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a๚ǎॅᨱí ᇡ➉ႊḡ ݡ₦ŝ ᇡ➉ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᱽ ᱽෝ v

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(1)

European Union(EU)

୍࣪֬টՋ଀଴୪վୀ઩՚টՋण૳ଡ

ऀۡਏ೬Ջيฅ৤෇ۀ૤֝ଭ଺࣑ߢ

କߌ଍଀ฎ

୨࣪਑఻׆ւෘ୨ੲୢऀୀ౿୪ܑր

*ນญั

↽ɝ ᖁÑḢ Ŗྕᬱᯕ ᰍḢ ᵲ Ḣྕእญಽ ᯙ⦹ᩍ ♕Ḣ⦹Ł ᰍᅕDZ ᖁÑa ᝅ᜽ࢉᮝಽ៉, สݡ⦽ ᖁÑእᬊᯕ ၽᔾ⦹ᩍ ᵝၝ᮹ ᇡݕᯕ a ᵲࡹ۵ Ğᬑa ᯱᵝ ၽᔾ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. əญ⦹ᩍ ᰍᅕDZᖁÑ᮹ ᬱᯙᱽŖᯱ(ᵝಽ Ḣྕእญ ੱ۵ ᇡ➉ჵᴥಽ ᯙ⧕ ♕Ḣ⦹۵ ᯱ)ᨱí ᖁÑእᬊᮥ

ᇡݕ᜽┅Ñӹ ᖁÑእᬊᮥ ⪹ᙹ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᱽࠥ

a ษಉࡹᨕ᧝ ⦽݅۵ ᵝᰆᯕ ᱽʑࡹŁ ᯩ݅.

ᯕ ྙᱽ(ᰍᅕDZᖁÑ ᬱᯙᱽŖᯱᨱí ᖁÑእ ᬊᮥ ᇡݕ᜽┅۵ ä)۵ Ŗྕᬱ᮹ ᇡ➉(Ḣྕእ ญ)ෝ ᨕਜí ႊḡ⦹Ł, ᨕਜí ᱽᰍ⧁ äᯙ a௝۵ ྙᱽ᪡ Ḣᱲᱢᮝಽ šಉࡹ۵ äᯕအ ಽ, ᯕᨱ ݡ⦽ ᫙ǎ᮹ ᯦ჶಡෝ ᔕ⠕ᅕᦥ᧝ ⧁ äᯕ݅. ᯕෝ ᭥⧕ᕽ ᯕ ᅕŁᕽ۵ ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭

(Council of Europe)᪡ UN ₉ᬱᨱᕽ᮹ ᇡ➉ႊ

ḡ יಆᮥ ᗭ}⦹Łᯱ ⦽݅.

ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᪡ UNᮡ ᇡ➉ႊḡෝ ᵲ᫵⦽ ŝ ᱽಽ ᖅᱶ⦹Ł, ‘ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞’ᮥ ☖⧕ᕽ ᳑᧞

a๚ǎॅᨱí ᇡ➉ႊḡ ݡ₦ŝ ᇡ➉ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᱽ ᱽෝ v⪵⦹ࠥಾ ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ᯕ ᅕŁᕽ۵ ᅕŁ ᕽ᮹ ᵝᱽ᪡ šಉࡽ ჵ᭥ ԕᨱᕽ, ຝᱡ ᮁ౞᭥

ᬱ⫭᮹ ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞ॅᮥ ᔕ⠕ᅕŁ(II), ݅ᮭᮝ ಽ UN₉ᬱᨱᕽ᮹ ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞᮹ ԕᬊᮥ ᗭ }⦽݅(III). əญŁ ษḡสᮝಽ ʑ┡ ᰍᅕDZᖁ Ñ እᬊᮥ ᵥᯝ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᫙ǎ᮹ ᯦ჶಡᨱ ݡ⧕

ᗭ}⦽݅(IV).

**ᮁ౞₉ᬱᨱᕽ᮹ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞

ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭(Council of Europe)۵) ֥

ǎᱽ᳑Ḣᮝಽᕽ۵ ⃹ᮭᮝಽ ‘ᇡ➉ᨱ ݡ⦽ ⩶

ᕽ۵ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭a&6ᅕ݅⭉ᦍฯ݅ &6Ǎᖒǎᮡ༉ࢱᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭Ǎᖒǎᯥ঑௝ᕽᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭ᨱᕽ₥┾ࡽ᳑᧞ၰᱶ₦ᮡݡᇡᇥ

&6ᨱᕽᙹᬊࡹᨕḥ݅ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᪡&6᮹šĥၰb᳑Ḣ᮹ǭ⦽॒ᨱݡ⧕ᕽ۵"NCPT *OUFSOBUJPOBMFT4USBGSFDIU "VGM4

GGₙ᳑

(2)

ᔍ᳑᧞(Criminal Law Convention on Corrup- tion)’ŝ ‘ᇡ➉ᨱ ݡ⦽ ၝᔍ᳑᧞(Civil Law Con- vention on Corruption)’ᮥ ₥┾⦹ᩍ) ᳑᧞a

๚ǎॅᨱí ᇡ➉ᱽᰍ᪡ ᇡ➉ႊḡݡ₦ᮥ v⪵

᜽┅Ł ᯩ݅.

କߌ଍଀ฎଭÌऀ൪઩۩෉෴ॷ୺ઊÍ ଭச૬ٛ૳

คୋ ী଍Ìୀׁপ೵Íଡ෴ॷ࣐ஏߦళ࣎

ഠߧ෌

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮡ ǎa Ŗྕᬱ᮹ حྜྷჵᴥᐱอ ᦥܩ

௝, ᫙ǎ Ŗྕᬱᨱ ݡ⦽ حྜྷჵᴥ, ǎᱽʑš Ǎ ᖒᬱᨱ ݡ⦽ حྜྷჵᴥ, ᔍᱢ ᩢᩎᨱᕽ᮹ ᇡ➉

⧪᭥ࠥ ‘حྜྷჵᴥ(bribery)’ಽ Ƚᱶ⦹ᩍ ⩶ᔍ⃹

ჭ⦹ࠥಾ ⦹Ł ᯩŁ, ᇡ➉ჵᴥ(corruption of- fences)ಽ ≉ा⦽ ᯕᯖᨱ ݡ⦽ ᯱɩ ᖙ┢(mon- ey laundering), əäᮥ ᭥⦽ ĥ᳭ჵᴥ(account offences) əญŁ ə్⦽ ჵ⧪ᨱ ₙᩍ⦹۵ ä

ᮥ ⩶ᔍ ⃹ჭ☁ಾ ⦹Ł ᯩ݅(࠺ ᳑᧞ ᱽ᳑ ԕ ḡ ᱽ᳑ ₙ᳑).

