Evaluation of Three Plant Proteins for Fish Meal Replacement in Diet for Growing Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

464

Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

넙치는 국내 양식산업의 대표 어종으로

2018

37,240

46%

다

(KOSIS, 2019).

(NRC, 2011; Kim et al., 2017).

(fish meal, FM)

(60-70%)

,

,

,

(unknown growth factors)

,

(Males and Chapman, 2006; Kim et al., 2019a).

,

불안정으로인해지난수십년간상승세를유지하고있다

.

(Yang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2019a).

대두박

(soybean meal)

(Gatlin et al., 2007; Lin and Luo, 2011).

∙

(protease inhibitors, lectin, phytic acid, soysa- ponin, non-starch polysaccharides)

,

에다량으로사용할경우성장저하등의문제가발생한다

(Fran-

cis et al., 2001).

2

육성기 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus) 사료 내 어분 대체를 위한 식물성 원료 평가

임현운·김민기·신재형·신재범·허상우

·이봉주

·이경준

*

제주대학교 해양생명과학과, ¹국립수산과학원 사료연구센터, ²제주대학교 해양과학연구소

Evaluation of Three Plant Proteins for Fish Meal Replacement in Diet for Growing Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Hyunwoon Lim, Min-Gi Kim, Jaehyeong Shin, Jaebeom Shin, Sang-Woo Hur¹, Bong-Joo Lee¹ and Kyeong-Jun Lee²*

Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea

1Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Pohang 37517, Korea

2Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Korea

This study was conducted to replace fish meal (FM) with three plant proteins (soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, and wheat gluten) in diets for growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . The control diet was formulated to con- tain 65% sardine FM and four other replacement diets were formulated to replace FM with the plant proteins by 25, 30, 35 and 40% (designated FM25, FM30, FM35 and FM40, respectively). The replacement diets were added with three essential amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) to meet their requirements for the fish. Olive flounder (initial average weight, 96.8±0.2 g) were randomly distributed into 20 tanks (425 L each) at a density of 25 fish per tank. Four replicate groups of fish were fed one of the diets two times daily for 15 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were found among all the fish groups in growth performance, feed utilization, non- specific immune responses and hematological health parameters. Thus, this result indicates that the plant proteins with the three limiting amino acids could replace FM up to 40% in diets for growing olive flounder.

Keywords: Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus , Fish meal, Plant protein, Replacement, Growth

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 64. 754. 3423 Fax: +82. 64. 756. 3493 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 27 March 2020; Revised 24 April 2020; Accepted 15 May 2020

저자 직위: 임현운(대학원생), 김민기(대학원생), 신재형(대학원생), 신재범(대학 원생), 허상우(연구사), 이봉주(연구사), 이경준(교수)

https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2020.0464

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(3), 464-470, June 2020

으로가공처리하여어분대체율을높이기위한연구가수행되 고있다

.

(soy protein concentrate, SPC),

(soy protein isolate, SPI)

(Chou et al., 2004; Glencross et al., 2005). Biswas et al. (2019)

SPC

70%

.

(wheat

gluten)

비교적낮은것으로알려져있다

(Krogdahl, 1989). Jalili et al.

(2013)

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

,

(corn gluten meal),

(3:1:3)

40%

.

어분대체연구에서단일원료만을이용하여어분을대체할경 우

,

,

(Krogdahl et al., 2010;

Enterria et al., 2011). Kim et al. (2019b)

,

, SPC

30%

.

,

.

(96.8 g)

15

3

(

, SPC,

)

.

재료 및 방법

실험사료

실험사료의조성표는

Table 1

.

(sardine FM)

,

(Con)

65%

.

4

(

, SPC,

)

25, 30, 35, 40%

(FM25, FM30, FM35, FM40).

lysine, methionine, threonine

.

Taurine

시키기위해첨가하였다

.

,

(SP-50, Gum- gang engineering, Daegu, Korea)

5 mm

.

(25°C, 12

)

(-20°C)

.

