단지계획 2 강 The art of site planning
2015. 9. 4
Presentation Order
1. Concept of Site Planning
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
1) Defining Problems 2) Site and User Analysis 3) Program
4) Design
5) Contract Document
6) Construction and Occupation
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
• The art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between
• An art linked to architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning …
• … locate objects and activities in space and time.
• … more than practical art … Its aim is moral and esthetic : to make places which enhance everyday life
• Any human site is somehow planned, whether piecemeal or at one sweep, whether by convention or by conscious choice
• … has a new importance, but … an old art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
Structures on the land and Spaces between
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
Objects and Activities in Space and Time
1. Concept of Site Planning
Katsura Palace, Kyoto
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
Katsura Palace, Kyoto A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Katsura Palace, Kyoto
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
Katsura Palace, Kyoto A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
What is Site Planning?
Katsura Palace, Kyoto A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Italian squares – Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Italian hilltowns
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Taliesin East
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Taliesin East
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
1. Concept of Site Planning
Potala Palace at Lhasa
What is Site Planning?
A New Importance, But … an Old Art.
Most site planning today is shallow, careless and ugly. Why?
1. Concept of Site Planning
1. Concept of Site Planning
Most site planning today is shallow, careless and
ugly. Why?
1. Concept of Site Planning
• Lack of skill
• Place making is divided from place using.
• Purposes change, conflict, and are not well understood
• Neglect of Site Planning
Site planning may be a hurried layout … details are left to chance
Cursory subdivision, to which buildings will be added later
A last-minute effort to fit a previously designed building onto some available piece of land
↔ Site organization persists for generations!
Most site planning today is shallow, careless and
ugly. Why?
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
1. Defining the problem
2. The analysis of site and user 3. Programming
4. Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate 5. Developed design and detailed costing
6. Contract documents
7. Bidding and Contracting 8. Construction
9. Occupation and Management
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 1 – Defining Problems
• For whom?
• For what purpose?
• Who?
• What resources?
• What type of solution?
• Where?
• When?
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 1 – Defining Problems
• The purpose of the development (or the definition of the problems) depends on
The situation and the values of Influential clients; Clients absent, uninformed, or voiceless; Designers
Conflicts among various users exist
(e.g. future users vs. those who pay for the professional services)
• The designer has responsibility to
clarify the given objectives, raise hidden ones for debate,
reveal new possibilities and unexpected costs, and even speak for absent or voiceless clients
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 1 – Defining Problems
• Circular Relationship between
Clients & Purposes, and
Solutions & Resources
• Problem Statement in Embryo contains the Final Design
• The Designer’s Role in Two Cases
Clients Purposes
Solutions Resources
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 2 – Site and User Analysis
• Site Analysis: Looking for patterns and essences to guide the plan
1. Understanding Locality – “Sprit of place”
2. Personal reconnaissance 3. Systematic data collection 4. Site analysis
5. Graphic summary
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 2 – Site and User Analysis
• User Analysis – How will future users act in the new configuration?
If possible, observe and talk directly with the future users
Even better, these people may themselves participate in the design
Study of analogous places
Simulation with surrogate users or simulated environment
Behavioral Studies – How people use their physical environment
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 3 – Program
• Traditional View of Program
A perfunctory affair
No more than a list of the number and size of required spaces and structure (e.g. 12 one-bedroom apartments, a common laundry room, a tot lot, parking for 20 cars and a management office of 200 sqft)
No mention about the quality of those spaces, the behavior expected in them, and how the spaces will match the
purposes of their users
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 3 – Program
• Properly Prepared Program
Will play a central and decisive role in the design
Connects the designer to objectives and to behavioral information
Begins with the actions expected to occur, by whom, and with what purpose
Gives the required character and equipment for each setting and specifies how form should connect with action and purpose
Does not fix concrete shape or exact size
May also specify the intensity and timing of use
Express environment, management, and behavior as one connected whole …
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 4 – Design (Schematic Plan)
• Design is the imaginative creation of possible form …
develops clouds of possibilities, both fragments and whole systems, in place vague, in others precise … between
childish suggestibility and stern criticism
• A dialogue between the designer and the growing, shifting forms that she is developing
• Not a determinate, logical process but an irrational search over a ground prepared by a knowledge of principles, of prototypes and the characteristics of site and users
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2. Normal Process of Site Planning
• In our case, design consists of imagining patterns of activity, circulation, and physical form … in some particular place
• Expressed in freely drawn plans, sections, and activity diagrams … sketch views and rough models
• The program is redefined and the site and its users are reanalyzed.
• At the end of this phase, the designer has developed one or more complete schematic plans, showing building form and location, outdoor activities, surface circulation, and ground form, and general landscaping.
• Rough cost estimates are made for each plan
Step 4 – Design (Schematic Plan)
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 4 – Design (Detailed Plan)
• After client’s choice of one schematic plan
• Accurate site plan, showing the location of all buildings, roads, and paved surfaces, the planted areas by type ..
Ground contours, the location and capacity of utilities …
• Plan will allow more exact cost estimates and final client approval
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 5 – Contract Documents
• A precise layout of roads and structures sufficient for their location by survey on the site
• A complete grading plan and earthwork computation with spot elevations for all major features
• A utility layout and road and utility profiles
• A planting plan
• Plans and sections of site details and site furniture
• The conditions of work and bid procedure
• “add-ons”
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Step 6 – Supervision (of Construction) & Occupation
• Supervision of construction
To ensure compliance
To make detailed adjustments as unexpected problems and opportunities arise
• From the feedback after users’ occupation, the designers learns something for his next endeavor.
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Real Site Planning Process
• Not linear but looping and cyclical Ch. 12
… a process of learning in which a coherent system of form, client, program, and site gradually emerges
The new site form (by designers) is one episode in a continuous interplay of space and people
2. Normal Process of Site Planning
Real Site Planning Process
• The new site form is one episode in a continuous interplay of space and people?!
• Physical settings determine the quality of our lives?
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
ARCO Research and Engineering Center, Newton Square, Pennsylvania
• A team effort by planners, architects, landscape architects, engineers, and many others
• Client’s Request : two large laboratories (one for polymer research, the other for chemical research)
• Site size and location: 125 hectare / in a suburb of a large metropolitan area
• Major Principles
1. Buildings, roads, and parking should fit into the site with as little disruption as possible, capitalizing on the beauty of the existing site 2. Provision for future expansion
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
• Contents
Existing buildings, facilities, roads, and parking
Plants, slopes
Scale and the points of compass
• Investigation
Aerial photographs
Initial field survey
Base map with existing
features
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Four main planning issues
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Initial Site Scheme
• Prepared for discussion and criticism
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Careful field Survey
• Correct location of all site elements
• Spot elevation and contours
• Alignment of underground utilities
• Species and caliper of principle vegetation
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Careful Analysis of the Existing
Landscape
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Access Demand & Possibilities
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Site Sketch
• To evoke images of how structures and roads might be fitted to the landscape
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
More Detailed Programming
• Create a single linked set of structures
• Zoned by type of activity
• An existing hedgerow as a logical break between office and industrial buildings
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
More Detailed Programming
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Detailed Site Plan
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Detailed Grading Plan
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Planting Plan
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
Construction Drawings with Plans and Sections
3. Example of the Site Planning Process