࣑଴ୀ఼઩۩෉୪୍୺౿

୪୺૳ઘଭॷ૳

EÎ࣑଴ MFHBMQFSTPOÏଠ֝ԧ֫෉ଡෘॷ෇ۀ֝ԧށۀ

׆೴֝ԧ׆ւ QVCMJDCPEJFTրվվ֝୪୺஻݅ଡ୪૤

෇ճ Ԩ֝ԧଭ࣑ٛ֝઩ଭ්ݡ‘఼ۚ FOUJUZ’ଭনգ ଡԧ஺ۀࡦ఼݃ۚࠜ࠱෉ۗ

࠺ ᳑᧞᮹ }ֱᱶ᮹ᨱ ᮹⦹໕ ǎa᮹ ᱶᇡ

᳑Ḣ, ǎa᮹ ⧪ᱶᇡšഭॅᯕ ₙᩍ⦹۵ ŖŖ ᱢ ᖒĊ᮹ ǎᱽ᳑Ḣ(ᩩ⍉ݡ ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭)ᮥ ᱽ

᫙⦽, ʑ┡᮹ ༉ु ݉ℕ۵ ჶᯙᨱ ᗮ⦽݅. ঑

௝ᕽ ᱶᇡᯱᬱᯕ ⇽ᯱࡽ Ŗჶᯙ ၰ ᱶݚ ੱ

⦽ ჶᯙᨱ ᗮ⦽݅.) ‘ᯕ⧪᳑⊹ෝ ᭥⦽ ᳑᧞a

๚ǎ ༉ᯥ(Group of States against Corruption

= GRECO)’ᨱᕽ ⩥ᰍ ḥ⧪ࡹŁ ᯩ۵ ‘ᇡ➉ჵ ᴥ ⩶ᔍ᯦ჶ⪵ ၰ ᱶ⊹ᯱɩ᮹ ⚍໦ᖒ v⪵ ႊ ᦩॅᨱ ݡ⦽ bǎ᮹ ᯕ⧪᳑⊹ ᅕŁᕽ’ᨱ ঑෕

໕ ᱶݚᮥ ჶᯙᮝಽ ᅕŁ ᯩ݅.)

୪୺࣑଴ୀ఼ଭథହ DPSQPSBUFMJBCJMJUZ

୪ා୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠۗଣրԶଠլ૴࣑଴ୀ఼ԧథହଡ

ா৤଼ܑߧෂ૬෉଺࣑ୡֻࠤճ׆೴ۗࠛ୺౿݅ଡ

త೿෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

࣑଴ଡ۩ඝ්֫෉ށۀ࣑଴ଡ଍ැছէ୨්֫

෉ଡԧ஺Ջيֻ࣑଴ଡധ୪ ஺්ܑ֫෉ଡԧீଞ ߦਭ ֻ࣑଴઩ছ஺ܑୡ଍౿઩଼ۀ࣑଴ଭ֜ন



Ⲱᇡ➉ᨱݡ⦽⩶ᔍ᳑᧞ⲱ⬉ಆၽᔾⲰᇡ➉ᨱݡ⦽ၝᔍ᳑᧞ⲱ⬉ಆၽᔾIUUQXXXDPOWFOUJPOTDPFJOUᨱᕽ݅ᬕಽ ऽa܆

IUUQXXXDPFJOUUEHIMNPOJUPSJOHHSFDPEFGBVMU@FOBTQᨱᕽbǎ᮹ᯕ⧪᳑⊹ᨱݡ⦽⠪aၰᅕŁᕽ݅ᬕಽऽa܆

(3)

European Union(EU)

଀ଲ ࣑଴ଭଲଳଡ଍෇઱Թ଴ୡଞߦށۀֻ࣑଴

ଭ෉୺஻ଞߦෘܛ෇࡟ছܛ୺ઊঃଭښࢄஹ઱ BD

UJWFCSJCFSZ ‘ઽේߚෘॷࠜ଍෉ښࢄஹ઱ࢫښࢄ৤৤

࣐ஏ࣐ࠜ෉լ૴

଍ଭ ࣑଴ ֜ন଀ଲ ଍઩ ચׂ෉ ࣐ஏ݅઩ վ࣐ୀ

ֻܑ߇෇ۗ

୪ා୪ාր࣢ܑߦԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠۗଣଭլ૴઩࣑

଴ୀ఼ԧథହଡா৤଼ܑߧ෇׆଍ැছෂ૬෉୺

౿݅ଡ౫ැઉ෉ۗ

୪ා઩ચׂܤ࣑଴ٛ઩ছ஺ܑୡ଍౿઩଼ۀୀԧ

ୀ਑ଭԮܒ ധ୪ଭࡿࠜী෼ํ෌ଞߦਭ ୀ਑ଭ֫

෉ٛ઩ু෇ۀ࣑଴֜ন଀ଲ࣑଴ଡ଍෇઱୪ා઩

ચׂܤ࣐ஏ࣐ࠜ෉լ૴

୪ා୪ාր୪ා઩ચׂܤ࣑଴ୀ఼ଭథହଠ࣐ஏࠜ

ୠ஺ֻࠛ֜ন଀ଭ෴ॷథହଡࢼ୪෇஺ੴۀۗ

୪୺୪୍ TBODUJPOT૕୺౿݅

୪ාܛ୺ઊ઩ଭ෉෴ॷ࣐ஏ݅ଭਕԨনଞߦ଴ැ Ԩ

୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ୪୺ٛ஺୺ଭԨ࣐ஏ݅઩ঃଦ෇ۀ 

଴୪୍݅ր୺౿݅ଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ ୪୺୪ාր୪ා઩ଭැథ ହଡऀۡ෇ۀ࣑଴ଲ ׁୢୡ୪୪݅ଡඑ෌෇઱ ต րୡଲճ णߢୡଲ࡝  ଍෇ୡ଴ ෴ॷୡ ށۀ ण෴ॷ

ୡ୪୍݅ଡऀۡ෇ܑߧ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

↽ɝ᮹ bǎ᮹ ᯦ჶ Ğ⨆ᮡ ჶᯙ ᯱℕ᮹ ₦ ᯥᮥ ᯙᱶ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ᮝಽ aŁ ᯩ݅.) ᱥ☖ᱢᮝ ಽ ჶᯙ ᯱℕ᮹ ჵ⧪ᱢĊᖒ ੱ۵ ⩶ᔍ⃹ჭ a

܆ᖒᯕ ᯙᱶࡹḡ ᦫŁ ᯩ۵ ݡයჶĥ(✚⯩ ࠦ

ᯝ)ᨱᕽࠥ ჶᯙ ᯱℕᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ ⧪ᱶᱢ ᖒĊ᮹ ɩᱥᱢ ᱽᰍ ੱ۵ ʑ┡ ᱽᰍෝ ᯙᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.)

