Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method at Ieodo Ocean Research Station
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(2) ÒJ3 ^&v &V""/æ~ã² (120-749) BÞ B&^ 2ÿ 134 2 ·ö ¦J æ² 3 ·ö nÁò ¦ (425-600) ãVê nÖ nÖÖÚ ÒB 29^ 1. Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method at Ieodo Ocean Research Station Hee Choon Lee1, Bang Yong Lee2*, Joon Kim1, and Jae-Seol Shim3 1. Department of Atmospheric Sciences/Global Environment Laboratory Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea 2 Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI 3 Coastal and Harbor Engineering Research Division, KORDI Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea. Abstract : Surface energy and CO2 fluxes have been measured over an ocean at Ieodo Ocean Research Station of KORDI since May 2003. Eddy covariance technique, which is a direct flux measurement, is used to quantitatively understand the interaction between the ocean surface and the atmospheric boundary layer. Although fluxes were continuously measured during the period from May 2003 to February 2004, the quality control of these data yielded <20% of data retrieval. The atmospheric stability did not show any distinct diurnal patterns and remained near-neutral to stable from May to June but mostly unstable during fall and winter in 2003. Sensible heat flux showed a good correlation with the difference between the sea water temperature and the air temperature. The maximum fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat were 120 Wm−2 and 350 Wm−2 respectively, with an averaged Bowen ratio of 0.2. The ocean around the tower absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere and the uptake rates showed seasonal variations. Based our preliminary results, the daytime CO2 flux was steady with an average of −0.1 mgCO2m−2s−1 in summer and increased in winter. The nighttime CO2 uptake was greater and fluctuating, reaching up to −1.0 mgCO2m−2s−1 but these data require further examination due to weak turbulent mixing at nighttime. The magnitude of CO2 flux was positively correlated with the half hourly changes in horizontal mean wind speed. Due to the paucity of quality data, further data collection is needed for more detailed analyses and interpretation. Key words : Úê ·"Væ(Ieodo Ocean Research Station), ö: ªÖ(eddy covariance), 2 Ê(heat flux), Özê² 2Ê(CO2 flux). *Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected].
