영 어 영 역 (20 문항)
1. 다음 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Because we are so remarkably careless about looking after things, both when alive and when not, we have no idea─
really none at all─about how many things have died off permanently, or may soon, or may never, and what role we have played in any part of the process. In 1979, in the book The Sinking Ark, the author Norman Myers suggested that human activities were causing about two extinctions a week on the planet. By the early 1990s he had raised the figure to some six hundred per week. (That’s extinctions of all types
─plants, insects, and so on in addition to animals.) Others have put the figure even higher─to well over a thousand a week. A United Nations report from 1995, on the other hand, put the total number of known extinctions in the last four hundred years at slightly under 500 for animals and slightly over 650 for plants─while allowing that this was
“almost certainly an (A) ,”
particularly with regard to tropical species. A few interpreters think most extinction figures are grossly (B) .
(A) (B)
① exaggeration …… shrunk
② overestimate …… deflated
③ underestimat e
…… inflated
④ overvalue …… expanded
⑤ underrate …… decreased
2. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
As video became part of the day-to-day production and promotion of popular music during the 1980s, the initial response of many performers, fans and commentators was to argue that it was trivializing music. The construction of an image had become more important than the production of sound and the ability of the listener to imagine their own images had been colonized and replaced by the promotional mechanisms of the industry. Many writers were quick to take issue with such an argument by pointing out that for centuries music had been associated with performance and spectacle. The sounds and visuals of musical performance had actually become temporarily separated with the introduction of the technologies of the gramophone, radio, photography and silent film. But even then the visual had not disappeared completely. The ‘image’
was signified in the surrounding texts of popular music, such as album sleeves, newspaper and magazine articles, publicity photographs and descriptions of performers given on radio and even by the stereo ‘positioning’ of instruments.
① 시각적 이미지가 음악보다 더 효과적임을 보여주려고
② 음악과 시각적 이미지가 공존해 왔음을 보여주려고
③ 비디오 때문에 음악의 효과가 감소한 점을 보여주려고
④ 비디오가 음악 산업에 끼친 여러 영향을 보여주려고
⑤ 음악에 대한 다양한 매체들의 영향력을 보여주려고
3. 다음 글에 드러난 분위기로 가장 적절한 것은?
Those still in the shrunken camp were all waiting, all wishing to be somewhere else, all checking the list every day to see if their names had magically appeared for a new life. The children had outgrown their clothes, so they went to the designated tent and tried on new ones. Not really new, of course. It was silly to hope that the two dresses she chose were stylish, Molly knew.
Fortunately, although July was hot, it was mostly clear. Then, when it did begin to rain, there was no way to keep things dry. The tent smelled of mildew, and the paths were muddy troughs. The family began going barefoot to spare their single pairs of new hand-me-down shoes. They tried to keep clean, but a weekly cold shower did nothing but take off the current layer of mud. She tried not to remember the big enamel tub in the apartment or the luxury of hot water, big bars of soap and bleached white towels and clean clothes that fit her body.
*trough : 여물통
① gloomy and miserable
② calm and desperate
③ boring and ominous
④ confused and regretful
⑤ anxious and relieved
4. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Utilitarianism focuses on the result of an action, not on the character of the action itself. Suppose a dying woman has asked you to promise to send $30,000 under her bed to her nephew in another part of the country. She dies without anyone else knowing of the money or of the promise that you made. Now suppose, too, that you know the nephew is a drunkard and, were the money delivered to him, it would be wasted in a week of outrageous partying.
(A) , a very fine orphanage in your town needs such a sum to improve and expand its recreational facilities. It seems clear that on utilitarian grounds you should give the money to the orphanage, because this action would result in more total happiness.
Many people would oppose this conclusion, saying that it would be wrong to break your promise, even if doing so would bring about more good. Having made a promise, you have an obligation to keep it, and a deathbed promise is particularly serious. Furthermore, the woman had a right to do with her money as she wished;
it is not for you to decide how to spend it.
