophyceae Bacillophyceae Flagellate algae Chlorophyceae

Feb. Apr. Jul. Oct.

C a rb on B iom as s ( PgC / L )

0 20 40 60 80 100

Cyanophyceae Bacillophyceae Flagellate algae Chlorophyceae

Ilj1# 51

Feb Apr Jul Oct

D ens it y ( ind. / L )

0 200 400 600 800

Rotifer Copepode Cladocera

Feb Apr Jul Oct

C a rb on B iom as s ( PgC / L )

0 30 60 90 120 450 500 550 600

Rotifer Copepode Cladocera

Ilj1#61#

, Diaptomus sp. Nauplii 96 inds. L ¹ 47 inds. L ¹ .

Diaptomus sp. Nauplii .

40 inds. L ¹ , 7 443 inds. L ¹

. Asplanchna herriciki Lecane sp., Polyathra euryptera 101 inds.

L ¹ , 110 inds. L ¹ , 140 inds. L ¹ , 51 儙gC L ¹

7 .

, 10 77.76 儙gC L ¹

, Diaphanosoma birgei Daphnia galeata 43 儙gC L ¹ , 34 儙gC L ¹

(Fig. 3). , 10

(Fig. 3).

,

( , 1984).

61# ☨ẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯⤛# ᙋ㢧# ᜤẇ# 㡗᫜㎷㓯⪣# ⤷၇⩳# ὚# 㐏ⓗ# ⭏ᘷ⩳#

biomass (Fig. 4).

0.001mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ 1.260mL 儙gdw ¹

hr ¹ , 0.002mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ 0.90mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹

, 4 2

(Table 3). (0.4402±0.59mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ )

(0.3005±0.41mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ ) .

C-flux 0.0002儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ 0.0492儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ ,

0.0008儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ 0.0731儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ .

4 , 7 .

C-flux (0.0235±0.02儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ )

(0.0226± 0.03儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ ) .

( , 2007; Kim et al., 2000) , ,

90% ( )

( , 2007). 7 Microcystis

sp. Oscillatoria sp. ,

. C-flux

, (0.0002儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ ) (0.0008儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ )

10 .

Ilj1#71

(A),(E): February, (B),(F): April, (C),(G): July, (D),(H): October

Wdeoh# 51 儙 儙

Okcheon stream

Clearance rate n R2 C-flux

MICZ

Feb. 0.470 8 0.85** 0.0066

Apr. 1.260 8 0.98** 0.0492

Jul. 0.030 8 0.19 0.0379

Oct 0.001 8 0.00 0.0002

Average 0.4402±0.59 0.0235±0.02

MACZ

Feb. 0.900 8 0.76** 0.0143

Apr. 0.200 8 0.61** 0.0020

Jul 0.100 8 0.93** 0.0731

Oct 0.002 8 0.90** 0.0008

Average 0.3005±0.41 0.0226±0.03

Total

Feb. 1.37 16 0.84** 0.0209

Apr. 1.46 16 0.72** 0.0512

Jul 0.13 16 0.66** 0.1110

Oct 0.003 16 0.86** 0.0010

Average 0.7408±0.78 0.0460±0.05

*p<0.05, **p<0.01

࿻# # ᮫

, ,

.

54 , 14 , 3

, 19 , 18 . (4 ) 23 , (7

) 39 , (10 ) 22 , (2 ) 23 , .

4 7 15,240 cell mL ¹ , 9,500 cell mL ¹

, 4 Cryptomonas ovata , Microcystis aeruginosa

Oscillatoria sp . 10 Aulacoseira ambigua

. 2 , .

46 , 39 , 7 , 7

. (4 ) 24 , (7 ) 33 , (10 ) 20 , (2

) 34 ,

. 2 Rotaria sp., 4 Bra-

chionus sp., 7 Asplanchna sp. . 10 (Diaptomus sp.)

. 7 687.32 inds. L ¹ ,

Carbon Biomass 10 502.41 儙gC L ¹ . ,

, (0.4402±0.59 mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ )

(0.3005±0.41 mL 儙gdw ¹ hr ¹ ) . C-flux 0.001

儙gC L ¹ hr ¹ , .

(Stibor, H. et al., 2004),

(Heath, R. T. et al., 2003) .

.

⾃ါẃ㤗

. 2006. .

.

. 1996. ( ). NIER No. 96

17-488.

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Culver, D. A., M. M. Boucherle, D. J. Bean and J. W. Flethcer. 1985. Biomass of freshwater crustacean zooplankton from length-weight regressions. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1380-1390.

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⧟# # ⣈

-

, 2008 10 11 2 .

19 , 6 , 2 ,

7 , 4 . 10 11

(Microcystis sp.) (Aulacoseira sp.) , 11

10 . 15 , 9 ,

3 , 3 .

, 10 Diaptomus sp., 11 Daphnia galeata

. 2 Daphnia galeata Diaphanosoma birgei

. ,

C-flux

, C-flux .

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