(3) 146. 1. B. Lee, H.C. et al.. . æ" &Vf~ ö.æ 5 bî~ v~j ;ïz~ ©j ~Jº K ·~² ºê> ®b, J Þò¢ ÛB æö & & «'b ê ¯> ® (Kim et al. 2002). ö: ªÖ O»f &V f æ"~ ö.æ 5 bî~ v~ïj Â~ &Gj Û ç7 &G~º O» . ¾ ö: ªÖ O»j ;{® 'Ï~V *Bº >>>º ' &;j j> 'b J~¢ (Massman and Lee 2002). ·ö Bº "Ò(fetch)~ B ìbæ, Zí ' bçöB '~ &G æò J~f &G, FêB 2 Ê ¶òö & ;{ ; 7º~ . æ öB 2/3 ;êº : ® . ~æò ·" &Vf~ ç^·Ïö & º æöB~ ö jB &G~ ÚJæ b ~ ô >¯>æ á~& . ·öB~ 2Ê &Gf ¦f F; öB ~ &G O» Ï>îæò ;B æòöB ö: ª Ö O»j Ï ãÖº ôæ p (Smith et al. 1991). ¦f F;öB~ &Gf ;B æòö j æçª b ~ ªC ç&'b *~æ p . ÖÒ¾¢ ~ Úê ·"Væº : ö *~~ ®ÚB n öB~ ;B æ6öB >¯>º &G" Ò Gæ~ ' Ë ~ ì . z× ÖÒ¾¢ö 'Ëj ~º ôf ³~ ê(Fig. 1)ö *~~ ®ÚB, æ6öB~ ·"~ ö.æ v~ö & ;ï' ªCf Vç . Î;ö & V& 8b ÒÏ > ®º Vç' 5 ·'b Ö 7º~ .. Fig. 1. Annual average passes of typhoon toward Korean Peninsula during the period from 1971 to 2000 (from http://www.typhoon.or.kr).. Vêæz~ "º ö 7ö ~¾ Özê²~ B~ j ~º ©f "º ~ "B& > ® . B~ 7 ·" &V*ö Úæº Özê² v~ï º; f ôf ®{ Wj &æ ®º ©b rJæ ®. (McGills et al. 2001). V¢B ·öB~ Özê² v ~ïf * æ' Özê² B~ö ®ÚB Ö 7º º² Îææ ç7' 2Ê &G O» ö: ªÖ O»j Ï &Gf 7º þ B . öBº Úê ·"Væö J~B 2Ê &G Êj Ï~ 2003j 5ú .¦V 2004j 2ú ræ G;B ¶ò~ ªC" ·öB~ ö.æ 5 Öz ê² v~ö & ;ï' Ö"ö & ¢~~, jÞ G;~ * 5 ^B6j B~¶ ~& .. 2. Òò 5 O» ö: ªÖ O» ö: ªÖ O»f O;j ÛB áÚê . &G ˲& >ï'b î~ Þï~ ~~ Î" ¢ Z > ®b, G;æ>~ *ö V æz¢ Z > ®, G; æ>~ ö" Bö ì º &;j ò ö: ªÖ 8b 2Ê¢ Ö > ®. (Baldocchi et al. 1988). F = w′c′ * öB wº ç ³³ cº G;~¶~º æ> , ‘Ç’º * ïj, Ò ‘ ' ’º ï8b¦V~ ÞN¢ ~ . ¯, * 5 Æ 2Êö 'Ï~ ' ' ç ³³" Nê~ ªÖ ( H = ρ C p w′θ ′ ) Ò ç ³³" >ÃV &ê~ ªÖ ( LE = L v w′ ρ v′ ) j Û B áÚê . VB, ρº V &ê, Cpº ;{j Ò Lvº ÃB Æj ¾æÞ . ρvº >ÃV &ê¢ ¾æ Þ . öB ;{jf 1004.67 Jkg−1K−1, ÃB Æ f [2.501 − 0.00237ÜT(oC)]Ü106 Jkg−1j Ï~& . ²R» æ~ 5 &ê ; ö: ªÖ O»~ 'Ï 5 Â~ö & ¢ £² ~V *B :² ¦º OËb~ ²» æ~ Ú ^¢ . :² >ö ï¯~² ®z¢ê, J~B V V~ VÞÚöb¦V ¾æ¾º 0 jò ç ³³f ²» æ~j ~² > "Úê ï * ÿn~ ï ç ³³j 0b ò > ® . ~æò ²» æ~ O»f 7Î Vç*çb áÚæº 0 jò ç ³ ³ 5 ï * Fb ~ ^ > ®º F' J N¢ J > ì² B . ö Wilczak et al.(2001).