(B) , the nephew has a right to the money, regardless of how wisely or foolishly he might spend it. Supporters of utilitarianism, however, would insist that promoting happiness is all that really matters and warn you not to be blinded by moral prejudice.
(A) (B)
① After all …… Consequently
② As a result …… In contrast
③ In other words …… For example
④ On the contrary …… Nevertheless
⑤ On the other hand …… Likewise
5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
A ‘small world’ encounter occurred in 1936 to Peter Elstob, novelist, historian and vice-president of PEN. Twenty years old at the time, he was window-gazing outside Lillywhite’s Piccadilly sports shop when a middle-aged American who had been standing beside him asked ①him for some advice. Would it be all right to send a tennis racket to the daughter of the family ②he had been staying with or would they consider it over the top? Elstob reassured him. The American then went on to say he had been unable to find the address of a young man to whom friends in the United States had asked ③him to deliver a letter. The man was not in the telephone directory, and nobody he had asked had been able to help ④him. “He showed me the letter; it was addressed to me. I can still remember the shock, the shiver, the wild suspicion that ⑤he must have known who I was. But that was impossible.” It was not a significant coincidence, Elstob comments. All the writer wanted was his address, and he never met the American again. “I have no explanation other than one in a million chances do come up one in a million times.”
6. 다음 글에서 (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문 맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
My wife and I once took a hike in Canada. We were trying to escape from a lakeshore where giant mosquitoes were eating us alive and had decided to walk to the nearest town. We walked and walked on a never-ending dirt road under a bright sun. A large station wagon with a Canadian family inside slowed down next to us and the driver leaned out, asking,
“Do you need a ride?” When he told us how far the town still was, we were more than happy to accept. I still feel grateful.
This is so-called low-cost altruism, when one isn’t going too far out of their way for someone else but still offers
(A)
inconsiderate /
substantial help. We
do it all the time. If someone at the airport drops his boarding pass and I alert him to it, it costs me very little, but (B) renders / saves my fellow passenger much grief. We also customarily hold the door that we just went through for someone who comes after us, hold back an unknown child who’s about to run onto the street at the wrong moment, or help an older person lift a heavy piece of luggage. Humans are great at this sort of (C)
assistance /
communication .
(A) (B) (C)
① inconsiderate … renders … communication
② inconsiderate … saves … communication
③ substantial … renders … assistance
④ substantial … saves … assistance
⑤ substantial … renders … communication
7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
To quote the sociologist Emile Durkheim,
“It is important to establish the general principle that the domain of the genuinely moral life only begins where the collective life begins─or, in other words, ①that we are moral beings to the extent that we are social beings.”
That morality depends on society should be clear. Imagine you are alone on a desert island. ②Whether any action you take is “moral” or “immoral” is largely irrelevant. In this case, you make the rules, and while you may draw on your experience prior to ③ be stranded on the island, the fact is that conditions dictate what you considered right or wrong. On a desert island, moral is what you say it should be because there is no one else to judge otherwise. As soon as someone else enters the picture, the situation changes. ④ Assuming the other is a peer─that is, someone who can reasonably contribute to the survival effort─the two survivors will find that cooperating will lead to a greater benefit for both than trying to go it alone. But cooperating means establishing rules, and the presence of agreed-upon rules is a prerequisite for establishing what constitutes acceptable or ethical behavior. In addition, what these two desert islanders consider ethical behavior may be different ⑤ than what was considered ethical behavior in polite society, in particular when survival is at stake.
8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Two major personality traits that define the creative individual are openness to experience and being adventurous. Creative people tend to approach the world in a fresh and original way that is not shaped by preconceptions. The obvious order and rules that are so evident to less creative people, and which give a comfortable structure to life, often are not perceived by the creative individual, who tends to see things in a different and novel manner. This openness to new experiences often permits creative people to observe things that others cannot, because they do not wear the blinders of conventionality when they look around them. Openness is accompanied by a tolerance for ambiguity. Creative people do not crave the absolutism of a black and white world; they are quite comfortable with shades of gray. In fact, they enjoy living in a world that . Creative people dislike externally imposed rules, seemingly driven by their own set of rules. This lack of commonality with the rest of the world may produce feelings of alienation or loneliness.