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮡ ᇡ➉ჵᴥ᮹ ᝍbᖒ əญŁ ᇡ➉ჵ ᴥ ႊḡෝ ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ ჶᯙ ᯱℕෝ ⃹ჭ⦹۵ ä ᯕ ⦥᫵⦹݅۵ äᮥ Łಅ⦹ᩍ, ᱢᨕࠥ ᇡ➉ჵ ᴥ᮹ ᩢᩎᨱᕽ۵ ჶᯙ ᯱℕෝ ⃹ჭ⧁ äᮥ ᫵ Ǎ⦹໕ᕽࠥ,) ࠺᜽ᨱ ჶᯙ ᯱℕa ⃹ჭࢁ ᙹ ᯩ ۵ ᫵Õᮥ ᯱᖙ⯩ Ƚᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅(ྜྷು ᯕ ᫵Õ

ᮡ b ᳑᧞ a๚ǎᯕ ↽ᗭ⦽ࠥಽ ∊᳒᜽⍽᧝

⦹۵ äᯕ໑, əᅕ݅ ޵ մí ჶᯙ ᯱℕ᮹ ⃹ჭ

ᮥ ᯙᱶ⦹۵ äᮡ b ᳑᧞a๚ǎ᮹ ᰍపᨱ ᗮ

⦽݅).) əญŁ ə్⦽ ⃹ჭ᮹ ⩶┽ᨱ š⧕ᕽ ۵, b ᳑᧞a๚ǎᯕ ᯱǎ᮹ ჶᨱ ฿í ⩶ᔍᱽ ᱽ ੱ۵ ʑ┡ ၝᔍ/⧪ᱶᔢ᮹ ᱽᰍෝ ᖁ┾⧁ ᙹ

ᯩࠥಾ ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

କߌ଍଀ฎଭÌऀ൪઩۩෉ࢢॷ୺ઊÍ

ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭۵ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ᗱ⧕ෝ ᯦ᮡ

ᯱॅᯕ ၝᔍᗭᘂᮥ ☖⧕ ᅕᔢ(compensation)ၼ

ᮥ ᙹ ᯩࠥಾ ⦹۵ äᯕ ᇡ➉ෝ ႊḡ⧉ᨱ ᯩᨕ ᕽ ᵲ᫵⦹݅Ł ᩍʑŁ ‘ᇡ➉ᨱ ݡ⦽ ၝᔍ᳑᧞’

ᮥ ₥┾⦹ᩡ݅.)

࠺᳑᧞ᖅ໦ᕽₙ᳑

࠺᳑᧞ᖅ໦ᕽₙ᳑ᯕ్⦽≉ḡ۵ᯕ⬥6/ᨱᕽ₥┾ࡽⲰᇡ➉ݡ⧎᳑᧞’ᨱᕽࠥ࠺ᯝ⦹íӹ┡ӹŁᯩ݅

ǎᱽჶŝǎԕჶ᮹šĥᨱᯩᨕᕽ ǎᱽ᳑᧞ᨱᕽᱶ⦽ʑᵡᮡb᳑᧞a๚ǎᯕ᮹ྕᱢᮝಽ∊᳒᜽⍽᧝⦹۵↽ᗭ⦽ࠥ᮹ʑᵡᯕ໑ əᅕ

݅޵ᨥĊ⦽ʑᵡᮥᱢᬊ⧁ḡᩍᇡ۵bǎa᮹ᰍపᯕ݅

(4)

࠺᳑᧞ᖅ໦ᕽₙ᳑

ჶᬱᨱᕽ⩶ᔍᮁᴥ❱đᮥၼᮡä॒ᮥ᮹ၙ⧉

࠺᳑᧞ᖅ໦ᕽₙ᳑

୪୺ࡧୡ

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠऀ൪ DPSSVQUJPOෘ଍ଭէրߦৃැࠜ

଺ଠॷޱ݅ଲৃැ࣪ঃ DPNQFOTBUJPOGPSEBNBHFଡࢲ ଡ৤଼ۀ׆ฎࠜඑ෌෇઱ୀ਑݅ଭ֫ࠤ૕ଲଳଡࢺ ઘ්৤଼ܑߧตրୡ଴ฎ࣫୺౿ SFNFEJFTࠜ଍෉ٛ

࣑֝ଡࠬߛ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪୺ऀ൪ଭԹڄ୨ଭ

ଲ୺ઊ઩ছÎऀ൪Ïޭ෌ଠ ૬֜ܣۀୡୣ෉ડࡿଲෘ

ଡࢺැ෇ۀࡦ݃ښࢄށۀऀۥ෉ଲଳށۀֻ߇෉ऀ

ۥ෉ଲଳ઩ߦଭ׆۩ QSPTQFDUࠜ஻୦ୡށۀԩ୦ୡଞ ߦ૬֜෇Ջي ୪ੲ෇Ջي ୪վ෇ۀՓଡ࠱෉ۗ

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮡ ‘ᇡ➉’ෝ ๅᬑ մí }ֱᱶ᮹⦹Ł

ᯩᮝ໑, Ŗྕᬱ ੱ۵ ᯝၹ ᔍᯙᮥ Ǎᄥ⦹ḡ ᦫ Ł ༉ु ᩢᩎᨱᕽ᮹ ᇡ➉ෝ ݡᔢᮝಽ ⦽݅. ə ญŁ ‘ᔍ௭ॅ(persons)’ᯕ௡ ᯱᩑᯙ, ჶᯙ əญ Ł ᨕਅ ჶ᜽ᜅ▽ ԕᨱᕽ ᗭᘂᱩ₉ᨱ šᩍ⦹۵

݉ℕॅ(bodies)ᮥ ᮹ၙ⦽݅.)

୪୺ৃැ࣪ঃ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠୀ࣑֝֝ٛ઩ऀ൪ଭէրߦৃැ

ࠜ଺ଠୀ݅ଲֻ߇෉ৃැଭ૗ୢ෉࣪ঃଡ GVMMDPN

QFOTBUJPOࢲ׆଍ැী৉ଡ୪׆්৤଼ܑߧ ւߛָ

୨ଡࠬߛ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪ාֻ߇෉࣪ঃଠࢄாୡৃැ NBUFSJBMEBNBHF ׆۩

ଲଳଭঃਓ MPTTPGQSPGJUTֻࠤճणׁୢୡৃਓ OPO

QFDVOJBSZMPTTଡඑ෌්৤଼ۗ

ᗱ⧕௡ ᨕਁ⦽ ɩᱥḡɪᨱ ⦽⦹ḡ ᦫḡอ, əäᮡ }ᄥ ᔍÕᨱᕽ Ⅹ௹ࡽ/ḡᗮࡹŁ ᯩ۵ (sustained) ᗱᝅᨱ ঑௝ ᱶ⧕Კ᧝ ⦽݅. ᯕ ᳑

᧞ᨱᕽ ั⦹۵ ᪥ᱥ⦽ ᅕᔢᯕ௡ Ḷჭᱢ ᗱ⧕

(punitive damage)ෝ) ႑ᱽ⦽݅. ə్ӹ b ᳑

᧞a๚ǎ᮹ ǎԕჶᯕ Ḷჭᱢ ᗱ⧕ෝ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ

ᨱ ⡍⧉᜽┅Ł ᯩ݅໕, ᯕ ᳑᧞ᨱᕽ ᮹ၙ⦹۵

᪥ᱥᅕᔢᨱ Ḷჭᱢ ᗱ⧕ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᅕᔢᮥ ⡍⧉᜽

┍ḡ ᩍᇡ۵ ᳑᧞a๚ǎ᮹ ᰍపᨱ ᗮ⦽݅.

ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ᮹ ႊჶᮡ ᗱ⧕᮹ ᖒĊᨱ ঑௝ ݅᧲

⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅. ྜྷḩᱢ ᗱ⧕۵ ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ ɩᱥᮝ ಽ ᅕᔢࡹ۵ ၹ໕ᨱ, እɩᱥᱢ ᗱᝅᮡ ‘ݡᵲๅ ℕᨱ ❱đ Ŗ⢽⦹۵ ä’ŝ zᮡ ݅ෙ ႊჶᮝಽ ᯕ൉ᨕḩ ᙹ ᯩ݅. ‘ྜྷḩᱢ ᗱ⧕’௡ ᗱ⧕ෝ ᯦

ᮡ ᯱ᮹ ⩥ᝅᱢᯙ Ğᱽᱢ ᔢ⫊(Ğᱽಆ)᮹ qᗭ

ෝ ั⦽݅. ‘ʑݡᯕᯖ᮹ ᔢᝅ’ᮡ ⧊ญᱢᮝಽ ʑ ݡࡹᨕḩ ᙹ ᯩᨩḡอ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ⫮ा

ࡹḡ ༜⦽ äᮥ ᮹ၙ⦽݅. እɩᱥᱢ ᗱᝅᯕ௡,

‘໦ᩩᝅ⇵’᪡ zᮡ ྕ⩶᮹ ੱ۵ እྜྷḩᱢᯙ Ğ ᱽᱢ a⊹᮹ ᗱᝅᯕʑ ভྙᨱ ᷪ᜽ ɩᱥᱢ a

⊹ಽ ⪹ᔑࢁ ᙹ ᨧ۵ ᗱᝅᮥ ั⦽݅. ᅕᔢࡹᨕ Კ᧝ ⧁ እɩᱥᱢ ᗱᝅ᮹ ᫵Õŝ ჵ᭥۵ b ᳑

᧞a๚ǎ᮹ ᰍపᨱ ݍಅ ᯩ݅.)

୪୺థହ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠୀ࣑֝֝ٛ઩ৃැ࣪ঃଡ଍෉ۗ

ଣଭ૬Ս݅ଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

J඿ճԧऀ൪ෘ଍࣐ࠜ෇઼Ջي ऀ൪ෘ଍්ࠜ֫෉ଡ

சતՋي ऀ൪ෘ଍ࠜࢺ஺෇׆଍෉෍ࠤୡ଴୺౿݅

ଡ౫෇஺ੰۍ෇઼ۗ

JJ଀ճۀৃැࠜ଺તֻۗࠤճ

JJJऀ൪ෘ଍૕ৃැॷଲ઩ۀ଴րୡւߛনଲ୼୍෉ۗ

୪ා৤ࡣଭ඿ճ݅ଲܛଵ෉ऀ൪ෘ଍ߦ଴ැৃැ࣪ঃ

థହଡऀۡ෇ۀլ૴ ֻ඿ճ݅ଠվܛଞߦ KPJOUMZֻ

ࠤճԨ଀ճ઩՚ TFWFSBMMZథହଲ଼ۗۀՓଡָ୨෇

઱ઉ෉ۗ

(5)

European Union(EU)

࠺ ᳑᧞ ᱽ᳑۵ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ ₦ᯥ᮹ ᫵Õᮥ Ƚ ᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ᇡ➉⧪᭥᪡ ᗱ⧕ ᔍᯕᨱ۵ ᯙŝᖒ ᯕ ᳕ᰍ⧕᧝ ⦹Ł, ᇡ➉⧪᭥a ၽᔾ⧩݅۵ ᔍ ᝅ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥᪡ ᗱ⧕ ᔍᯕᨱ ᯙŝᖒᯕ ᯩ݅۵ ᔍᝅᮡ ᬱŁa ᯦᷾⧕᧝ ⦽݅. ᨕਁ⦽ ᇡ➉⧪

᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕(ᯙŝᖒ ᷾໦ ᨧᯕ) ݉ᙽ⯩ ᨕਅ ᜾ᮝ ಽ ᯱᝁ᮹ ǭญ ੱ۵ ᯕᯖᯕ ᩢ⨆ ၼᦹÑӹ, ၙ

௹ᨱ ᩢ⨆ ၼᮥ ᙹ ᯩ݅۵ äᮥ ᯕᮁಽ ⧕ᕽ۵ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢᯕ ᯙᱶࡹḡ ᦫ۵݅.

Ḣᱲᱢᮝಽ əญŁ ᔍᝅᮥ ᦭໕ᕽ(knowing- ly) ᇡ➉⧪᭥ᨱ ₙᩍ⦽ ᯱ, ✚⯩ حྜྷ ᷾ᩍᯱ᪡

ᙹᙹᯱᐱอ ᦥܩ௝, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ Ʊᔍ(incite)⦹

Ñӹ ႊ᳑(aid)⦽ ᯱॅᮡ ༉ࢱ ᯝ₉ᱢᮝಽ ᗱ

⧕ᅕᔢ ₦ᯥᯕ ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ ႊḡ⧕

᧝ ⧁ ₦ᯥᮥ aḡŁ ᯩ۵ ᯱa ᇡ➉ႊḡෝ ᭥

⦽ ᱢᱩ⦽ ᳑⊹ෝ ≉⦹ḡ ᦥܩ⦽ Ğᬑ, əॅࠥ

ᅕᔢ₦ᯥᮥ ḥ݅. ᯕäᮡ Łᬊᯙᮡ ⦝Łᬊᯙ᮹ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᅕᔢ₦ᯥᯕ ᯩ݅۵ äᮥ ᮹ၙ

⦽݅. ᩩ⍉ݡ Łᬊᯙᯕ əॅ᮹ ⫭ᔍ(company)

ෝ(qᔍʑšᮥ ᖅ⊹⦹۵ ॒) ᱢᱩ⯩ ᳑Ḣ⦹Ñ ӹ ⦝Łᬊᯙॅᨱ ݡ⦽ ᱢᱩ⦽ qࠦᮥ ⧪⦹۵ äᮥ ᗭ⪡⯩ ⦽ Ğᬑᨱ ə్⦹݅.

ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢᮥ ᱶݚ⪵᜽┅۵ ᗱ⧕۵ ∊ᇥ⯩ Ǎ ℕ⪵ࡹᨕ᧝ ⦽݅. ✚⯩ ᗱ⧕᪡ ə ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᩑ šᖒᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ. ə్ӹ ᯕ ᳑᧞᮹ ʑᵡᮡ ↽ᗭ

⦽᮹ ʑᵡᯕʑ ভྙᨱ b ᳑᧞ a๚ǎᮡ ᗱ⧕

ෝ ᯦ᮡ ᯱ ᯕ᫙᮹ ݅ෙ ᯱa ə ᅕᔢᗭᘂᮥ ᱽ ʑ⦹۵ äᮥ ᯙᱶ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

ᇡ➉⧪᭥᪡ ᗱ⧕ ᔍᯕᨱ۵ ᯙŝᖒᯕ ᳕ᰍ⧕

᧝ ⦹۵ߑ, ᗱ⧕۵ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⦽ ☖ᔢᱢᯙ

đŝ(ordinary consequence)ᩍ᧝ ⦹Ł, እᯝᔢ ᱢᯙ(extraordinary) đŝᩍᕽ۵ ᦥܩࡽ݅. ᩩ⍉

ݡ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥a ᨧᨩ݅໕ ĥ᧞ᮥ ℕđ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ ᨩ޹ ᯱᨱí ᅕᔢࡹᨕᲙ᧝ ⦹۵ ☖ᔢᱢᯙ ᗱ