(4) Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method. B PFM(Planar Fit Method)j Ï~ ²» æ~ j >¯~& . ©f æ~ ãÒ 5 J~ VV~ VÞ Úöj J êöê 0 jò ç ³³j *~V * B ËV*~ ¶ò¢ Ï ²æ ïb ç ² æ~j >¯~º O» . ö: ªÖ O»f &Gæ& >ï'b 9 î ãÖ ï ç ³ê& 0 Nj &; . ~æò Webb et al.(1980)f æb¦V ¾ >ÃV~ çb ~ ÿ >Ç ®j r ï ç :² Wª 0 jî æ ï ç :² Î"ö ~ 2Ê¢ J¢ j æ'~& . ¾" >ÃVf ~ ÿ >Çö ~ &ê ; Î"ö &Bº, ß® 2Ê 8 ² G ;>º æöB Özê² 6º zê ïVÚ~ 2 Ê¢ G;~¶ ~º ãÖ &ê æÿ Î"ö ~ ;ï ·æ pbæ "~¢ VÞ¢ . &/ ¶ò Úê ·"Væº B"ê Îã~ î¢êöB BÎ OËb 149 km ;ê ÎÚê (32.12275oN, 125.18246oE) ö ® . æòº Væ roof deck~ ÿÎã ÎBÒöB & Û 3 m ;ê ÎÚê nãö J~>Ú ® . Roof deck~ ¸º >b¦V 33.5 m ;ê (http://ieodo.kordi. re.kr). 2Ê ÖÂj * :² Wª 5 Ê¢¢ Wªö & &Gf 2003j 5ú .¦V ·>îb *ö /~ ^B b ~ 2004j 2ú .ræ~ V*ö &B º V* 7 &Û 70%(¶ò~ ®îf J>æ p~r) *ö &Bò ¶ò¢ áj > ®î . 2Ê ÖÂj * &G Êf 3Nö .r2 ³Ë³³ê(CSAT3, Campbell Sci., Logan, UT) 5 Özê²/>ÃV ªCV (LI7500, LICOR, Lincoln, NE)& Ï> ®b roof. Fig. 2. Photo of flux measurement tower at Ieodo Station.. 147. deckb¦V &Û 9.3 m(>b¦V &Û 43 m)~ ¸ö J~>Ú ® (Fig. 2). &Gf 10 Hz~ *Ïb Úæ &G ¶òº ¶ò ÷ Ë~(CR5000, Campbell Sci., Logan, UT)ö 10 Hz &GB ¶ò 5 30ª Ûê 8 *b 1GB PCMCIA ö &Ë B . 2Ê æòöB &G>º ¶òf z®Ú º&' ª Cj *B ' &G ¶ò& Ï>î . >b ¦V £ 14 m~ pö J~B .r2 F³ê(Vector, NORTEK AS, Norway)öB áÚæº > b[~ > N G;¶òf &Gæò~ £ 2 m ¸ö J~B N/Ûê ê(HMP45A, Vaisala, Finland)f ¢Òê(MS-802, EKO, Japan)¢ Û G;>º Nê 5 ¢Òï ¶ò¢ ÒÏ~ & . ¶ò~ F 5 ¾Ò ³Ë # ³³ Úê ·"Væ b~ κ Vç *çj G;~º GöB Ö V r^ö Â~ &Gj Û~ 2Ê¢ &G~º ö: ªÖ O» 'Ïö ®ÚBº bö ~ Â~~ ö *ç 5 2Ê~ æz j FB~V £ . V¢B ·" &Vf~ ç^·Ï ªCj *Bº Væ b~ 'Ë 'f · ãöB ®ÚJ º ³Ë~ Jº j>' º²& B . 6 '. ³ ³ ç~ :²f > * &V[~ Vê' b ¾ Úæ² ~æ &G ¸ j¾öB ¢ÚÆ > ® º bÒï &Ë>º *çj ïj > ®² . f & N~ Lee(1998)º O;b¦V æ" &V f~ B v~ïj ö: ªÖ O»b áÚæº ·" z®Ú &G¸ j¾öB ¢Ú¾º &Ëïj >b B : ® . Fig. 3f 2003j 5ú¦V 2004j 2úr æ~ ³Ë~ ê.' æz¢ ¾æÞ © . 2003j 5ú öº §³ê~ :² "¢ ®æò ªÆf ÿ γ ê~ :² ® ® . 9úãræº ÿγ :² " ®æò êöº §B³ "¢ B ³ Ë æ~ ® . &G æò~ *~& Væ roof deck~ ÿÎãö *~~ ® "æ VV~ 'Ëj J~ § ÿã" Îÿã ÒöB ®ÚJº ÿ³ê~ :² ® ÚR r~ ¶ò¢ 2Ê ªCö Ï~& . V¢B §B ³ "¢ º ÎÞÆ V*ö &Bº ç ¦ª~ ¶ò V&j ò~æ á~& . Fig. 4º ³³~ nê ª¢ ¾æÚ ® . &GB ¶ò~ 90% ç~ ¶ò& ³³ 2 ms−1 ç~ :² ® ®ÚB ³³ö ~ B º²º ® 'f ©b ¾æÒ . 2 ms−1 ~~ :² ® r~ ¶òº ªCö ~æ p~ ..