① is always full of accumulated biases and preconceptions
② is filled with unanswered questions and blurry boundaries
③ has been consolidated and unified by pioneers over times
④ is definitely divided into the opposites of good and bad
⑤ has been praised for its aesthetic and beneficial attributes
9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Science emerged as a way of knowing in a time when all manner of superstition held sway. Science is an attempt to see past superstition and discern reality in a more objective way. But this doesn’t mean that when one becomes a scientist one loses the entire emotional content of their minds. Controlling for emotional bias is simply a process skill that scientists learn, in order to lessen the influence, as much as possible, of their personal feelings upon their studies. The idea of men in white coats probing the natural world in a lab somewhere, using only the tools of pure reason, is fallacy.
The best scientists out there aren’t emotionless beings; they’re exactly the opposite of that. The best scientists are as full of passion for their subject as any artist you’re likely to meet. They’re not satisfied with cold facts; they want to see the universe in all its diversity and beauty. These people, though they use a particular way of knowing called science, don’t have intellects that have been riven from their attendant hearts and souls.
*riven : 떼놓은
① 과학자는 냉철한 판단력을 가지고 있다.
② 과학자는 순수한 이성을 주로 사용한다.
③ 과학자는 객관적으로 현실을 분별한다.
④ 과학자는 전문적인 지식을 가지고 있다.
⑤ 과학자는 지성과 감성을 모두 가지고 있다.
10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
In a sense, every individual is a historian of his or her own personal existence. Because of their emotional power, memories of childhood become crucial elements in determining the kind of adults we grow up to be, and how our minds will function. Psychoanalysis is to a large extent an attempt to bring order to people’s distorted childhood histories. This task of making sense of the past again becomes important in old age. The last stage of the human life cycle involves the task of achieving
“integrity,” or bringing together what one has accomplished and what one has failed to accomplish in the course of one’s life into a meaningful story that can be claimed as one’s own. “History,”
wrote Thomas Carlyle, “is the essence of innumerable biographies.”
Remembering the past is not only instrumental in the creation and preservation of a personal identity, but it can also be a very enjoyable process.
People keep diaries, save snapshots, make slides and home movies, and collect souvenirs and mementos to store in their houses to build what is in effect a museum of the life of the family, even though a chance visitor might be unaware of most of the historical references.
① The process of reorganizing memories into biographies
② The importance of psychoanalysis in reviewing the past
③ Making sense of the past to induce memories
④ The significance of past memories in constructing the self
⑤ The role of souvenirs in keeping memories alive
11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적 절한 것은?
Creating emotion often helps to persuade readers who would not be moved by logical arguments alone. An emotional appeal can be used at the beginning of an essay to make a reader sympathetic to the logical arguments that you will present. Emotion can also be used to create a climax at the end of an essay, after you have already built a logical argument. An effective essay may also be entirely built around emotion. Of course, before making an emotional appeal, you must decide which emotion will most effectively persuade your audience.
Writers who use emotion to persuade are often accused of trying to manipulate their audiences. It is true that, since they do not depend on logic, emotional appeals can be used to mislead people.
For this reason, it is good to be careful of emotional appeals when you are reading. However, emotional arguments are among the most powerful tools that a persuasive writer has. For this reason, learning to evoke emotion from an audience is an important skill to learn.
① 작가가 되려면 감정에 호소하는 법을 배워야 한다.
② 설득력 있는 에세이를 쓸 때 논리에 호소해야 한다.
③ 에세이를 쓸 때 논리보다 감정에 호소해야 한다.
④ 에세이를 쓸 때 지나친 감정적 호소는 지양해야 한다.
⑤ 설득력 있는 에세이를 위해 적절한 감정적 호소가 필요하다.
12. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
The ecosystem concept fits into an ordered view of nature that was developed by scientists to simplify the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical environment, a field known as ecology.
An ecosystem consists of organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical parts of the environment that affect them. ( ① ) The term ecosystem was coined in 1935 by the British ecologist Sir Arthur George Tansley, who described natural systems in
“constant interchange” among their living and non-living parts. ( ② ) At the top of the hierarchy is the planet’s entire living environment, known as the biosphere. ( ③ ) Within this biosphere are several large categories of living communities known as biomes that are usually characterized by their dominant vegetation, such as grasslands, tropical forests, or deserts. ( ④ ) The biomes are in turn made up of ecosystems. ( ⑤ ) The living, or biotic, parts of an ecosystem, such as the plants, animals, and bacteria found in soil, are known as a community. The physical surroundings, or abiotic components, such as the minerals found in the soil, are known as the environment or habitat.
*biosphere : 생물권 **biome : 생물군계
13. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
The dragon is a legendary reptilian monster similar in form to a crocodile and usually represented as having wings, huge claws, and a fiery breath. In some folklore of antiquity, the dragon symbolizes destruction and evil. ① This conception is found, for example, in Enuma Elish, a Mesopotamian creation epic written about 2000 BC. ②One of the central figures of the legend is the goddess Tiamat, a dragonlike personification of the oceans, who headed hordes of chaos and whose destruction was prerequisite to an orderly universe.
③ In certain mythologies, the dragon is more generally credited with having beneficial powers. ④ In the sacred writings of the ancient Hebrews, the dragon frequently represents death and evil. ⑤Christianity inherited the Hebraic conception of the dragon, which figures in all the important apocalyptic literature of the Bible, notably in Revelations, and appears in later Christian traditions. In Christian art, the dragon is a symbol of sin. It is often represented as crushed under the feet of saints and martyrs, symbolizing the triumph of Christianity over paganism.
14. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Here is a bit of comfort for anyone not planning to canoe up the Amazon or trek across Siberia─contrary to what anyone will tell you, travel does not broaden the mind.
(A) Paul Theroux, a best-selling travel writer, is one of the people caught up in the myth: “The nearest thing to writing a novel is travelling in a strange country.” Travel, he declares, is a creative act. It isn’t. It may be fun. It may be interesting, but travellers get no insight into eternal truths.
(B) Since then, travellers have thought of themselves as faintly noble and they look down on mere tourists who stay in comfortable hotels and ride in air-conditioned buses. To travellers it is a mark of pride to suffer as much as possible. They get a perverse joy from spending all day squatting over a sordid place.
(C) It was the Victorians who were really obsessed with travel. They lived at a time when travel really did harden the body and improve the spirit. It took a rare breed of man to trudge through some malaria-infested swamp in a helmet, after the native bearers had drunk all the whisky, stolen the bully beef, and run off with the compass.
① (B) - (A) - (C)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (A) - (B) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)
15. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다.
빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Human beings have a deep capacity for isolationism, for splitting into groups that diverge from each other.
In New Guinea, for instance, there are more than 800 languages, some spoken in areas just a few miles across yet as not understandable to those on either side as French and English. There are still 7,000 languages spoken and the people who speak each one are remarkably resistant to borrowing words, traditions, rituals or tastes from their neighbors.
“Whereas vertical transmission of cultural traits goes largely unnoticed, horizontal transmissions are far more likely to be regarded with suspicion or even fierce anger,” say the evolutionary biologists Mark Pagel and Ruth Mace. They add,
“Cultures, it seems, like to shoot messengers.” People do their best to cut themselves off from the free flow of ideas, technologies and habits, limiting the impact of cultural exchanges.
⬇
A wide (A) of languages on earth reflects human beings’ (B) tendency toward cultural exchange or transmission.