실험어 및 사육관리

실험에사용된넙치는제주도내넙치양식장에서구입하였으 며

,

.

,

(96.8±0.2 g)

20

(4

, 425 L

polypropylene)

25

Table 1. Dietary formulation of the experimental diets for growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (% of dry matter basis)

Ingredients Experimental diets

Con FM25 FM30 FM35 FM40 Fish meal, sardine ¹ 65.00 48.75 45.50 42.25 39.00 Soybean meal² 5.00 11.50 12.80 14.10 15.40

SPC³ - 4.875 5.85 6.825 7.80

Wheat gluten⁴ - 4.875 5.85 6.825 7.80

Wheat flour 21.50 17.80 17.40 17.10 16.60 Corn gluten meal² 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Fish oil⁵ 3.00 4.40 4.60 4.90 5.20

Lysine⁶ - 0.42 0.50 0.50 0.50

Threonine⁶ - 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.30

Methionine⁷ - 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.30

Taurine - 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Lecithin 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Mono-calcium phosphate - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mineral Mixture⁸ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Vitamin Mixture⁹ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Proximate composition

Moisture 5.40 5.44 5.63 5.92 5.49

Crude protein 56.7 55.5 55.3 55.0 54.8

Crude lipid 9.70 10.6 10.7 10.9 11.0

Crude ash 9.80 9.30 9.00 8.60 8.30

Lysine 3.64 3.62 3.64 3.56 3.58

Methionine 1.34 1.34 1.30 1.26 1.32

Threonine 2.03 1.99 2.05 2.00 1.96

1Orizon S.A. CO., Ltd., Chile. ²Sajodaerim Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea.

3Soy protein concentrate, Corp. Korea flavor., Korea. ⁴CJ CheilJe- dang Co., Ltd., Korea. ⁵E-wha oil Co., Ltd., Busan, Korea. ⁶Shang- hai Ajinomoto amino acid Co., Ltd., China. ⁷Evonik rexim pharma- ceutical Co., Ltd., China. ⁸Mineral mixture contained the following ingredients (g/kg, mixture): MgSO₄∙7H₂O, 80.0; NaH₂PO₄∙2H₂O, 370.0; KCl, 130.0; Ferric citrate, 40.0; ZnSO₄∙7H₂O, 20.0; Ca- lactate, 356.5; CuCl, 0.2; AlCl₃∙6H₂O, 0.15; Na₂Se₂O₃, 0.01;

MnSO₄∙H₂O, 2.0; CoCl₂∙6H₂O, 1.0. ⁹Vitamin mixture contained the following amount which were diluted in cellulose (g/ kg, mixture):

L-ascorbic acid, 121.2; DL-α tocopheryl acetate, 18.8; thiamin hy- drochloride, 2.7; riboflavin, 9.1; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 1.8; nia- cin, 36.4; Ca-D-pantothenate, 12.7; myo-inositol, 181.8; D-biotin, 0.27; folic acid, 0.68; p-aminobezoic acid, 18.2; menadione, 1.8;

retinyl acetate, 0.73; cholecalficerol, 0.003; cyanocobalamin, 0.003.

Con, contain the fish meal 65% in diet; FM25, 25% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM30, 30%

fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet;

FM35, 35% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM40, 40% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet.

치되었다

.

1

2

(08:00, 18:00 h), 15

.

30

.

,

2-3 L/min

.

(dissolved oxygen)

(aeration)

.

(18.0±2.50°C)

, 1

2

(09:00, 16:00 h)

.

일반성분 분석

실험사료와전어체의 일반성분분석은

AOAC (2000)

.

(125°C, 3

),

(550°C, 4

),

(Kjeltec

2300, FOSS analytical, Hilleroed, Denmark)

.

Folch et al. (1957)

.

어체측정

사육실험후

,

,

,

24

.

(weight gain, %),

(specific growth rate, %),

(feed intake, g/fish),

(feed conversion ratio),

(protein efficiency ratio),

(survival, %)

.

