500
Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815
서 론
최근수산물이웰빙식품으로주목받으면서수산물에대한관 심이증가하고있으며
,
식습관의변화로단백질과지방이다량 함유된식품위주로소비구조가변화됨에따라고단백식품인 수산물의소비가점차증가할것으로예측된다(Kang and Kim,
2013).
수산물소비패턴과식문화의변화에따라가공기술개발과유통구조도변화하고있다
.
특히,
최근에는가공식품보다 는신선식품의선호도가높아지고있어,
신선식품의선도유지 와안전성확보기술개발에초점을두고있다(Son et al., 2014).
현재까지굴의식품학적성분특성의다양한연구가수행되어왔 으며
,
이들연구결과에는굴과굴가공품의영양학적가치와품 질특성의구명(Kang et al., 2010),
수산가공용주요소재로의 활용(Lee et al., 2012),
지역에따른영양성분의차이,
산란전과 후계절적변화따른영양성분의차이에관한연구도이루어졌다
(Kim et al., 2014).
또한생굴은시중유통되기전박신장에서 껍질을제거하고굴수협경매를통하여도소매상에서판매되고 있어다양한형태의가공식품으로활용이가능하다.
수하식양식산굴의경우는
24
시간영양분을섭취하기때문에 빨리성장하는데비하여바위에붙어서식하는자연산굴(
일명 어리굴)
은조소간만으로인해공기중에노출되는동안은영양 분을섭취할수없어성장이느리다.
자연산굴은만일의사태 에대비해서체내에여러영양분을축적하므로수하식과자연 산양자간에는영양성분과육질의차이가생길것으로추정된 다(KORDI, 2004).
한편,
일반적으로수하식참굴보다는조간 대의갯벌에서나는자연산참굴류나투석식,
수평망에넣어양 식한굴이풍미면에서더좋다고알려져있다(Lee et al., 2012).
따라서본연구에서는굴을이용한고부가가치제품을개발하 기위한개체굴양식방안을도입하고
,
고성만을중심으로한개 체굴양성에따른품질특성을평가하기위하여양식조건에따부유망식과 수하식 양성방법에 따른 참굴(Crassostrea gigas)의 선도와 항산화활성
최용준·Nguyen Thanh Tri·이정미
1·강석중·최병대*
경상대학교 해양식품생명의학과, 1경상남도 수산자원연구소
Freshness and Antioxidant Activities in Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Using Rack-and-Bag Culture or Suspended Culture Methods
Yong-Jun Choi, Nguyen Thanh Tri, Jeong-Mee Lee1, Seok-Joong Kang and Byeong-Dae Choi*
Department of Seafood Science and Technology/Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea
1Fisheries Resources Resarch Institute, Gyeongnam, Tongyeong 50411, Korea
The nucleotides and their related compounds, including ATP (adenosine triphosphate) , ADP (adenosine diphosphate), AMP (adenosine monophosphate), IMP (inosine monophosphate), HxR (inosine) and Hx (hypoxanthine), were near- ly identical in oysters Crassostrea gigas from the two culture methods. The K-value was lower than the threshold value such as 11.2-12.1. Although oysters have low amount of IMP, it was detected in this experiment. DPPH radical scavenging activity did not vary significantly with sample amounts (100, 300, and 500 µg/mL). DPPH (1,1-diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was 76.0-80.7% compare with the ascorbic acid standard. Superoxide anion scavenging activity reached 49.3% in the rack-and-bag culture sample at 500 µg/mL. However, the reducing power and Fe
2+chelating activity were very low compared with their respective standard. The oyster culture methods did not affect oyster quality in terms of antioxidant activities.
Key words: Crassostrea gigas , K-value, DPPH, Superoxide anion, Reducing power
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2017.0500
Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(5) 500-505, October 2017
Received 8 July 2017; Revised 11 August 2017; Accepted 16 September 2017
*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 55. 772. 9147 Fax: +82. 55. 648. 2038
E-mail address: [email protected]
른선도와항산화활성을비교하여양성방법에따른기초자료로 활용하고자하였다
.
재료 및 방법
재료 및 시약
굴은경상남도수사자원연구소
(
통영)
에서2015
년2
월에인공 종자생산한참굴시료를사용하였다.