(5) 148. Lee, H.C. et al.. Fig. 3. Seasonal variation of wind direction.. window& ÓÖ çöB~ ¢>' AGC 8~ º* & 55-65%¢ >Ú ® . ªCö ÏB ¶òº AGC 8~ º*& 65% ~¢ ròj Ï~& &GB ¶ò ~ 20% ;êò º*¢ ò~& . VV~ J "f : ~ " ö ~ ©b 6>Úæ 7' O»b &G>Úæº ¶òö &Bê "~& ºB . ¶ò¾Ò. Fig. 4. Frequency distribution of wind speed. / 88~ J". Fig. 5º Özê²/>ÃV ªCV~ window& J"B ç ¦¢ 6 > ®º AGC 8~ æzf J"B ç ~ ÎÛj ¾æÞ © . VV âöBº &G. ²» æ~j * PFMj 'Ï~&b(Wilczak et al. 2001), Webb et al.(1980) B &ê ; Úr . ¶ò~ ®î ¦Ò¢ *~ Foken and Wichura (1996)& B O»j V. ~ ß; V&j ;~&. . ³³, ³Ë, Úÿï 2Ê 5 ITC(Integral Turbulence Characteristics), AGC 8 ö & 6¦ Úrb ¢ ÛB '. ¶ò¢ F~& . ¶ò¾Ò "; 5 ¶ò¾Ò * Îö & ¶^ J«f Hong and Kim (2002)ö ¾ B>Ú ® ..
(6) Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method. 149. Fig. 5. Variation of AGC value and photo of open path infrared CO2/H2O analyser with a contaminated window.. 3. Ö" 5 Æ~ ITC(Integral Turbulence Characteristics) ç7' Â~ G;j Û~ 2Ê¢ ~º ö: ªÖ O»öBº ITC¢ Û G;B ¶ò~ ®î ¦Ãj > ® . æ[öB~ Â~º ¢; ;~ ßWj æî ® . ITCº Monin-Obukhov çÒ ö V¢ &VöB &GB Vç &G º² &Vn;ê(z/L =. Fig. 6. Similarity function of vertical wind speed.. ( g ⁄ θ ) ( w′ θ ′ ) 0 - ; zº &G ¸, Lf Obukhov length¢ – --------------------------------3 u * ⁄ kz ¾æÞ . kº von Karman ç> gº 7K&³ê, u* º îV³ê, ( w′ θ ′ ) 0 º æöB~ Nê 2Ê¢ ¾ æÞ )~ ¢; > ; *B . Fig. 6" 7f & Vn;êö V ç ³³~ çÒ >f ç ³³ 5. Fig. 7. Correlation coefficient of vertical wind speed and air temperature..
(7) 150. Lee, H.C. et al.. Nê~ ç&ê>¢ ¾æÞ © . ç ³³ö & çÒ >º Kaimal and Finnigan(1994) B &V& ®n. Fig. 8. Variation of atmospheric stability.. ; r~ > 8j ¾ *~ ®º ©j r > ® . ç ³³ 5 Nêö & ç&ê> 8f &V& ®n; r 0.5, 7㢠r 0, n; r −0.4 rJ^ ®. (Kaimal and Finnigan 1994). Úê VæöB &GB 8 f n; rò −0.3 ;ê&b n;êöBº 8 j ¾ *~ ®î . Ö" f Úê VæöB &GB Â~ ¶ò ITC ªCj Û~ ®î ¾~æ prj ¾æÚº © . * 5 Æ 2Ê Fig. 8f &Vn;ê~ æz¢ ¾æÞ © . 2003jê 5ú¦V 10úræ~ ¶ò¢ ÛB GçöBf ?f ¢æ zº djV ¾ îb, 6úræº ï'b n; &V[j ® . ç&'b 7ú¦Vº ®n; &V¢ ® . ©f Fig. 9~ > b[~ Nê f VN~ æz¢ ÛB "¢ dj > ®î . 2003 jê 10ú¦V 2004jê 2úræ~ ¶òº &¦ª~ V *ö öB > b[~ Nê& VN ¸f ©j & . æ 6ú¦V 9úræ~ > b[ Nê¶ò~ æÿ ² ¾æÒº æÿ ;ö & ~^b ~ > b[ Nê &G ¶òf~ jvª Cj Û ®î ¦Ã º>î . ~ 7ú¦V &Vn;ê& ï'b ®n;~² ¾æ¾º ©ö & "¢ Fig. 9öBº dj > ìî . Fig. 10f VN ãê(> b[~ Nêf VN~ N) Ò 43 möB &GB ³³j &V& ®n; rö &~ * 2Êf jv~& . âöB r > ® Ö;ê> 8 0.8 çb ¾ ÎÒ~& . F; &ê ¢ Û~ ö: ªÖ O»b &G > ìî~ V* ö & * º; &Ë~& . ö: ªÖ O»b &GB * 2Ê~ & 8f &Û 120 Wm−2 ;ê&. Fig. 9. Variation of air temperature and sea water temperature..