⧕۵ ‘ʑݡᯕᯖ᮹ ᔢᝅ’ᯕ݅. əᨱ ၹ⧕ᕽ, ᇡ

➉⧪᭥ಽ ĥ᧞ᮥ ℕđ⦹ḡ ༜⦽ ᯱa, ᇡ➉ಽ ᯙ⦽ ĥ᧞ ᇩℕđಽ ᯙ⧕ թྕ ⪵a ӹᕽ ੱ۵ ᝅ฾⦹ᩍ, ĥ݉ᨱᕽ չᨕḡŁ əಽ ᯙ⧕ ݅ญ

ෝ ݅⊽ Ğᬑ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥᪡ ᗱ⧕ eᨱ۵ ᔢݚ⦽

šಉᖒ(adaquate connection)ᯕ ᳕ᰍ⦹ḡ ᦫ۵

݅. ə్ӹ ᭥ᨱᕽ ᨙɪ⦽ ၵ᪡ zᯕ ᳑᧞ᔢ᮹ ʑᵡᮡ ↽ᗭ᫵Õᯕʑ ভྙᨱ, b ᳑᧞a๚ǎᯕ ᇡ➉⧪᭥᪡ ᗱ⧕ ᔍᯕ᮹ ᯙŝᖒᨱ ݡ⧕ ޵ ᪥

⪵ࡽ ʑᵡᮥ ᱢᬊ⦹Ñӹ Ƚᱶ⦹۵ äᮡ b ǎ a᮹ ᰍపᨱ ᗮ⦽݅.

ᙹᯙ᮹ Ŗ࠺ჵ⧪ᯱॅᮡ, əॅᯕ ᔍᝅᮥ ᦭໕ ᕽ/᮹᜾ᱢᮝಽ(knowingly) Ŗ࠺ᮝಽ ᇡ➉⧪᭥

ෝ ⦹ᩡ۵a ੱ۵ Ŗ࠺ჵ⧪ᯱ ᵲ ᯙᮡ ᯱᝁ ᮹ ŝᝅ⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ₦ᯥᮥ ḡ۵aᨱ ᔢšᨧ ᯕ, ༉ࢱa Ŗ࠺ᮝಽ(jointly) əญŁ b ᬱŁᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ(several) ₦ᯥᯕ ᯩ݅. ᩍʑᕽ ‘Ŗ࠺ᮝಽ əญŁ b ᬱŁᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ ₦ᯥᯕ ᯩ݅’௝۵ ä

ᮡ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ᗱ⧕ෝ ᯦ᮡ ᯱa ᙹ໦᮹ Ŗ࠺ჵ⧪ᯱॅ ᵲ ᯙ ੱ۵ əॅ ᵲ ᙹᯙᨱí ᪥ ᱥ⦽ ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅۵ äᮥ ᮹ၙ⦽݅.

୪୺֝ԧଭథହ

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠԨ֝ԧଭվࡿ଀ଲֻ݅ଭ஻ࡿෘ଍

૕ւߛ෇઱࣐෉ऀ൪ෘ଍ߦ଴ැ඿ැࠜ଺ଠୀ݅ଲ

֝ԧ઩۩ැৃැ࣪ঃଡ఻්֜৤଼ܑߧւߛָ୨ଡ

ࠬߛ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

(6)

ᦿ᮹ Ƚᱶᮡ Ŗྕᬱ᮹ Ḣྕ⧪᭥᪡ šಉ⦹ᩍ

⦝⧕ෝ ᯦ᮡ ᯱa ǎaᨱ ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ

ࠥಾ ⦹Ł ᯩ۵ߑ, ə ᱩ₉᪡ Ǎℕᱢᯙ ᫵Õ

ᮡ b ᳑᧞a๚ǎᨱ ᯝᯥ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ࠺ Ƚᱶ

ᮡ Ŗྕᬱ᮹ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ᗱ⧕ෝ ᯦ᮡ ᯱ a ə Ŗྕᬱᨱí ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⦹۵ ä, ə ญŁ ǎaa ə Ŗྕᬱᨱíಽ(⦝⧕ᯱa ǎaᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ ᱽʑ⦽ ᗭᘂᮥ ႊᨕ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ᕽ ḡ⇽ࡽ

እᬊᮥ ⡍⧉⦹ᩍ) Ǎᔢǭᮥ ⧪ᔍ⦹۵ äᮥ ႑ ᱽ⦹ḡ ᦫ۵݅.)

୪୺׆઱րਓ DPOUSJCVUPSZOFHMJHFODF

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠࡦ݃୨จଡճߙ්ݡ଀ճԧֻୀ

਑ଭ୅࡮ଞߦֻৃැ઩׆઱෇઼Ջيৃැࠜԧணਏ ವۗ࡟ ৃැ࣪ঃଲֻ׆઱ं઩෉ැౠীܣՋيෛ૳

ܣ஺ੴۀۗۀՓଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

ᱽ᳑۵ ᪥ᱥ⦽ ᅕᔢ᮹ ᩩ᫙ಽ ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ʑ ᩍŝᝅᮥ Ƚᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ə్ӹ ᯕ ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ʑᩍŝᝅᮡ ᮁ₦⦽ ⧪࠺(culpable behaviour)ᯕ ᨕ᧝ ⦽݅. ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᮁ₦ᖒ ᨧ۵ ⧪࠺ᮡ ə ᮹ ᅕᔢǭᨱ ᩢ⨆ᮥ ၙ⊹ḡ ᦫ۵݅. ঑௝ᕽ ჶ šᮡ ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᮁ₦ᖒ ᯩ۵ ⧪࠺ᯕ ᯙᱶࡹ۵ ḡ ᩍᇡෝ ᝍᔍ⦹ᩍ᧝ ⦹Ł, ə ᮁ₦ᖒ᮹ ᱶࠥ

۵ ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᗱ⧕ᨱ ݡ⦽ ʑᩍᇥ᮹ ᱶࠥෝ đ ᱶ⧉ᨱ ᯩᨕᕽ ⦽ ᫵ᗭಽ Łಅࡹᨕḥ݅. ჶš

ᮡ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ ࢹ్᝝ ༉ु ᱶ⫊ॅᮥ Łಅ⦹ᩍ ᅕᔢ᮹ qĞᱶࠥෝ đᱶ⦹Ł, ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᮁ₦ᖒ ᮹ ᱶࠥᨱ ঑௝ Ğᬑᨱ ঑௝ᕽ۵ ᅕᔢǭ ᯱℕ

a Ñᇡࢁ ᙹ ࠥ ᯩ݅.

