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Comparative Early Life History of Two Pipefish, Urocampus nanus and Syngnathus schlegeli (Syngnathidae) in Laboratory Culture from Korea

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Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

실고기목(Syngnathiformes) 실고기과(Syngnathidae) 어류 전세계적으로 57 298(Nelson et al., 2016) 한국에는 8 16종이알려져있다(MABIK, 2018). 실고기과 어류는 이한먹이섭취포식자로부터의보호를위해해조류가 서식처에서생활한다(Pollard, 1984). 실고기과어류는 장을위해주변환경과비슷한체색을띠고해조류에쉽게 착할있도록꼬리가특수하게변형되었다(Kuiter, 2009). 먹이를빠르고정확하게포획하기위해주둥이가길고가늘 발달하고, 머리가발달해목이생겨났다(Kuiter, 2009). 실고

기과어류의성어는이러한특징으로주변환경에적응했지 , 자어는주둥이나꼬리의형태가완벽하지않아대부분플랑 크톤생활에의존한다(Campbell and Able, 1998; Monteiro et al., 2003; Kuiter, 2009; Sommer et al., 2012; Franz-Odendaal and Adriaens, 2014; Novelli et al., 2017). 초기생활사의이해 종의생존전략과진화과정을이해하는데도움을주며(Silva et al., 2005), 실고기(Syngnathus schlegeli)대상으로번식 (Watanabe, 1999), 체내수정(Watanabe et al., 2000), 수컷과 자어의크기와의관계(Watanabe and Watanabe, 2002), 육아 발달(Watanabe and Watanabe, 2001), 난소의구조와 (Sogabe et al., 2013), 자치어의형태발달(Kim et al., 1994)

campus nanus)와 실고기(Syngnathus schlegeli)의 초기생활사 비교

이재환ㆍ김진구*

부경대학교 자원생물학과

Comparative Early Life History of Two Pipefish, Urocampus nanus and Syngnathus schlegeli (Syngnathidae) in Laboratory Culture from Korea

Jae-Hwan Lee and Jin-Koo Kim*

Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea

This study provides a detailed morphological description of larvae obtained from Urocampus nanus and Syngnathus schlegeli male brood fish over 20 days of culture in the laboratory. In both species, mating takes place when several males each spread their brood pouch like a wing to attract a female's attention. When the female begins to swim up- ward, the males follow her and receive her eggs in their brood pouches. Newborn larvae of U. nanus and S. schlegeli had already completed formation of dorsal and caudal fin rays, but not of pectoral fin rays. Pectoral fin rays were completely formed 15 days after release in S. schlegeli and 20 days after release in U. nanus. The ratio of caudal fin length to standard length increased until 8 days and decreased thereafter in S. schlegeli, while in U. nanus this ratio declined continuously after hatching. The larvae of the two species were very similar in external morphology, but well distinguished by the number of dorsal fin rays (15-16 in U. nanus vs. 39-43 in S. schlegeli), the presence of a membrane under the tail (absent in U. nanus vs. present in S. schlegeli), and the presence of melanophores in the dorsal fin (present in U. nanus vs. absent in S. schlegeli). Based on this study, U. nanus appears to be evolutionally more similar to pipefish than to seahorse.

Keywords: Early life history, Urocampus nanus, Syngnathus schlegeli, Syngnathidae, Korea

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 629. 5927 Fax: +82. 51. 629. 5931 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 26 December 2019; Revised 24 January 2020; Accepted 4 February 2020 저자 직위: 이재환(대학원생), 김진구(교수)

https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2020.0083

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(1), 83-89, February 2020

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다양한연구가진행되어왔으나, 풀해마(Urocampus nanus) 대상으로연구는생식(Sogabe et al., 2012)제외하면 전무한실정이다. 실고기과어류는 IUCN (2019)의하면 종위기종, 취약종, 위기근접종등으로등재되어있고, CITES

(2019)에서도국제간거래를제한하는엄격한종보전대책

수립되어있으나, 여전히불법어획이성행하고있다. 우리나 라에서도 복해마(Hippocampus kuda), 가시해마(Hippocam- pus histrix), 점해마(Hippocampus trimaculatus) 등이해양보 호생물로지정되어포획이금지되어있으나, 상대적으로연구 많이진행된해마속(Hippocampus)한정되어있다. 따라 연구는실험실에서사육중인풀해마, 실고기친어에서 출된자어를 20일간사육하면서초기생활기생존전략과형태 특징을비교하였다.