본실험에사용한시료종 류는5
가지로초기개체화시켜부유망케이지에수용하여수 산자원연구소양식장(
통영풍화리지선)
에서6
월부터11
월까 지일정기간양성한개체굴(A1)
과하루에3-4
시간간출시키면서양성한개체굴
(A2),
기존의전통방식인수하식으로6
월부터
11
월까지통영오비도지선(
해상)
에서양성후고성의축제 식양식장(
기수지역)
에서약53
일간양성한굴(B1),
오비도지 선(
해상)
에서수하식으로양성한굴(B2)
을이용하였고,
대조구 로시판굴(Table 1)
을이용하여양성방법별참굴의선도및항 산화활성을조사하였다. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
및관련 화합물은Sigma-Aldrich Ltd.
제품을사용하였고,
그외용매는HPLC
급을사용하였다.
핵산관련물질의 분석
핵산관련물질추출은
Ryu et al. (2009)
의방법에따라시료0.5 g
에10% HClO
4(perchloric acid, PCA)
용액10 mL
를가해 균질화한후, 4,000 rpm
에서10
분간원심분리하여상층을분리 하였다.
침전물에대하여10% PCA
용액10 mL
로위와같은조 작을2
회반복하여상층액을합하였다.
상층액을여과하고5.0 N KOH
로pH 6.5
로조정한후, 10% PCA
용액을첨가하여100 mL
로정용하였다. 0℃
에서30
분간정치한후0.45 μm mem- brane filter
로여과한시료액을HPLC (Shimadzu Co., Tokyo, Japan)
를사용하여다음과같은조건으로분석하였다. Column
은Phenomenex C18 (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm),
칼럼온도는40℃,
이동상은50 mM KH
2PO
4(pH 7.5),
유속은0.8 mL/min, 254 nm
에서10 μL
를주입하여검출하였고,
표준용액의retention time
을 비교하여 핵산관련성분을 확인하였다.
핵산관련성분 은표준검량선을이용하여 각시료용액의peak
면적으로환 산하여정량하였다. ATP, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), AMP (adenosine monophosphate), IMP (inosine monophosphate),
inosine, hypoxanthine
표준품은Sigma-Aldrich Ltd.
제품을사 용하였고, 0.001-1.0 M
농도로조제한후,
위의조건으로분석 하여작성하였다. K-
값은Saito et al. (1959)
이제안한ATP
분 해과정에서 생성되는HxR (inosine)
과Hx (hypoxanthine)
이ATP
분해산물함량에서차지하는비율로구하였다. K value
(%)=(HxR+Hx)/(ATP+ADP+AMP+IMP+HxR+Hx)×100 DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical 소거활성 측정
동결건조한시료를탈이온수에녹여농도를달리하여측정한
DPPH
라디칼소거활성은Jao and Ko (2002)
가기술한방법 을약간변형하여사용하였다.
즉,
각시료를다양한농도(100, 300, 500 μg/mL)
로제조한 다음시료0.1 mL
와 실험직전1.5×10
-4M
로제조한DPPH
용액0.1 mL
을96-well plate
에 첨가하여잘혼합하고실온에서30
분간반응시킨후UV
분광광도계를이용하여
517 nm
에서흡광도를측정하였다.
대조군은시료대신메탄올을넣었고
,
모든실험은3
회씩측정하여평균을구하였다
. DPPH
라디칼소거활성은다음과같은공식에의해계산하였다
. DPPH radical scavenging activity(%)=[1-(
공시료군
-
시료군)/
공시료군]×100 Superoxide radical 소거활성 측정
Superoxide
소거활성은Nagai et al. (2003)
의방법에따라측 정하였다.
동결건조된시료를다양한농도(100, 300, 500 μg/
mL)
로제조한다음시료에62 μM NBT
와98 μM NADH
를 함유한20 mM Tris
용액(pH 8.0)
을혼합한다음, 20 mM Tris
용액과33 μM PMS
를각각첨가하였다.
효소적반응의결과 가 아닌PMS/NADH
에 의하여유발되는superoxide
는자주 색의formazan
으로환원되며,
이를측정하기위하여560 nm
에서10
분간반응시켰다.
또한,
양성대조군으로catechin
을사 용하여superoxide
소거활성을비교조사하였다. Superoxide scavenging activity (%)=[(
추출물무첨가군-
추출물군)/
추출물 무첨가군]×100
FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power)에 의한 환원능 측정
동결건조한굴시료의
FRAP
측정방법은Oyaizu (1986)
법 을 참고하여FRAP
용액은25 mL acetate buffer (300 mM,
Table 1. Sample code and sampling date of oysters Crassostrea gigas
Sample codes Description Sampling date
IO-A1 Individual, Cage for 24 hr 2016-01-04
IO-A2 Individual, Daily variation in cage for 3-4 hr on air 2015-12-04 IO-B1 Suspended and pond culture during 53 days in
Gosung province 2015-12-08
IO-B2 Suspended culture 2015-12-08
MO Market 2015-12-04
pH 3.6)
를37℃
에서가온한후, 40 mM HCl
에용해한10 mM 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) 5 mL
과20 mM ferric sulfate (FeSO
4) 2.5 mL
을가하여제조하였다.