(8) Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method. Fig. 10. Relationship between sensible heat flux and wind speed and temperature data (Ta : air temperature, Ts : sea water temperature, U43 : wind speed at 43 m high).. Fig. 11. Variation of sensible and latent heat fluxes (symbols indicate the mean of whole measurement values/ (after data screening) for each month and error bars indicate the standard deviation of those).. . * 2Ê~ ¢æzº * 2Ê~ V 5 OË ö ~B " Ö;>º &Vn;ê& Â] ¢æz¢ æ pº Fig. 8~ Ö"f ? Â] ¢æz¢ æ p~ . * 2Êf ¢Òï~ &ê¢ ~j rê ß; &êº ¾æ¾æ p~ (not shown). Fig. 11f * 5 Æ 2Ê 8 7öB ¶ò F V &j 'Ï ê B>æ pf ¶òö & úê æÿj ¾æÞ . * 2Ê 8 Æ 2Ê 8ö jB & G V* ÿn ï'b ·² ¾æÒ . æÿê æ. 151. Fig. 12. Diurnal variation of energy fluxes. Circles indicate the sensible heat fluxes and squares the latent heat fluxes at 21 Aug. 2003. Triangle-ups indicate the sensible heat fluxes and triangle-downs the latent heat fluxes at 26 Nov. 2003. Color-filled symbols mean the acceptable values after data screening.. Fig. 13. Ratio between sensible and latent heat flux in unstable atmospheric condition.. p~æò .O Ã&º^¢ & 2003j 12úöB &Ë ï8j ¾æÚ ® . Æ 2Ê 8~ ãÖ º 2003j 8úö jB 9ú" 11úöº ï8j ¾ æÚî . Fig. 12º 2003j 8ú 21¢" 11ú 26¢~ ö.æ 2 Ê 8 ~ ¢ æÿj ¾æÞ © . v Æö & Îv B BB '. ¶ò~ F V&j 'Ï êöº ç >~ ¶ò ªCöB B>º ©j r > ® . * 5 Æ 2Ê 8~ Nº Fig. 11~ 8ú" 11ú~ 2Ê 8 jv Ö"f ?f ;¢ ® . Fig. 13f &V& ®n; r * 2Êf Æ 2 Ê~ j¢ ¾æÞ © . ªCj Û~ > ®º.
(9) 152. Lee, H.C. et al.. Table 1. The result of density variation correction for carbon dioxide flux. Period Aug. 2003 Nov. 2003. H 6.5 26.5. LE 40.9 198.7. F_CO2_raw −0.0044 −0.6654. F_CO2 0.0235 −0.5449. α 1.19 0.84. H : Sensible heat flux (Wm−2) LE : Latent heat flux (Wm−2) F_CO2_raw : Carbon dioxide flux before density variation correction (mgCO2m−2s−1) F_CO2 : Carbon dioxide flux after density variation correction (mgCO2m−2s−1) α : slope of linear regression (F_CO2 = α × F_CO2_raw). j 8f &Û 0.2 ;ê& . jº B Òö. æ Wª &V Ò Vª>º ö.æ ~ ·' jN(¯, *2Ê/Æ2Ê)j ¾æÚ 8f >~ ß Wö V¢B æ~² >º 8 . ·öBº Va > j V¢ R V~ ; ~& B rº j 8 1ö &rÞ > ®æò ¢>' j 8f 1 R ·f 8b rJ^ ® (Arya 2001). ö: ªÖ O »b &GB Æ 2Ê & 8f &Û 350 Wm−2 ; ê& . Özê² 2Ê Özê² 2ʺ Webb et al.(1980) B &ê æÿ ;ö ~B 8 æ~² B . æz>º · f * 5 Æ 2Ê 8~ Vö 'Ëj A² B . Table 1f 2003j 8ú" 11ú 7 &GB ¶òö & & ê æÿ ; Ö"¢ ¾æÞ © . ' 2Ê 8 f ª CB 8~ ï8j ¾æÞ © Ö"~ jNf F ;²æF~ VÞV¦V áÚê © . Özê² 2 Ê .