재료 및 방법 성어의 채집 및 사육

2019 4부산광역시남구민락동에위치한잘피밭에서 대를이용해실고기성어 3개체와풀해마성어 3쌍을채집하 였다. 채집한개체들은부경대학교어류학실험실로이송하여 유리수조(60×30×30cm)수용하였으며, 수온 17.5-18.5°C(

평균 17°C), 염분 33.8-34.2 psu (평균 34 psu) 조건에서사육 하였다. 실고기성어의먹이로는냉동곤쟁이(Bio-pure, Hikari Sales Inc., Hayward, CA, USA)요각류(Tigriopus sp.), 해마성어는요각류(Tigriopus sp.)알테미아(Artemia salina) nauplius급이하였다.

자치어의 사육 및 관찰

풀해마와 실고기 자어는산출한지 2시간 이내의 알테미아 (Artemia salina) nauplius급여하였고, 외의수조환경은 성어와동일하게유지하였다. 부화한자어는 2-5간격으로 5

개체씩 99% EtOH고정하였으며, 최종적으로부경대학교

류학실험실어류플랑크톤표본실(PKUI)등록보관하였다 (풀해마, PKUI704-PKUI708; 실고기, PKUI709-PKUI712).

계수계측은 Kuiter (2009)따랐으며(Fig. 1), 계측은 0.01

mm 단위까지측정하였다. 등지느러미, 꼬리지느러미와가슴지 느러미는 Alizarin red S (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 용액으로염색한계수하였다. 자어의외부형태는입체해부 현미경(Olympus SZH10, Tokyo, Japan) 하에서관찰, 스케치 하였다. 실고기과자치어의발달단계는 Noveli et al. (2017), 부학적용어는 Watanabe (1999), Kim (2006) Noveli et al.

(2017)따랐다. 전문용어의한국명은 Kim (1989), Kang et al. (2005) Cho et al. (2019)참고하였다.

결 과

교미 및 출산행동

풀해마는산란기가되면암컷이전체적으로노란색으로체색 변하며, 옆으로푸른빛의점이밝아졌다. 암컷이물체에 꼬리를휘감고있으면, 여러마리의수컷이날개처럼육아낭을 펼치고암컷의시선을끌었다. 후에암컷이수직으로유영하 수컷풀해마도따라서상승하여, 암컷의알을육아낭으로 았다(Fig. 2). 교미가끝나고 2후에수컷 1마리당 88마리의 자어를출산하였다.

실고기의경우산란기가되면암컷실고기의산란관이돌출되 었다. 바닥에있는암컷실고기를수컷실고기가평행하게다가 , 수컷실고기가머리를암컷실고기의머리아래에넣고 머리를들어서암컷실고기의수직상승을유도하였다. 실고기 암컷이수직으로상승하게되면수컷도암컷을따라상승하였 , 서로배쪽을마주한채몸을휘감았다. 수컷이상승하면서 아낭을개방하면, 암컷이알을수컷의육아낭에붙이고포장하 였다(Fig. 2). 교미 2후에수컷은 1마리당 636마리의자어를 출산하였다. 수컷실고기는출산이끝나고즉시다른암컷이랑 Fig. 1. Diagram showing morphometric characters of two syn-

gnathid species larvae.

Fig. 2. Photos showing the copulatory behaviour of barbed pipe- fish Urocampus nanus (left) and seaweed pipefish Syngnathus schlegeli (right).

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교미를하고, 2후에다시자어를출산하였다. 자치어의 외부 형태 발달

풀해마

산출직전자어는전장이 9.13 mm (n=1)배쪽에는노란빛

난황이아직남아있었고, 주둥이가짧아서위턱에붙어있는 형태를하였다. 머리는둥근타원형이며, 가늘고체형을가지 있었다. 머리는성어와다르게몸체에직각으로굽혀졌다. 지느러미줄기는 16, 꼬리지느러미줄기는 10개로이미정수 도달해있었으며가슴지느러미는막상으로아직줄기는 화하지않은상태였다. 흑색소포는점모양으로아래턱과두정 , 등지느러미기저부에산재하였으며, 꼬리아래쪽에줄지어 나타났다. 또한등지느러미에는줄기당흑색소포가 2개씩점모 양으로분포하였다(Fig. 3A).