ᩩ⍉ݡ, ĥ᧞ᨱ ݡ⧕ ⩲ᔢǭᮥ aḡŁ ᯩ۵

⦽ ⦝Łᬊᯙᨱí Łᬊᵝa ׳ᮡ ᧂᙹ᮹ ɩᧂ ᨱ ݡ⧕ šญ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ᱥǭᮥ ੱ⦽ ᵝᨩᮝ ໕ᕽࠥ, ĥ᧞ ၽᵝ᮹ ᫵Õᨱ ݡ⧕ ੱ۵ ĥ᧞ᯕ ᱢᱩ⦽ ⫭ᔍ᪡ ℕđࢁ ᙹ ᯩࠥಾ ᦥྕ౑ qࠦ

(☖ᱽ) ᳑⊹ࠥ ⦹ḡ ᦥܩ⦽ Ğᬑ, ə ĥ᧞ ℕđ ŝ šಉ⦹ᩍ ᇡ➉⧪᭥a ၽᔾ⦹ᩡ݅໕, ə Ł ᬊᯙ᮹ ⧪࠺ᮡ ᗱ⧕ᨱ ʑᩍ⦽ ᮁ₦⦽ ⧪࠺ᮝ ಽ ᯙᱶࡽ݅. ੱ ݅ෙ ᩩಽ, ⦝Łᬊᯙᯕ ᯕၙ

حྜྷᮥ ḡᇩ⦽ ၵa ᯩ݅۵ äᮥ ၽč⦹ᩡᮭ

ᨱࠥ ᇩǍ⦹Ł, Łᬊᯙᯕ ə్⦽ ᔍÕᯕ ᰍၽ

⦹ḡ ᦫࠥಾ ⦥᫵⦽ ᳑⊹ෝ ≉⦹ḡ ᦥܩ⦽ Ğ ᬑ, حྜྷᔍÕᯕ ᰍၽ⦽ Ğᬑ, Łᬊᯙᯕ ᯱᝁ᮹

⫭ᔍa ᯦ᮡ ᗱ⧕ ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⦹۵ äᮡ Łᬊ ᯙ ᯱᝁ᮹ ᗱ⧕ᦦ⪵(aggravation)ᨱ ݡ⦽ ʑᩍ ಽ ᯙ⧕ ᅕᔢᱶࠥa qĞࡹÑӹ Ğᬑᨱ ঑௝

Ñᇡࢁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

୪୺ৃැ࣪ঃী৉୪׆׆ԩଭ୪෉

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠৃැฎ࣫ଡ଍෉ী৉ଭ୪׆׆ԩ

઩۩෉୪෉ָ୨ଡܪઘઉ෉ֻۗ׆ԩଠ඿ැୀԧ 

ৃැԧࢳ঍෗ۗۀՓށۀऀ൪ෘ଍ԧࢳ঍෗ۗۀՓଡ

ੵ੼Ջي෍ࠤୡଞߦ࣮ݡੵ੼ઘઉ෇ۀਏ୥ଞߦऀഉ

ୡઘܑڂଭ׆ԩଲ࣪ୋܣઘઉ෉ֻۗ߇يऀ൪ෘ଍

ଭࢳ঍ਏ୥ଞߦऀഉڂଲլր෉լ૴ֻ߇෉ী৉

ଲෛ૳ܣઘছۀੰۍܤۗ

୪ාৃැ࣪ঃী৉୪׆׆ԩଭண஺ TVTQFOTJPOށۀண

ۚ JOUFSSVQUJPO઩۩෉୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଭ࣑ٛ֝ଠ ࠮ઊୡ

ୣ෇ۗ࡟ ୪ාଭլ૴઩ୡ૳ܤۗ

࠺᳑᧞ᖅ໦ᕽₙ᳑

(7)

European Union(EU)

୪୺ծઊଭକตন

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ࣑֝ٛ઩ ऀ൪ෘ଍ࠜԧ୲૊ծ ઊށۀծઊ୺ාଠตߚଲઢՋي OVMMী֜ܥ৤ઢۗ

WPJEۀՓଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ࣑֝ٛ઩ ऀ൪ෘ଍ߦ଴ැծઊ઩

ߦଭܛଭԧଲ߿ઘ୷ۗ࡟ ࡦ݃ծઊۥॷୀ݅ଲ࣑଀

઩ֻծઊଲࡿตޭۀՓଡটચැ஝Փଡ਑఻්৤

଼ଣଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗणߧֻ݅ଲৃැ࣪ঃଡ఻֜

්৤଼ଡ஺ޭܑ

୪୺඿ճ૳଴݅ଭ࣪෹

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ࣑֝ٛ઩ ऀ൪ෘ଍ԧ଼ۗۀ෍ࠤୡ

ଭਕଡԧ஺ճ টଭ઩ছଲ߇෉ଭਕॷՍଡథହ଼ۀ

ॷޱଲيۥ֝઩਑ճ෉඿ճ૳଴઩۩෉ऀۥ෉୪୍ԧ

ࢳ঍෇஺ੴܑߧୡୣ෉࣪෹୺౿ָࠜ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪୺ஹՋଭค࣪

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠऀ൪ෘ଍ߦ଴෉ࢢॷী৉઩ছஹՋค

࣪ࠜ଍෉ୡୣ෉ୣఙ݅ଡָ୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪୺େ୨ୡ JOUFSJN୺౿݅

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ࣑֝ٛ઩ ऀ൪ෘ଍ߦ଴෉ࢢॷী৉

ଲ଼ۀܛੲ઩ۥॷୀ݅ଭ֫ࠤ૕ଲଳଡ࣪ୢ෇׆଍

ැছෂ૬෉୺౿݅ଡ࣑଀ଲࡣߡ්৤଼ۀ֫෉ଡָ

୨෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

***6/᮹ⲱᇡ➉ݡ⧎᳑᧞ 6OJUFE/B

UJPOT$POWFOUJPOBHBJOTUDPSSVQ

UJPO

UNᮡ ֥ ᬵ ᯝ ‘ᇡ➉ݡ⧎᳑᧞’ᮥ

₥┾⦹ᩍ,) Ŗᱢ ၰ ᔍᱢ ᩢᩎᨱ ᯩᨕᕽ᮹ ᇡ

➉⧪᭥ෝ ᅕ݅ ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽ ႊḡ⦹Ł ᱽᰍ⦹ʑ

᭥⧕ יಆ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ⦽ǎᮡ ֥ ᬵ ᯝ

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮥ ᕽ໦⦹ᩡŁ, ֥ ᬵ ᯝ እᵡ

⦹ᩡ݅. ঑௝ᕽ ⦽ǎᮡ ࠺ ᳑᧞ᯕ ᫵Ǎ⦹۵ ↽ ᗭ⦽ࠥ᮹ ʑᵡॅᮥ ∊᳒᜽┍ ǎᱽჶᔢ᮹ ᮹ྕ

ෝ ᇡݕ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮡ ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᮹ ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞ॅŝ ษ₍aḡಽ, ᔍᱢᩢᩎᨱᕽ᮹ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ ⩶ᔍ

⃹ჭ☁ಾ ⦹Ł ᯩŁ(࠺ ᳑᧞ ᱽᰆ ₙ᳑), ᇡ➉

⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⦽ ᯕᯖᮥ ⪹ᙹ⦹ʑ ᭥⦽ ⬉ŝᱢ ᳑

⊹ॅᮥ vǍ☁ಾ ⦹Ł ᯩᮝ໑, əäᮥ ᭥⦽ ǎ ᱽᱢ ⩲ಆᮥ Ƚᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅(࠺ ᳑᧞ ᱽᰆ, ᱽ

ᰆ ₙ᳑). ੱ⦽ ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᮹ ‘ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞ॅ’

ŝ ษ₍aḡಽ - እಾ ᔢᖙ⯩ Ƚᱶ⦹ḡ ᦫŁ ᯩ ḡอ - ‘ჶᯙ ᯱℕ᮹ ₦ᯥ (ᱽ᳑)’ŝ ‘ᇡ➉⧪

᭥ಽ ᯙ⦽ ⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ ℎǍǭ(ᱽ᳑)’

ᮥ ᯙᱶ⦹Ł ᯩ݅.

