A New species of Viola (Violaceae): V. ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee Jungsim Lee, Changhak Choi, Kyeongsuk Han, Soonku So, Yong Hwang and Muyeol Kim*
Department of Biological Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea (Received 28 August 2012; Revised 10 September 2012; Accepted 18 September 2012)
제비꽃속(제비꽃과)의 신종:
울릉제비꽃(Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee)
이정심·최창학·한경숙·소순구·황 용·김무열*
전북대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학과
ABSTRACT:A new species, Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee is named and described from Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea. Molecular data confirmed that this new taxon was distinguished from other congeneric species. The Viola ulleungdoensis shares several characteristics (acaulescent leaves, beardless lateral petals, glabrous petioles and peduncles, etc.) with its related species V. selkirkii, but is distinct from V. selkirkii which has present adventitious buds, same leaves after flowering, small leaves, and high altitude habitats by having absent adventitious buds, larger leaves after flowering, large leaves, and low altitude habitats.
Keywords:Viola ulleungdoensis, V. selkirkii, Violaceae
적 요:울릉도에서 제비꽃속의 신종인 울릉제비꽃(Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee)을 새로이 발견하 여 기재하였다. 분자생물학적인 결과는 울릉제비꽃이 근연종들과 구별되는 신종임을 지지해 주었다. 울릉제 비꽃은 무경종이고 측화판 기부에 털이 없으며 엽병과 화경에 털이 없어 뫼제비꽃과 유사하다. 그러나 울릉 제비꽃은 부정아가 없고 개화 후 잎이 커지며 식물체가 크고 저지대에서 자라는 반면에, 뫼제비꽃은 부정아 가 있고 개화 후 잎이 커지지 않으며 식물체가 작고 고지대에서 자라 두 종이 뚜렷하게 차이가 난다.
주요어:울릉제비꽃, 뫼제비꽃, 제비꽃과
The genus Viola L. (Violaceae) consists of approximately 550 species and is distributed primarily in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Chen et al., 2007).
The genus Viola are characterized by a solitary flower, zygomorphic flowers with spur, and capsule fruit (Lee and Yoo, 2007). Thirty eight taxa of Viola are distributed in Korea (Lee and Yoo, 2007). Of 38 taxa, Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W. Becker and V. mandshurica W. Becker occur widely in Korea, while V. websteri Hemsl. and V. kapsanensis Nakai are rather rare and sporadically distributed.
Ulleung Island is a volcanic island located 150 km east of Korea in East Sea between the Korean peninsula and Japan Islands, and is 73 km2 in area and most of the seashore is
composed of steep cliffs. The maximum age of the island is estimated as approximately 1.8 million years old, and has never been connected to any other land mass (Ma et al., 2011).
Ulleung Island contains about 700 species of vascular plants, of which 37 angiosperms are endemic (Sun and Stuessy, 1998).
A new species of Viola from Ulleung Island, Gyeongsang- bukdo Province, Korea was discovered. Until now, this new species was thought to be V. selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie (Kim, 1986; Park, 1995; Hong et al., 2002) or V. hondoensis W.
Becker et H. Boiss. (Lee, 2006). It was published invalidly as Dokdojebikkot without scientific name by Park (2012). The new species shares several characters with its related species, V. selkirkii, but it can be distinguished based on adventitious buds (i.e., absent), leaves after flowering (i.e., larger), leaf size
*Author for correspondence: [email protected]
(i.e., large), habitats (i.e., low altitude), etc. Thus, we named this new taxon as the Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee.
Also molecular data confirmed that Viola ulleungdoensis is a new species and distinguished from its related species (M. Kim et al., unpubl. data).
1. Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee, sp. nov.