(A) (B)
① variety …… disapproving
② spread …… disconcerted
③ practice …… hospitable
④ exercise …… resistant
⑤ application …… hierarchical
[16~17] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
If finding the whole truth about what happened in the past is nearly impossible and if interpretations of the past are constantly being changed or revised, then how can we make any definitive statements about what really happened in the past? In other words, is historical knowledge possible? For several decades, postmodernists have harshly criticized the narratives that historians tell about the past. A narrative, they argue, is ultimately shaped by a narrator who brings his or her biases to the story, exercises power over the story, and chooses which voices to include in the story and which voices to exclude. Take, for example, a college history textbook.
Many undergraduates assume that the textbook they have been assigned for their United States or World Civilization survey course simply provides them with a narrative of “what happened” in the past, without realizing that the authors of that textbook have made interpretive choices─either consciously or subconsciously─in how they have chosen the story. The authors have made choices about how much space to devote to certain historical actors, how the various pieces of the past are organized and presented, and where to begin and end the story. As a result, many postmodernists argue that no single narrative is capable of actually capturing the past because it will always be the product of the biases and interpretive choices (often based on those biases) that the narrator brings to the story. Narratives will and do not offer us any reliable guide to what happened in the past.
16. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Historical Narratives: A Way to Organize Facts
② History as a Pathway to the Present and Future
③ The Dispute over the Postmodernist View of History
④ The Importance of History Education for Youth
⑤ The Danger in Arbitrary Interpretation of History
17. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① be continuously augmented
② be useful for interpretation
③ inevitably become elusive
④ thus be forever contested
⑤ be finally fixed into facts
[18~20] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
People have insights all the time.
Usually, they’re so trivial we don’t pay much attention to them unless we’re collecting them as a hobby. For example, my friend Benjamin was once scheduled to drop off his car for service on a Monday. But that afternoon his mechanic, Don Friessen, telephoned that (a)he was backed up and wouldn’t be able to work on it until Wednesday. Unfortunately, it was the Wednesday before Thanksgiving and Benjamin and his wife Helen were driving her car out of town that morning.
(B)
Benjamin’s little insight came after a period of incubation. During dinner it just popped into his head without any new information. His routine with Don until that day was to bring his car to him. Helen would pick him up after he dropped off the car. Then when it was ready, Don would bring it to (b) him and he’d run Don back to his shop. He had never thought about the transaction any other way. He had never considered the advantage of turning a car drop-off into a key drop-off. There was no great creativity involved in coming up with this solution. It’s simply an illustration that everyday insights are much more common than we might think.
(C)
Then a few hours later, while Benjamin and Helen were at a restaurant, he realized there was a better solution. He could just drop off a spare key with Don. When Don was ready to work on his car, he’d drive his truck to Benjamin’s house, swap the truck for his car, and then reverse the process when (c)he finished. That way Benjamin would have a truck or car in the driveway at all times and Don wouldn’t have to make any special arrangements.
(D)
Benjamin didn’t want to leave his car at Don’s repair shop all weekend because then his house might look deserted with no cars in the driveway, possibly attracting the wrong kind of attention. Benjamin told Don that when he finished working on his car, Benjamin would like (d)him to bring it back to his home, a five-minute drive from his shop. Benjamin had been going to Don for several decades, so he readily agreed even though it would mean more work for him─
arranging for someone to drive down separately and pick (e) him up once he dropped off Benjamin’s car.
18. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) - (C) - (D)
② (B) - (D) - (C)
③ (D) - (C) - (B)
④ (D) - (B) - (C)
⑤ (C) - (D) - (B)
19. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나 머지 넷과 다른 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
20. 윗글의 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Benjamin은 늘 같은 곳에서 차 수리를 했다.
② Benjamin은 예정된 날에 차를 수리할 수 없었다.
③ Benjamin은 주말에 집 앞 진입로에 차가 없는 걸 원치 않았다.
④ Benjamin은 차 대신 차 열쇠를 맡기기로 하였다.
⑤ Benjamin은 심사숙고 끝에 새로운 방법을 찾아냈다.