୪୺࣑଴ଭథହ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠԨ֝ԧଭ࣑଀ಀ઩ঃଦ෇઱ ଲ

୺ઊ઩ ݗࠛ ࣐ஏ݅઩ ఞ઱ QBSUJDJQBUJPO෉ ࣑଴ MFHBM

QFSTPO઩՚థହଡऀۡਏ೬׆઩ෂ૬෉୺౿݅ଡత

೿෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଭ࣑଀ಀ઩ݗޭ ֻ߇෉࣑଴ଭథ ହଠ෴ॷୡ ࢢॷୡށۀෘ୨ୡଵ৤଼ۗ

୪ාֻ߇෉࣑଴ଭథହଠऀ൪࣐ஏࠜୠ஺ࠛୀ઴଴ଭ

෴ॷథହ઩ઽේઢۗ

୪ාԨ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠଲָ୨઩ݗޭథହଡऀۡ෇ۀ

࣑଴ଲׁୢୡ୪୍݅ଡඑ෌෇઱ตրୡଲճ णߢ ୡଲ࡝଍෇ୡ଴෴ॷୡށۀण෴ॷୡ୪୍݅ଡऀۡ෇

ܑߧคਓํ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

֥ᬵᯝᇡ░⬉ಆၽᔾIUUQXXXVOPEDPSHVOPEDFODPSSVQUJPOJOEFYIUNM SFGNFOVTJEFᨱᕽ࠺᳑᧞݅ᬕಽऽa܆

(8)

୪୺ऀ൪ෘ଍ଭէր݅

টଭଭ౫݂ୀ଴୪ୀଭଲଳଡ౦ंํճߙ෇઱ Ԩ

୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠԨ࣑֝ٛଭ׆࣭଀ಀ݅઩෍౿෇ۀ෉ܑ

઩ছ ऀ൪ෘ଍ଭէր݅ଡۗ߿ઘઉ෉ۗଲ઩଼ઘছ  Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠ࣑ୡী৉઩଼ઘছऀ൪ෘ଍ԧ଼તۗ

ۀՓଡծઊଡࡿตߦ࠮݅Ջي ઘݪ෉ෛԧ DPODFT

Ջي ઘݪ෉ฎ࣫ୡ୺౿ SFNFEJBMBDUJPOࠜ౫෇ܑߧ

෇ۀண૬෉෉૬ীߦճߙ්৤଼ۗ

୪୺ৃැଭ࣪ঃ

Ԩ୺ઊԧࡃ֝ଠୀ࣑֝֝ٛ઩෍౿෇ۀ෉ܑ઩ছ ऀ

൪ෘ଍ߦ଴ැৃැࠜ଺ଠ఼ۚ݅ FOUJUJFTށۀॷޱ݅

ଲ࣪ঃଡࢲଡ৤଼ܑߧ ֻৃැࠜଵଞ೮ୀ݅઩՚

࣑ୡী৉ଡ୪׆්৤଼ۀ֫ࠤࠜ࣪ୋ෇઱ઉ෉ۗ

ჶᯙ ᯱℕ᮹ ₦ᯥᮡ ၹऽ᜽ ⩶ᔍ₦ᯥᯝ ⦥

᫵۵ ᨧ݅. əäᮡ ၝᔍ/⧪ᱶᔢ᮹ ɩᱥᱢ ᱽ ᰍ, ✚ᱶ ⨩aǭ᮹ ≉ᗭ/℁⫭, ᱶᇡ᪡ ĥ᧞ᮥ

ℕđ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ǭญ᮹ ᱽ⦽ ॒ ݅᧲⦽ ႊჶ ᯕ ࢁ ᙹ ᯩᮝ໑, ᯕ۵ b ᳑᧞ a๚ǎ᮹ ᰍప ᨱ ᗮ⦽݅.)

࠺ ᳑᧞ᮡ b ᳑᧞a๚ǎᨱ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕

⦝⧕ෝ ᯦ᮡ ᯱॅᯕ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ ۵ ᱩ₉ෝ ษಉ⧁ äᮥ ᮹ྕ⪵⦹Ł ᯩ݅. əญ Ł ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⧕ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢᮥ ℎǍ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ ۵ ‘݉ℕ’ᨱ۵ ǎaࠥ ⡍⧉ࡽ݅.) ə్ӹ ə Ǎℕᱢ ᫵Õŝ ᱩ₉ᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ b ᳑᧞a๚ǎ ᮹ ᰍపᨱ โĉᲙ ᯩ݅.

⩥ᰍ UNŝ b ǎa᮹ ‘ᇡ➉ჵᴥᱶ₦’᮹ ᵲ ᱱᮡ ᦥḢʭḡ ⴗ ᇡ➉ჵᴥ᮹ ჵ᭥ෝ ⪶ᰆ⦹

Ł(ᔍᯙe᮹ ᇡ➉ෝ ⩶ᔍჵᴥ⪵, حྜྷჵᴥᐱอ ᦥܩ௝ ə᪡ šಉࡽ ᯱɩᖙ┢ šಉ ჵᴥෝ ⪶ ᰆ), ⴘ ə్⦽ ᇡ➉ჵᴥ᮹ ⃹ჭ vࠥ v⪵, ⴙ ᇡ➉ჵᴥಽ ᯙ⦽ ᰍᔑᔢ ᯕᯖ᮹ ⬉ŝᱢᯙ ၽ č, ⪹ᙹෝ ᭥⦽ ჶᱢ ᰆ⊹ ษಉ, ⴚ ᇡ➉ჵᴥ ಽ ᯙ⦽ ᰍᔑᔢ ᯕᯖ⪹ᙹෝ ᭥⦽ ǎᱽᱢ ⩲ಆ ᱽࠥ᮹ }ᖁ ॒ᨱ ᯩ݅.) ঑௝ᕽ ‘ᇡ➉⧪᭥ ⦝

⧕ᯱ᮹ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ ℎǍᱽࠥ’ᨱ ݡ⦽ b ǎa᮹ ᯕ⧪᳑⊹۵ ᛞí ၽčࢁ ᙹ ᨧ۵ߑ, ə ᯕᮁ۵

‘ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢ ℎǍᱽࠥ’۵ ၝᔍᔢ᮹ ᯝၹ ᗱ⧕႑ ᔢ/ᅕᔢᱽࠥᨱ ᮹⧕ᕽࠥ ⧕đࢁ ᙹ ᯩʑ ভྙ

ᯝ äᯕ݅.

ə్ӹ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ಽ ᯙ⦽ ᅕDZᖁÑ እᬊ᮹ Ğ ᬑ, ᯝၹ ᗱ⧕႑ᔢ/ᅕᔢ ᯕುᨱ ᮹⧕ šಉ ᖁ ÑǍ ᵝၝॅ ੱ۵ ǎaᨱ ᗱ⧕ᅕᔢℎǍǭᯕ ᯙ ᱶࢁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ḡ ᩍᇡ۵, ᯙŝᖒ ᯙᱶᩍᇡ ॒᮹

ྙᱽಽ ᯙ⧕ ᛞḡ ᦫᮝ໑, ᯕäᮡ đǎ ჶᬱ(ᔍ ჶᇡ)ᯕ ᨕਜí ❱݉⦹۵aᨱ ݍಅ ᯩí ࡽ݅.