제조된0.9 mL FRAP reagent
에추출물0.03 mL
와증류수0.09 mL
를넣은후37℃
에서10 min
반응시킨후700 nm
에서흡광도를측정하였 다.
공시료는시료대신70%
에탄올을넣어측정하였다. Ferrous ion (Fe
2+) 킬레이팅 활성 측정
Ferrous ion
킬레이팅활성은Decker and Welch (1990)
방법 을이용하여측정하였다.
실험직전제조된0.1 mM FeCl
2는여 러농도의시료와혼합한다음96-well plate
에분주하고30
초 반응시킨후(
실온), 0.25 mM ferrozine
을첨가한다음10
분간 방치한후562 nm
에서측정하였다.
통계처리
통계처리는
SPSS Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) program
을 사용하여One-way ANOVA-test
를 실시한 후, Duncans multiple range test (Duncan, 1955)
로평균간의유의 성(P<0.05)
을검정하였다.
결과 및 고찰
양성방법에 따른 핵산 및 그 관련물질의 변화
개체굴과수하굴의
adenine nucleotide
및그관련물질을분 석한결과를Table 2
에나타내었다.
개체굴의핵산관련물질변 화는ATP
에서Hx (hypoxanthine)
으로분해되는과정에서A1
시료의ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx
의측정치는각각1.20, 0.72. 0.55, 0.07, 0.24
및0.09 μmol/g
이었고, A2
시료의ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx
의측정치는각각1.12, 0.68, 0.51, 0.05, 0.22
및0.08 μmol/g
이었다.
수하굴B1
시료의ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx
의측정치는각각1.02, 0.60, 0.46, 0.05, 0.20
및0.08 μmol/g
이었고, B2
시료의ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx
의측정치는각각1.05, 0.63, 0.49, 0.06, 0.21
및0.07 μmol/g
이었다.
그리고마트산시료의ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, Hx
의측정치는각각1.11, 0.65, 0.49, 0.07, 0.22
및0.10
μmol/g
이었다.
ATP
는휴면상태의어류근육에서 중요한핵산관련성분이 며,
효소적탈인산화과정을거쳐서ADP
와AMP
를생성한다.
ATP
분해산물중IMP
는어류의정미성분그리고어류의신선도및품질을평가하는지표로작용한다고한다
(Fletcher and Statham, 1988). Watanabe et al. (1985)
는패류는다량의AMP
를함유하고있으나AMP-deaminase
를함유하고있지않으므 로IMP
가생성되지않는다고보고하였고, Joo et al. (1996)
이 홍합및바지락의핵산관련물질을검정한결과IMP
가검출되지않았다고하였지만
,
굴에함유된ATP
관련화합물을측정한결과
IMP
가소량검출되었다는결과와는일치하지않았다(Yo- koyama et al., 1996 ).
수산물의선도를평가하는
K
값은ATP
와그분해산물의함 량을측정하여HxR
과Hx
의함량을비교한것으로,
이는수산 물에함유된내인성효소의함량에따라그분해정도가달라진 다. ATP
에서AMP
로분해되는것이제한되어그이후의반응 은매우천천히일어나기때문에이를활용하는것보다는HxR
이Xt (Xanthine)
으로완전히분해될때가지관찰하여선도를 평가하는것이적절하다고하였다(Yokoyama et al., 1996 ).
본 실험결과각시료의K
값은11.2-12.1
로매우선도가좋은상태 이었으며,
특히hypoxanthine (Hx)
은불쾌취를야기하는핵산 관련성분으로쓴향(bitter flavor)
에기여하기때문에이의함량 이높아지지않도록하기위해서선도유지가중요한이유이다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성
개체굴및수하굴의
DPPH
라디칼소거활성을측정하여Ta-
ble 3
에나타내었다.
개체굴A1
및A2
는100, 200
및300 µg/
mL
농도에서각각62.8, 65.2, 74.4%
및63.3, 64.1, 67.6%
이 었고,
수하굴B1
및B2
는100, 200
및300 µg/mL
농도에서각 각64.6, 66.5, 69.8%
및61.0, 65.6, 70.1%
이었다.