& 8 ² &GB 11ú~ ãÖ Î"& 16% ;ê ¾æÒ . Fig. 14º Özê² 2Êf 30ª ï ³³~ æz f~ &ê¢ ¾æÞ © . âöB , 2003j 8ú. Fig. 14. Relationship between CO2 flux and half hourly change of wind speed.. " 11ú 7 ³B *ö & ¶ò¢ F~ ê.' Özê² 2Ê~ ;ï' N¢ " > ®î . r~ ¦^º &VöB · OËb~ Özê² vª j ¾æÞ © . 8ú~ Özê² 2Ê 8f −0.1 mgCO2m−2s−1 ~~ 8 G;>î . ç&'b 11ú ~ Özê² 2Ê 8f ³³~ æz& ìº r¢ V &b −0.5 mgCO2m−2s−1 ;ê~ 8 G;>îb ³³ æz& ² ¾æÒj ãÖº −1.0 mgCO2m−2s−1 ;ê ~ 8ê G;>î . Özê² 2Ê 8 ³³~ æz f F;' &ê¢ ¾æÞ ©f Smith et al.(1991)~ Ö" f æ p~ . 11úö G;B −1.0 mgCO2m−2s−1 ;ê ~ 8f Î ³ãæöB 8úö &GB & Özê² 2Ê 8" jÒ ò¢ 8î (Lee et al. 2003). Fig. 15º Özê² 2Ê~ úê æÿj ¾æÞ © b ê.' Özê² 2Ê 8~ æz¢ r > ®. . 2003j 8úöº 0ö &rÚ 8j æò 9úöº .& 8 Ã&~& 11úöº Fig. 14~ Ö"f ~ jÝ~² ¾æÒ . Özê² 2Ê 8~ ;ï' ª Cf B Þ/ &G VV~ J" 5 ³Ë~ J ~ F Ö 'f ¶òòj ÛB ªC © . Fig. 16f Fig. 14öB ªCB Özê² 2Ê 8~ ¢æz ¢ ¾æÞ © . J *j B~º CO2 2Ê~ ¢æz& ~ ìrj r > ® . ¶ò F V&j 'Ï. Fig. 15. Variation of carbon dioxide flux (symbols and error bars indicate the same as Fig. 11)..
(10) Tower-based Flux Measurement Using the Eddy Covariance Method. Fig. 16. Diurnal variation of carbon dioxide flux. Circles indicate the carbon dioxide flux at 21 Aug. 2003 and squares at 26 Nov. 2003. Color-filled symbols mean the acceptable values after data screening.. ~V *" ê~ 8 j Îv ¾æÚîº, ¢¦¶ò¢ B ~º ² æ pröê V& 'Ï ê &¦ª~ ¶ò ªCöB B>îbæ F V&j ² j z > ®j ©b 6B . 'f ¶ò ~ öB ªCB &G ¶ò& ß; *ö ~Ö F' J~¢ &æ ®bæ ö & º& ªC" æ³' ¶ò~ »' jº~ .. 4. Ö 5 BÞ Úê ·"VæöB 2003j 5ú¦V ö: ªÖ O»j 'Ï~ 2Ê ÖÂj * &G Ê J~ ÚÏ>V ·>î . ö: ªÖ O»j 'Ï~V * B' º² J>Ú ·" &Vf~ ç^·Ï ;ï'b ªC>î . ³Ëf 5úöº §³ê~ :²îæò ªöº ÿ γ ê~ :² 9ú êº §B³ " ®î . V æ~ ÿÎãö J~B æò~ *~¢ J~ §B³ ãÖ~ ¶òº ªCöB B>î, V¢B ³' ¶ ò¢ Ï ªC ÚJ . ³³~ ãÖº &¦ª~ *ö öB '. ³³(2 ms−1) ç~ :² ®î . Özê²f >ÃV 2Ê¢ &G~º 7VV~ ã Ö, " ö ~ window J" ^B6b Ò ;V' VV &Ò& ¶" jº ©b ¾æÒ . * 2ʺ · b[" VN"~ &êö ~B " Ö;>îb ß; ¢æzº ¾æ¾æ p~ . 5ú ¦V 6úræº 7ã 6º n; &V[ &G>îæò 7ú ê¦V 10úræº &¦ª ®n; &V& &G> î . & * 2Ê 8f &Û 120 Wm−2 ;ê&b. 153. ï j 8f 0.2 ;ê& . Özê² 2Ê 8f ªÆ" ÎÞÆö ·' N & Â]~& . ªÆ Ôö &GB Özê² 2Ê 8f ¢æz¢ æ p~b, ï −0.1 mgCO2m−2s−1 ;ê~ ¢; 8j & . ÎÞÆ Ôöº ·ö ~ Özê²~ >& Ã&~&b¾ ¢æzº æ p~ . ß® ¢* 6º îãö ôf æz¢ &b & −1.0 mgCO2m−2s−1 ;ê~ 8 &G>î, ³³~ æzf r~ ç&&ê¢ &ê F;&ê¢ ¾æÚî . ö : ªÖ O»j 'Ï~º ";öB &æ Vç' 6º VV' Bb ³' *ö & 2Ê ¶ò~ {& ÚJ . '. Ê~ ÒJ~ 5 "V ' VV &Ò¢ Û ôf ¶ò¢ {~, 2 Ê B¶(footprint) ªC" &Gæ¢ ~º ªË *W¶ò¢ Ï jv 5 Î{Ë(upscaling)ö & & ÖF'b jº~ .. Ò. Ò. º ·ö~ ‘Úê ·"Væ Ï (PM24103)’ 5 ~ã¦~ ‘N^& ~ãVF BBÒë(Eco-technopia 21 project)’~ ¢~b >¯>î. . ö ÒÏB ¶ò~ ³ 5 2Ê æò~ & Òö êæj & ·ö~ "V þ" B&P International Co.