산출 직후자어는전장이 8.75-10.70 mm (평균 9.93 mm,

n=5)난황이없고바로먹이를먹을있게입이열려있었

아래로돌출되었다. 전새개골(preopercular)전액골(prefron- tal)돌기가나타났다. 액골(frontal), 상부에작은 나타났다. 흑색소포는아래턱의배쪽아가미덮개배쪽에 조금나타났다. 두정부에는별모양의흑색소포가 2나타났고 등지느러미기저부에흑색소포가여러나타났다. 흉부의 슴지느러미배쪽에서항문까지는배쪽으로 2, 등쪽으로 1 흑색소포가타원형으로나타났다(Fig. 3B).

산출 4자어는전장이 10.94-12.03 mm (평균 11.73 mm, n=5)주둥이가약간길어졌다. 비공이작은원형으로 1 타났으며, 두정부가둥근형에서타원형으로바뀌었다. 액골의 , 우에있던작은극의크기가커졌으며, 액골의상부에 액극(frontal crest)나타났다. 머리쪽과항문쪽에흑색소포 많아졌다(Fig. 3C).

산출 15 자어는전장이 13.57-16.55 mm (평균 15.48

mm, n=5)두정부는거의평평해졌다. 주둥이는길어졌

으며, 비공은원형에서타원형으로바뀌었다. 액극은상부로 융기했으며, 막형태의가슴지느러미는크기가커졌고흑색소 포는아가미덮개두개부의뒤쪽으로많이나타났다(Fig.

3D).

산출 20 자어는전장이 16.95-20.62 mm (평균 18.70

mm, n=5)주둥이는길고가늘어졌으며, 액극의가운데

뾰족하게융기했다. 주새개골이나타났으며, 가슴지느러미 줄기가 7개로완전히분화가종료되었다. 흑색소포는 15 자어와유사하지만, 흑색소포가별모양에서둥근점모양으 바뀌는점에서만차이를보였다. 체색은아직투명했으며, 어와다르게해조류등에붙을있는꼬리의감는능력은 없었다(Fig. 3E).

실고기

산출직후자어는전장이 7.87-9.60 mm (평균 8.76 mm, n=5) 풀해마와유사하게난황이없고, 입은먹이를먹을있게 열려있었다. 주둥이는거의직각으로위를향해있으며, 아래턱 위턱보다전방으로나와있었다. 머리는성어와다르게몸체 직각으로굽혀졌다. 두정부는평평하며, 두정부의뒤쪽에 치하는왕관돌기(coronet)위로약간융기되어있었다. 전새 개골과전액골에돌기가나타나고, 익이골돌기(pterotic crest) 나타났다. 등지느러미줄기는 39-43꼬리지느러미는 10 개로정수에도달해있으나가슴지느러미는아직발달하지 막으로만존재했다. 흑색소포는척추골아래를따라시작지 점부터꼬리지느러미까지별모양으로산재해있고, 등지느러 기조부의앞쪽에서부터꼬리끝까지 9개의별모양의흑색소 포가나타났다. 소화관의배쪽아래턱의등쪽과배쪽에흑색 소포가나타났다. 항문뒤에서부터꼬리의 1/4지점까지막이 , 꼬리지느러미에는흑색소포가나타나지만등지느러미에는 Fig. 3. Morphological development of larvae of barbed pipefish

Urocampus nanus. A, Before release, 9.13 mm SL (PKUI704); B, After release, 8.75-10.70 mm SL (mean 9.93 mm, n=5) (PKUI705);

C, 4 days after release, 10.94-12.03 mm SL (mean 11.73mm, n=5) (PKUI706); D, 15 days after release, 13.57-16.55 mm SL (mean 15.48 mm, n=5) (PKUI707); E, 20 days after release, 16.95-20.62 mm SL (mean 18.70 mm, n=5) (PKUI708). Scale bars=1.0 mm.

SL, standard length.

(C) (B)

(D)

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나타나지않았다(Fig. 4A).