혈액 분석

최종무게측정후

,

3

2- phenoxyethanol

(100 ppm)

.

.

hematocrit

hemoglobin

. Hematocrit

micro hematocrit

. 15

(5,000 rpm)

alanine

aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, glucose

. Hemoglobin, AST, ALT, total protein, glucose

kit

(ch 100

, RADIM company, Firenze, Italy)

.

lysozyme

Mo- hammed et al. (2018)

.

myelo- peroxidase (MPO)

Kumari and Sahoo (2005)

.

장조직 분석

전장

(foregut)

Bouin’s solution

,

70% ethyl alcohol

.

tissue processor (TP1020, Leica Mi- crosystems Gmbh, Wetzlar, Germany)

(paraffin)

alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff (AB-PAS)

통계학적 분석

실험사료의배치는완전확률계획법

(completely randomized design)

.

,

,

SPSS (version 18.0)

one- way ANOVA

. Tukey’s HSD

(P≤0.05)

.

±

(mean±SD)

,

arcsine

.

결과 및 고찰

15

,

,

,

,

,

(P>0.05, Table 2).

Table 2. Growth performance and feed utilization of growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks¹

Dietary treatment IBW² FBW³ WG⁴ SGR⁵ FI⁶ FCR⁷ PER⁸ Survival (%)

Con 97.1±0.58 309±33 319±34 1.15±0.11 179±16 0.85±0.08 2.11±0.20 80.0±8.0

FM25 97.1±0.51 330±26 340±28 1.22±0.08 186±19 0.80±0.03 2.23±0.08 84.0±8.0

FM30 96.6±0.70 338±12 350±10 1.25±0.03 194±5 0.80±0.03 2.22±0.08 83.0±6.0

FM35 96.7±0.27 319±25 330±26 1.19±0.08 179±22 0.80±0.06 2.23±0.15 82.0±2.3

FM40 96.8±0.40 307±17 318±17 1.15±0.06 167±6 0.79±0.05 2.26±0.14 84.0±8.6

1Values are mean of quadruplicates and presented as mean±SD. Values in the same column having different superscript letters are sig- nificantly different (P<0.05). The lack of superscript letter indicates no significant differences among treatments. ²IBW (initial mean body weight, g/fish). ³FBW (final mean body weight, g/fish). ⁴WG (weight gain, %)=(final weight-initial weight)×100/initial weight. ⁵SGR (Specific growth rate, %/day)=[(log_efinal weight-log_einitial weight)/days]. ⁶FI (feed intake, g/fish)=dry feed consumed (g)/fish. ⁷FCR (feed conversion ratio)=dry feed intake/wet weight gain. ⁸PER (protein efficiency ratio)=wet weight gain/protein intake. Con, contain the fish meal 65% in diet; FM25, 25% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM30, 30% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM35, 35% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM40, 40% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet.

체할경우

,

(Kim et al., 2019b).

,

(40%)

(17-25%).

(13.2±0.02 g)

17%

,

,

,

(Ye et al., 2011). Kim et al. (2008)

(3.2 g)

(42 weeks)

,

30%

라고보고하였다

. SPC

(25%

)

(Deng et al., 2006).

Atlantic halibut Hippo- glossus hippoglossus

20%

(Helland and Grisdale-Helland, 2006).

,

(Ahmed et al., 2019). Choi et al. (2004)

(5.0±0.04 g)

(30%)

(20%)

.

3

(

, SPC,

)

, 3

(lysine, methionine, threonine)

40%

.

장의조직분석결과

,

찰되지않았다

(Fig. 1).

성단백질원료를다량으로사용하면항영양인자로인해장의 염증반응이나타나소화율과성장률이저하된다고알려져있다

(Krogdahl et al., 2010; Martínez-Llorens et al., 2012).