঑௝ᕽ ᯕ్⦽ ྙᱽᱱᮥ ⧕đ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ ✚ᄥ Ƚᱶᮥ ษಉ⦹۵ ႊᦩᮥ ᔾb⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮥ äᯕ ໑, ᯕভ ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᮹ ‘ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞ॅ’ᨱ Ƚ ᱶࡽ ‘ჶᯙ᮹ ₦ᯥ᫵Õ’ŝ ‘⦝⧕ᯱ᮹ ᅕᔢℎǍ

/FX:PSL Qᯕ⦹ₙ᳑IUUQXXXVOPEDPSHVOPEDFOUSFBUJFT$"$MFHJTMBUJWFHVJEFIUNMᨱᕽ݅ᬕಽऽa܆

࠺᳑᧞ᯕ⧪ᮥ᭥⦽᯦ჶᦩԕᕽ Q

ᅕŁᕽₙ᳑ᯕॅᅕŁᕽ۵IUUQXXXVOPEDPSHVOPEDFOUSFBUJFT$"$$"$$041IUNMᨱᕽ݅ᬕಽऽa܆

(9)

European Union(EU)

ǭ’ᨱ ݡ⦽ Ƚᱶॅᯕ ᮁᬊ⦽ ᯦ჶₙŁᯱഭa

ࢁ ᙹ ᯩᮥ äᯕ݅.

ᮁ౞᭥ᬱ⫭᮹ ᇡ➉ႊḡ᳑᧞ॅᨱ ᮹⦹໕, ᩩ

⍉ݡ ᱶݚᨱ ᗭᗮࡽ ᮹ᬱᯕ ‘ᱶݚᮥ ᭥⦹ᩍ’ ᱶ

⊹ᯱɩ ᙹᙹ ॒ŝ šಉ⦹ᩍ ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ ᱡḡෙ

Ğᬑ, ᇡ➉⧪᭥ෝ ᱡḡෙ ᮹ᬱ }ᯙ᮹ ၝ⩶ᔍ ᔢ ₦ᯥᐱอ ᦥܩ௝, ᱶݚ ᯱℕ᮹ ₦ᯥ, ӹᦥa ᱶݚ᮹ ᅕᔢ₦ᯥᯕ ᯙᱶࢁ ᩍḡa ᯩ݅. ྜྷು

ᨕਁ⦽ ᫵Õ⦹ᨱᕽ ə్⦽ ₦ᯥᮥ ᯙᱶ⧁ äᯙ ḡ ᩍᇡ۵, ⦽ǎᯕ ⩥ᰍ᮹ ჶᝅᱶᨱ ฿۵ ჵ᭥

ԕᨱᕽ ᖁ┾⧁ ᙹ ᯩ۵ ྙᱽᯕ݅.

*7ࠦᯝᖁÑᱽࠥᯱℕ᮹✚ḶᔢᅕDZ ᖁÑa᯹ᨧ۵Ğᬑ

ࠦᯝ᮹ Ğᬑ ᖁÑᱽࠥ ᯱℕ᮹ ✚Ḷᔢ ᅕDZ ᖁÑa ᯹ ၽᔾ⦹ḡ ᦫ۵݅. ࠦᯝ ᩑႊ᮹⫭۵ ᮹ᕾ᮹ ᱩၹᯕ ḡᩎǍᨱᕽ᮹ ݅ᙹݡ⢽ᱽᨱ ᮹

⧕, ᮹ᕾ᮹ ᱩၹᯕ እಡݡ⢽ᱽᨱ ᮹⧕ ᱶ⧕ḥ

݅. እಡݡ⢽ ໦ᇡ۵ b ᵝ(Land)ᄥಽ ᯲ᖒࡹ۵ ߑ, ᵝᄥಽ ᯲ᖒࡽ b ᵝ᮹ ᵝ໦ᇡ(Landesliste) ۵ ݅ෙ ᵝ᮹ ᵝ໦ᇡ᪡ ☖⧊ࡹᨕ ⦹ӹ᮹ እಡ ݡ⢽໦ᇡa ࡹŁ, b ᱶݚᮡ ᯕ౨í ᯲ᖒࡽ ⦹ ӹ᮹ እಡݡ⢽໦ᇡෝ aḥ݅.) อ᧞ ᩑႊ᮹⫭

᮹ᬱᯕ ᰍḢᵲ Ḣྕእญ ॒᮹ đĊᔍᮁಽ ᮹ ᬱḢᮥ ᔢᝅ⦹í ࡹ۵ Ğᬑ, ə ᮹ᬱᯕ ḡᩎ ᖁÑǍ ݚᖁᯱᯝḡ௝ࠥ, ə ᮹ᬱᯕ ᨕ۱ ᱶݚ ᗭᗮᯕ௝໕, ᗭᗮࡽ ᱶݚ᮹ እಡݡ⢽ᱽ ໦ᇡ᮹ ᵝ໦ᇡ(Landesliste)ᨱᕽ ⬥ᯥᯱa đᱶࡽ݅. ᯕ ᵝ໦ᇡᨱ ₉ᙽ᭥ᯱa ޵ ᯕᔢ ᳕ᰍ⦹ḡ ᦫ۵ Ğᬑ ə ᮹ᕾᮡ Ŗᕾᮝಽ ԉ۵݅.) อ᧞ ḡᩎ ᖁÑǍ ݚᖁᯱa ᱶݚᗭᗮᯕ ᦥܩÑӹ, ᵝ໦ᇡ

᯲ᖒᯕ ⨩ᬊࡹḡ ᦫᦹ޹ ᱶݚ ᗭᗮᯕ௝໕, እ ಡݡ⢽ᱽ ໦ᇡᨱ ᮹⧕ ⬥ᯥᯱa ᱶ⧕ḡ۵ äᯕ ᦥܩ௝, ᅕDZᖁÑa ⧪⧕ḥ݅. ə్ӹ ᯕ Ğᬑ ᨱࠥ ə ᮹ᬱ᮹ ᮹ᬱḢ ᔢᝅ ⬥ }ᬵ ԕᨱ ᩑ

ႊ᮹⫭ ᮹ᬱ ᖁÑa ᯕ൉ᨕḥ݅໕ ᅕDZᖁÑ۵ ᯕ൉ᨕḡḡ ᦫ۵݅.)

⦽ǎᅕ݅ ⭉ᦍ ޵ ᱶݚǎaᱢ ᔪ₥a v⦽

ࠦᯝᨱᕽ, ᱶݚ ᗭᗮᯕ ᦥܭ Ğᬑ۵ əญ ⮵⦹

ḡ ᦫ݅. ঑௝ᕽ ḡᩎᖁÑǍ ݚᖁᯱa ᰍḢᵲ ᨱ đĊᔍᮁಽ ᯙ⧕ ᮹ᬱḢᮥ ᔢᝅ⦹޵௝ࠥ ᅕ DZᖁÑ۵ əญ ᯱᵝ ၽᔾ⦹ḡ ᦫ۵݅.

ч ą ő

ැ૤଺࣑୺ॷ଀ ܒଵ֏൝ફ۩෈ࢮॷր୨

%FHFOIBSU 4UBBUTSFDIU* "VGM )FJEFMCFSH 4Gₙ᳑

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