산출 4자어는전장이 10.94-12.03 mm (평균 11.73 mm, n=5)주둥이는조금길어지면서위로향했던주둥이가 각선방향으로열려있었다. 두정부는타원형으로불룩해졌으 , 액골의중앙에 1쌍의극이나타난다. 눈의앞쪽에는원형의 비공이 1개가나타났다. 꼬리의배쪽가장자리를따라꼬리의 2/3덮는얇은막이나타났고, 등쪽에는꼬리지느러미길이

정도만큼얇은막이나타났다. 소화관의등쪽에별모양의흑색 소포가나타나고, 뒤쪽으로소화관을완전히덮었다. 아래턱의 배쪽에나타났던흑색소포는더욱진해지며, 아가미덮개에도 흑색소포가나타났다(Fig. 4B).

산출 8자어는전장이 10.07-11.13 mm (평균 10.52 mm,

n=5)입의방향은일정하며주둥이의길이만더욱길어졌다.

상후두골(supraoccipital)왕관돌기의높이가같아지면서 합쳐졌으며꼬리의등쪽에있던막은사라졌다. 꼬리배쪽 소화관에있는흑색소포는별모양에서점모양으로바뀌었으 , 아가미덮개쪽의흑색소포는이전보다더욱진해졌다(Fig.

4C).

산출 15자어는전장이 16.44 mm (n=1)주둥이가 전보다조금길어졌다두정부는평평해졌으며, 가슴지느러 줄기가 14개로완전히분화되었다. 주새개골이나타났으며 꼬리의배쪽막이흔적처럼남아있다. 두정부에흑색소포가 나타났으며, 몸통의체측에도흑색소포가많이나타났다. 화관에는 그물모양의흑색소포가나타났으며, 주둥이의위턱 에도나타났다. 꼬리지느러미의기조에는 전체적으로흑색소 포가산재해있으며, 체색은투명했다(Fig. 4D).

상대성장 비교

실고기와풀해마모두성장함에따라전장은계속증가했으 , 산출 8후까지풀해마의평균전장(12.45 mm)실고기 평균전장(10.52 mm)보다약간컸지만, 산출 15후에는 실고기(16.44 mm)풀해마(15.48 mm)보다커졌다. 실고 기의전장에대한꼬리지느러미길이는산출직후(5.89%)부터 산출 6(7.18%)까지커졌으며산출 6일부터산출 8(6.11%) 까지오히려작아지고산출 8일부터산출 15(6.04%)까지는 유지되었다. 반면에, 풀해마의전장에대한꼬리지느러미길이 산출직후(6.95%)부터산출 20(4.86%)까지지속적으로 감소하였다. 두장에대한주둥이길이는모두증가했으며, 6일까지는풀해마(40.33%)실고기(39.55%)비슷하지 , 산출 8일부터실고기(44.12%)풀해마(42.35%)앞질렀 (Fig. 5).

고 찰

실험에서산출직후풀해마는등지느러미 16, 꼬리지느 러미 10개로정수에도달했으며, Sogabe et al. (2012)결과 일치하였다. 또한, 산출직후실고기는등지느러미 39-43 , 꼬리지느러미 10개로역시정수에도달했으며, Watanabe (1999), Kim et al. (1994)결과와일치하였다. 이처럼 직후자어의등지느러미와꼬리지느러미가완성된상태로 산출된것은적극적인먹이활동을통해생존율을높이기위한 전략으로사료된다(Bishop et al., 2006). 산출직후자어는성어 다르게바닥에서쉬거나기질에꼬리를감지않고항상수조 떠다녔다. 이는자어시기에풀해마와실고기모두플랑크톤 Fig. 4. Morphological development of larvae of seaweed pipefish

Syngnathus schlegeli. A, After release, 7.87-9.60 mm SL (mean 8.76 mm, n=5) (PKUI709); B, 4 day after release, 10.94-12.03 mm SL (mean 11.73 mm, n=5) (PKUI710); C, 8 days after re- lease, 10.07-11.13 mm SL (mean 10.52 mm, n=5) (PKUI711); D, 15 days after release. 16.44 mm SL (PKUI712). Scale bars=1.0 mm. SL, standard length.