마트에서구 입한굴은각각62.4, 65.6, 68.5%
로농도의증가에따른변화 는없었다.
소거활성을비교하기위하여사용한표품ascorbic acid
의소거활성도83.0-83.3%
로농도에따른변화는없었는 데이것은활성을나타내는농도이상의범위에서측정한결과 라여겨진다.
Table 2. Contents of nucleotide and their related compounds of the oyster Crassostrea gigas on different cultured conditions Sample
codes Concentration (µmol/g)
ATP ADP AMP IMP HxR Hx K-Value
IO-A1 1.20±0.07 0.72±0.02 0.55±0.03 0.07±0.01 0.24±0.03 0.09±0.02 11.5
IO-A2 1.12±0.04 0.68±0.05 0.51±0.01 0.05±0.00 0.22±0.02 0.08±0.01 11.2
IO-B1 1.02±0.05 0.60±0.03 0.46±0.03 0.05±0.01 0.20±0.02 0.08±0.01 11.6
IO-B2 1.05±0.02 0.63±0.02 0.49±0.02 0.06±0.01 0.21±0.03 0.07±0.02 11.2
MO 1.11±0.06 0.65±0.04 0.49±0.03 0.07±0.02 0.22±0.03 0.10±0.02 12.1
Values are means±SD of triplicates. K value (%)=(HxR+Hx)/(ATP+ADP+AMP+IMP+ HxR+Hx)×100. APT, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; IMP, inosine monophosphate; HxR, inosine; Hx, hypoxanthine.
Shakila et al. (2016)
에의하면오징어육단백질가수분해 물의DPPH
라디칼소거활성을측정한결과77-79%
의활성 을나타내었고,
가수분해에사용된효소의종류와반응시간등 최종산물의분자량에따라그활성이다르게나타났다고하였 다.
지방의함량이높아전복의먹이로활용되는우상목규조류(Grammatophora marina)
를Alcalase
로가수분해하여DPPH
라디칼소거활성을측정한결과86.5%
의높은값을보였는데,
이는 세포벽에 함유된 폴리페놀,
질소화합물,
식물성스테롤,
카로테노이드및클로로필등이그역할을한다고추정하였다(Affan et al., 2006).
따라서굴동결건조시료의DPPH
라디칼 소거활성이66-70%
로높은것은굴이플랑크톤을먹이생물로 하는것과연관이있는것으로생각된다. Kim et al. (2015)
은굴 가수분해물의DPPH
라디칼소거능과ABTS
라디칼저해활성 은분자량분포와항산화활성과의상관관계는없었다고하였 다. Mendis et al. (2005)
은어피젤라틴가수분해물로부터정 제한펩타이드의항산화특성연구에서His-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly- Pro-Leu (797 Da)
배열을가지는펩타이드가항산화제인BHT
와비슷한높은항산화능을갖는다고보고하여어육가수분해 물은분자량이아닌펩티드의배열이영향을미친다고하였다. Superoxide anion 라디칼 소거활성
Superoxide anions
는자유라디칼을활성화하여ROS (reac- tive oxygen species)
를생성시켜지질,
단백질및DNA
를손 상시키므로,
이를소거하는능력을갖게되면수산식품의산화 안정화에기여할수있다(Xie et al., 2008).
개체굴및덩이굴 의superoxide anion
라디칼소거활성을측정하여Table 4
에나 타내었다.
개체굴A1
및A2
는100, 200
및300 µg/mL
농도에 서각각22.9, 37.1, 49.3%
및24.0, 36.2, 49.2%
이었고,
수하굴B1
및B2
는100, 200
및300 µg/mL
농도에서각각22.8, 25.2, 44.3%
및21.4, 35.0, 44.3%
이었다.
마트에서구입한굴은각각25.7, 34.3, 47.4%
로농도의증가에따라증가하였지만,
표품ascorbic acid
의소거활성은83.0-83.3%
로농도에따른변화는없었다
.
굴(Crassostrea gigas)
가수분해물로부터추출정제한펩티드가쥐대식세포
(RAW 264.7)
에독성을나타내지않음과동시에
DNA
손상으로부터보호하는superoxide radical
활성 이13.0-48.5%
로획분에따라다른효과를보였다고하여수산 가공부산물을효소가수분해하면영양적으로우수하고기능성 이높은펩타이드를활용할수있음을강조하였다(Qian et al., 2008),
본실험에서도적절한효소를사용하지않았지만super- oxide anion
소거활성은표품인ascorbic acid
외비교하였을때60-70%
에이르러꽤높은활성을보였다.