~ sã~ &Òþþ 6ÒÖ . jÞ ¢^~ ^ ¦Æf î' Ëçj * Þj j¢æ pb Ò*öþ þ 6ÒÖ .. ^^ò Arya, S.P. 2001. Introduction to Micrometeorology. 2nd edition, Academic Press, New York. 420 p. Baldocchi, D.D., B.B. Hicks, and T.P. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology, 65, 1331-1340. Foken, Th. and B. Wichura. 1996. Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83-105. Hong, J.K. and J. Kim. 2002. On processing raw data from micrometeorological field experiments. Korean J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 4(2), 119-126. Kaimal, J. and J. Finnigan. 1994. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York. 289 p. Kim, J., W. Kim, C. Cho, B. Choi, H. Chung, B. Lee, K. Kim, K. Kim, M. Kim, B. Lee, D. Lee, G. Lee, J. Lee,.
(11) 154. Lee, H.C. et al.. J. Lim, J. Oh, E. Park, J. Shim, J. Yun, and C. Rho. 2002. KOFLUX: A new tool to study the biosphereatmosphere interactions in Asia. p. 215-229. In: Ecology of Korea. ed. by D. Lee. 215-229. Lee, H.C., J. Hong, C. Cho, C. Choi, S. Oh, and J. Kim. 2003. Surface exchange of energy and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and a farmland in Haenam, Korea. Kor. J. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 5(2), 61-69. Lee, X. 1998. On micrometeorological observations of surfaceair exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 91, 39-49. Massman, W.J. and X. Lee. 2002. Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 113, 121-144. McGills, W.R., J.B. Edson, J.D. Ware, J.W.H. Dacey, J.E. Hare, C.W. Fairall, and R. Wanninkhof. 2001. Carbon. dioxide flux techniques performed during GasEx-98. Mar. Chem., 75, 267-280. Smith, S.D., R.J. Anderson, E.P. Jones, R.L. Desjardins, R.M. Moore, O. Hertzman, and B.D. Johnson. 1991. A new measurement of CO2 eddy flux in the nearshore atmospheric surface layer. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 88818887. Webb, E.K., G.I. Pearman, and R. Leuning. 1980. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100. Wilczak, J.M., S.P. Oncley, and S.A. Stage. 2001. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Bound. Layer Meteorol., 99, 127-150. Received Apr. 26, 2004 Accepted Jun. 6, 2004.
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