(A)

(C) (B)

(D)

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생활을하는것으로생각되며, 먹이의탐색과새로운서식처로 분산하기위함으로사료된다(Bishop et al., 2006).

모두산출직후에난황이흡수되고입이열려있었 으며, 먹이를바로섭취하였다. 이는자어가수컷의육아낭에 있을난황을모두흡수하고, 소화기관이발달했음을의미하 취약한자어시기의생존률을높이기위한전략으로 보인 (Houde, 1987; Silva et al., 2006). 반면에Nerophis속과 En- telurus속의자어는산출직후, 난황이있고입이열려있지 았다(Monteiro et al., 2003). 이는육아낭(marsupium)가지 Syngnathus속과 Urocampus속이육아낭이없는 Nerophis

속과 Entelurus속보다발달된자어를산출한다는것을말한다

(Monteiro et al., 2003; Silva et al., 2006).

자어시기에풀해마와실고기는투명한체색에가늘고 , 주둥이를가지고있어서형태적으로매우유사했지만 지느러미줄기수에서실고기는 39-40, 풀해마는 16개로

저한차이를보였다(Fig. 3-4). 흑색소포는실고기와풀해마

꼬리의배쪽과소화관, 주둥이에있어서매우유사했지만 고기는등지느러미줄기에흑색소포가없고풀해마는등지느 러미줄기중앙에흑색소포가나타나구분되었다. 또한풀해 마는꼬리배쪽에막이없으나실고기는산출직후부터15일까

사료되며, 꼬리배쪽의투명한막의역할에대한추후연구 요구된다.

풀해마와실고기모두성장하면서전장에대한주둥이길이가 증가하였다(Fig. 5). 이러한자어시기에주둥이의발달은먹이 성공률을높여주며(Watanabe, 1999; Wittenrich et al., 2009), 유럽베스(Dicentrarchus labrax)에서도유사한결과를나타내 었다(Gluckman et al., 1999).

실고기는전장에대한꼬리지느러미길이가증가하다가산출 8일째부터감소하였고풀해마는산출 13일째까지완만히감소 하다가산출 15일째부터급격히줄어들었다(Fig. 5). 이는 고기와풀해마가초기자어기동안먹이섭취에대한꼬리지

느러미의존도가높으나(Watanabe, 1999) 치어기로이행하면

종별의존도에차이가있을것으로짐작된다. 또한풀해마 꼬리지느러미비율은 15후부터급격히작아졌는데, 꼬리지느러미를유영하는데 사용하는 일반적인 어류와는 달리, 성어기에꼬리를감고생활하는풀해마의행동특성

문으로 사료된다. 해마속어류는꼬리를 감을 있고(Choo

and Liew, 2006; Franz-Odendaal and Adriaens, 2014; No- velli et al., 2017), 대부분성장하면서꼬리지느러미가사라지 므로(Foster and Vincent, 2004), 풀해마와는명확히구분된다. Wassenbergh et al. (2011)해마속어류의머리가말머리를 닮게과정이꼬리감는능력과연관이있을것으로보고

해마(pipehorse: 몸은실고기와유사하되꼬리는해마처럼

있음)계통발생학적위치가실고기(pipefish)해마 (seahorse)중간단계라고제안하였다. 연구에서풀해마 치어는실고기자치어와외형상유사하게발생이진행되었고, 다만꼬리지느러미의비율에서실고기자치어와차이를보였 . 또한해마처럼꼬리지느러미가성장하면서사라지지않고, 실고기와비슷한형태를띠는점에서해마보다실고기에 까운것으로사료된다. 향후실고기, 풀해마, 해마간의꼬리를 감는능력, 목을움직이는능력, 주둥이의먹이흡입방식등에 서의차이를이해하기위해추가적인골격근육연구가필요 것으로생각된다.

사 사

논문은 2020년도정부(해양수산부)재원으로해양수산

과학기술진흥원해양수산생명공학기술개발사업의지원을 수행된연구입니다(No. 20170431). 논문을세심하게검토 주신심사위원께감사드립니다.

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수치

Fig. 2. Photos showing the copulatory behaviour of barbed pipe- pipe-fish  Urocampus nanus  (left)  and  seaweed  pipefish  Syngnathus  schlegeli (right).

참조

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