환원력
지질의과산화반응이진행되는동안산화된중간물질에전자 를주어항산화활성을나타내는능력을판별하는환원력을측 정하여
Table 5
에나타내었다.
표품인ascorbic acid
가농도가 증가함에따라직선적으로증가하였다.
그러나모든시료의각 각다른농도에서환원력은매우낮아환원력에의한항산화활 성을기대하기는어려운것으로판단되었다. Surendraraj et al.
(2013)
에따르면부레옥잠(Eichornia crassipes)
의열수및에탄 올추출물의환원력을평가한결과페놀화합물의농도가높을 수록열수추출물의ferric iron
환원력이높은것으로나타나페 놀화합물이적은알굴시료에서는이값이매우낮았다.
오징어 육단백질을여러종류의상업용효소로가수분해하고그가수 분해물의환원력을측정한결과가수분해도와가수분해되어생 성되는펩티드의함량이펩티드분자량보다더큰영향을미친 다고하여가수분해도가증가될수록환원력도함께증가된다고 하였다(Shakila et al., 2016).
실험에사용된굴은가수분해되지 않았기때문에매우낮은값을보였다.
Fe
2+chelating activity
시료 농도에따른
Fe
2+chelating
활성을 측정하여Table 6
에 나타내었다.
시료농도300 µg/mL
에서표품인EDTA
는85.8%
의최고값을보였고,
개체굴A1
및A2
는시료농도100,
Table 3. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of different con-centration of oyster Crassostrea gigas
Sample codes Concentration (µg/mL, %)
100 300 500
Ascorbic acid 83.0±1.9a 83.1±2.1a 83.3±2.1a IO-A1 62.8±4.7a 65.2±4.3a 74.4±5.0b IO-A2 63.3±3.1a 64.1±3.4a 67.6±3.7a IO-B1 64.6±5.7a 66.5±4.8a 69.8±4.3ab IO-B2 61.0±5.9a 65.6±6.3ab 70.1±5.6b
MO 62.4±1.1a 65.6±5.8a 68.5±4.7ab
Values are means±SD of triplicates. Means followed by the differ- ent superscripts within the same row indicate significant difference (P<0.05).
Table 4. Superoxide anion scavenging activity of different concen- tration of oyster Crassostrea gigas
Sample codes Concentration (µg/mL, %)
100 300 500
Ascorbic acid 48.3±3.9a 57.5±1.1b 66.5±0.8c IO-A1 22.9±9.1a 37.1±5.4b 49.3±4.0c IO-A2 24.0±2.3a 36.2±6.9b 49.2±4.0c IO-B1 22.8±4.9a 25.2±6.2a 44.3±4.1b IO-B2 21.4±6.8a 35.0±4.2b 44.3±8.9c
MO 25.7±8.5a 34.3±6.6b 47.4±8.9c
Values are means±SD of triplicates. Means followed by the differ- ent superscripts within the same row indicate significant difference (P<0.05).
300, 500 µg/mL
농도에서최소27.8%
에서최고37.1%
로농도 에따른차이가적었다.
수하굴B1
및B2
는시료농도100, 300, 500 µg/mL
농도에서최소28.2%
에서최고39.4%
로개체굴에 비하여약간높았고,
마트에서구입한굴도chelating
효과가낮 아39.1%
이었다.
모든시료에서Fe
2+이온을포획하는효과를 기대하기어려웠다.
미네랄은동물에소량존재하여섭취하였 을때얻는항산화물질중에서적은비율을차지한다.
굴에다 량으로함유된아연은항산화작용에관여하지만, free
라디칼 을직접공격하지는않고라디칼형성을방지하는데중요한역 할을한다고알려져있다(Prasad et al., 2004). Nalinamon et al.
(2011)
에따르면펩티드분자량과금속이온chelating
활성과는 밀접한관계를나타내어펩티드의크기가적으면적을수록결 합부위가많아지고, histidine
과같이imidazole
고리를가지면chelating
활성이높아진다고하였다.
따라서효소가수분해되 지않은상태에서는chelater
로서의역할은낮을수밖에없고굴 은다양한아미노산을함유하고있어환원력이증가될가능성 은충분하다고여겨진다.
사 사
본연구는
2015
년도경남수산자원연구소‘
검은테개체참굴양식개발
’
사업의일환으로수행되었으며,
실험재료지원에감 사드립니다.
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