(Fig. 1A-F, 2, 3)
Korean name: Ulleung-Jebikkot 울릉제비꽃
Herba perennis, acaule, sine gemmae adventitiae, 12−20 cm alta. Rhizoma breve, crassus. Folia basalis, numerosus; stipulae adnatae ad petioli, 1.0−1.5 cm longa; petioli glabra, 7−9 cm longi; lamina ovatus, 5.5−8.5 cm longa, 4.5−6.0 cm lata. supra pubesenti, subtus glabra. Pedicelli 8−11 cm longi, glabra;
bracteae linearis, 8−10 mm longa. Sepala 5, viridis, 0.9−1.2 cm longa. Petala 5, purpurea; 2 superiora 13−17 mm longa, 7−
9 mm lata; 2 lateralia 15−19 mm longa, 5−9 mm lata; 1 infimum 8−12 mm longa, 5−9 mm lata; calcar 8−12 mm longa.
Stamina 5. Pistili 1; ovaria glabra; styli clavatus; stigmata capitatus, rostratus. Capsula obovatus, 7−9 mm longa, glabra;
semina numerosus, brunneolus. Flores Aprilis florens.
Herbs perennial. acaulescent, without adventitious buds, 12−
20 cm tall. Rhizomes short, stout. Leaves basal, numerous;
stipules adnate to petiole, 1.0−1.5 cm; petiole glabrous, 7−9 cm in length; leaf blade ovate, 5.5−8.5 in length, 4.5−6.0 cm in width, adaxial surface pubescent, abaxial surface glabrous.
Pedicels 8−11 cm, glabrous; bracteoles linear, 8−10−mm.
Sepals 5, green, 0.9−1.2 cm in length, glabrous. Petals 5, purple; 2 upper one 13−17 × 7−9 cm; 2 lateral one beardless, 15−19 × 5−9−mm; 1 lower one 8−12 × 5−9−mm; spur 8−12 mm. Stamens 5. Pistil 1; ovary glabrous; style clavate; stigna capitate, beaked in front. Capsule obovate, 7−9 mm, glabrous;
seed numerous, brown. Flowering April.
Type Locality: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea.
Holotype: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea. Apr. 24, 2012. MKV 20120001. Herbarium of Chonbuk National University (JNU).
Isotypes: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea. Apr. 24, 2012. MKV 20120002, 20120003 (JNU).
Fig. 1. A-F. Photographs of Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee at type locality. A. adult plants; B. habitat; C. root; D. front of flower; E.
bracteole; F. leaf blade abaxial surface; G. Photographs of Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee for. albiflora M. Kim at type locality. Scale bars 2 cm in A; 2 cm in C; 5 mm in D; 5 mm in E; 2 cm in F; 5 cm in G.
Paratypes: Is. Ulleung. May 19, 1983. Y. Lee (EWH); Is.
Ulleung. Apr. 22, 1991. B. Sun 4337 (JNU); Is. Ulleung. May 14, 1992. B. Sun 4341 (JNU); Is. Ulleung. May 1, 1997. J.
Pak (KNU); Is. Ulleung. Apr. 29, 2001. B. Sun 5001 (JNU);
Is. Ulleung. May 12, 2003. S. Park 30605 (KH); Is. Ulleung.
Apr. 3, 2004. J. Pak 7271 (KNU); Is. Ulleung. May 20, 2005.
Y. Kim (HHU); Is. Ulleung. Apr. 22, 2008. J. Pak 1559 (KNU);
Is. Ulleung. May 14, 2009. Y. Kim (HHU).
Flowering: April
Distribution: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea.
Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from Ulleung Island where this new species is located.
Habitats: Mt. Seonginbong area in Is. Ulleung has deciduous broad-leaved forest comprising Fagus multinervis, Acer okamotoanum, Sorbus commixta, Tilia insularis, etc. (Song
et al., 2007). The natural habitats of Viola ulleungdoensis M.
Kim & J. Lee were found in open woodlands in the Mt.
Seonginbong area. This new species occurs in woodland places under trees in forests dominated by Fagus multinervis, Acer okamotoanum, and Acer takesimense. This species also occurs with other herbaceous species dominated by Hepatica maxima, Trillium tschonoskii, Viola kusanoana, and Disporum sessile.
2. Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee for. albiflora M. Kim for. nov. (Fig. 1G)
Korean name: Huin-Ulleung-Jebikkot 흰울릉제비꽃 Forma affinis Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee, sed differt a forma flores albi.
This form looks like Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee, but it has white flowers.
Fig. 2. Viola ulleungdoensis. M. Kim & J. Lee. A. habit; B. leaf; C. front of flower; D. side of flower; E. petal; F. sepal; G. pistil.
Type Locality: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea.
Holotype: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea.
Apr. 24, 2012. MKV 20120004. Herbarium of Chonbuk National University (JNU).
Paratypes: Is. Ulleung. Apr. 23, 2004. J. Pak 7276, 7277 (KNU).
Flowering: April
Distribution: Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea.
Key to Viola ulleungdoensis and its related taxa.
1. Petals yellow ··· V. orientalis 노랑제비꽃 1. Petals purple or white
2. Cauline leaves present ··· V. acuminata 졸방제비꽃 2. Cauline leaves absent
3. Stigma rounded capitate ···· V. collina 둥근털제비꽃 3. Stigma margined capitate
4. Stipules free ··· V. rossii 고깔제비꽃 4. Stipules adnate to petioles
5. Ovary pubescent ··· V. phalacrocarpa 털제비꽃 5. Ovary glabrous
6. Leaf blade ovate or cordate
7. Flowers white ··· V. albida 태백제비꽃 7. Flowers purple
8. Long trichomes absent at petioles
9. Lateral petals beardless, abaxial leaf blades glabrous
10. Adventitious buds absent, leaves after Fig. 3. Holotype of Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee.
flowering larger, leaves large
··· V. ulleungdoensis 울릉제비꽃 10. Adventitious buds present, leaves after
flowering same, leaves small
··· V. selkirkii 뫼제비꽃 9. Lateral petals bearded. abaxial leaf blades pubescent ··· V. japonica 왜제비꽃 8. Long trichomes present at petioles
··· V. hirtipes 흰털제비꽃 6. Leaf blade lanceolate ··· V. mandshurica 제비꽃
This new species, Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee was first discovered at Is. Ulleung in Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea. Viola ulleungdoensis shares several characteristics (acaulescent leaves, beardless lateral petals, glabrous petioles and peduncles, etc.) with its related species V. selkirkii.
However, it is distinct from V. selkirkii which has present adventitious buds, same leaves after flowering, small leaves, and high altitude habitats by having absent adventitious buds, larger leaves after flowering, large leaves, and low altitude habitats. Thus, the authors described this taxon as a new species of the genus Viola.
Molecular data provided some insights into the taxonomical position of Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee. For example, nrDNA ITS and plastid trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences suggested that Viola ulleungdoensis is an independent species and distinguished from its related species, V. selkirkii (M. Kim et al., unpubl. data).
Acknowledgement
We are deeply indebted to professor Ki-Oug Yoo of Kangwon National University for his taxonomical review.
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Table 1. Comparison of morphological characters between Viola ulleungdoensis and its related species V. selkirkii.
Characters V. ulleungdoensis V. selkirkii
Plant size large small
Adventitious buds absent present
Cauline leaves absent absent
Leaves after flowering larger same
Stipules adnate adnate
Petiole glabrous glabrous
Petiole length 8±1.0* 6±1.2
Leaf blade shape large cordate small cordate Leaf blade abaxial surface glabrous glabrous Leaf blade length 7.1±1.2** 3.5±0.7
Leaf blade width 5.0±0.5 2.6±0.5
Peduncle glabrous glabrous
Bracteoles linear linear
Flower color purple purple
Sepals glabrous glabrous
Lateral petals beardless beardless
Ovary glabrous glabrous
Stigma capitate capitate
Habitats low altitude
(100-600 m)
high altitude (700-1800 m)
*unit is cm
**mean±SD