,

,

(Common carp)

Table 3. Proximate contents of growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks (% of wet basis)¹ Dietary treatment Moisture Protein Lipid Ash

Con 73.0±0.8 21.2±1.6 3.07±0.72 2.77±0.75 FM25 72.8±0.4 22.4±2.7 3.14±0.51 2.60±0.53 FM30 72.2±1.2 20.2±0.9 2.80±0.36 2.96±0.45 FM35 73.0±0.8 19.5±0.0 2.80±0.24 3.02±0.44 FM40 73.6±1.1 20.2±0.2 2.74±0.05 2.41±0.17

1Values are mean of quadruplicates and presented as mean±SD.

Values in the same column having different superscript letters are significantly different (P<0.05). The lack of superscript letter in- dicates no significant differences among treatments. Con, contain the fish meal 65% in diet; FM25, 25% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM30, 30% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM35, 35%

fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM40, 40% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant pro- tein sources in diet.

Figure 1. Intestinal structure of growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed experimental diets for 15 weeks. Con, contain the fish meal 65% in diet; FM25, 25% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM30, 30% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM35, 35% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet; FM40, 40% fish meal was replaced with mixture of plant protein sources in diet. Bar=100 μm.

Con FM25 FM30

FM35 FM40

을일으키는것으로보고되었다

(Urán et al., 2008; Yamamoto et al., 2008).

(Buttle et al., 2001; Refstie et al., 2005).

SPC

2

용성이대두박에비해높은것으로보고되었다

(Anderson and wolf, 1995; Ao, 2011).

,

SPC

40%

.

전어체수분

,

,

,

(P>0.05, Table 3).

,

,

,

(Zeitler et al., 1984).

, SPC,

밀글루텐

(2:1:1)

치사료내어분사용량

(65%)

40%

.

실험어혈액의비특이적면역능과혈액성분의결과는

Table 4

. Lysozyme, MPO, hemoglobin, hematocrit, AST, ALT, total protein, glucose

(P>0.05). Lysozyme

pepti- doglycan

β-1,4-glucoside

, MPO

hypochlorous acid

(Kim et al., 2011). Hema- tocrit

hemoglobin

. AST

ALT

.

(Kristofferson et al., 1974). Glucose

하고

(Gordon, 1968),

.

(Kumar et al., 2005). Kim et al.

(2018)

(8.69, 10.4 g)

(pig bristle meal)

,

hematocrit, hemoglobin, AST,

ALT

였다

. Kim et al. (2019b)

(

, SPC,

)

(6.76±0.03 g, 32.5±0.1 g)

hemoglobin

hematocrit

.

, 3

.

결론적으로

, 3

(

, SPC,

)

(lysine, methionine, threonine)

,

40%

.

,

3

.

사 사

본연구는국립수산과학원

(R2020014)

.

References

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doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.suppl_3.581S.

Ahmed M, Liang H, Kasiya HC, Ji K, Ge X, Ren M, Liu B, Zhu Table 4. Non-specific immune responses and hematological parameters of growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed the experimen- tal diets for 15 weeks¹

Dietary

treatment Lysozyme

(μg/mL) Myeloperoxidase

(absorbance) Hemoglobin

(g/dL) Hematocrit

(%) AST²

(U/L) ALT³

(U/L) Total protein

(g/dL) Glucose (mg/dL)

Con 49.5±8.8 1.02±0.05 5.24±0.20 26.3±1.2 16.5±5.1 3.37±0.31 8.24±0.55 52.0±3.7

FM25 55.8±13 0.99±0.04 4.80±0.27 24.9±1.7 17.3±2.7 4.06±1.35 8.61±0.33 54.4±1.6

FM30 44.3±6.9 1.16±0.25 4.67±0.49 25.6±2.4 15.8±2.3 4.09±2.35 8.53±0.45 48.0±5.3

FM35 52.2±2.6 1.13±0.15 4.88±0.51 25.3±1.1 15.7±2.2 3.34±0.37 8.66±0.49 52.6±11

FM40 42.3±8.8 1.12±0.13 4.61±0.81 25.1±2.4 15.8±1.6 5.94±1.76 8.10±0.55 43.6±4.4

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