Analysis of Nutrients Balance during Paddy Rice Cultivation

서 론

쌀은 인류의 반 이상의 주식이고

^,

^(Counce et al., 2000).

^,

^,

^.

^75%

⁷⁹

^ha

^{( )}

^,

(Cabangon et al., 2002),

(Oryza sativa)

^1.1

ha

^.

⁵⁰⁰

800 mm (De Datta et al., 1973)

^3,000

mm (Hukkeri and Sharma, 1980)

^,

^{1,250 mm}

^(Chae, 1998).

국가적인 환경문제는

¹⁹⁸⁰

^,

^,

^{. 2000}

^70%

^,

^,

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─

─ 66 ─ ─

수도재배시 논에서의 영양물질 수지 분석

윤춘경*∙황하선∙전지홍∙함종화 (건국대학교 지역건설환경공학과)

Analysis of Nutrients Balance during Paddy Rice Cultivation. Yoon , Chun-Gyeong *, Hasun Hwang, Jihong Jeon, Jong-Hwa Ham (Department of Rural Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143 - 701, Korea )

Field experimental study was performed to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy rice culture. The water balance showed that outflow generally balanced the inflow showing that about half (47~54%) of total outflow was lost by surface drainage. No significant effect of fertilization rate was observed from three treat- ments (150%, 100%, and 70% of standard fertilization) on both rice yield and nutrient outf low from surface drainage. Therefore, reducing nonpoint source nutrient load- ing by reducing fertilization may not work well in the range of normal paddy rice farming practice, and instead it could be achieved by reducing surface drainage outf low. Water-saving irrigation by reducing ponding depth, raising ridge height in rice field, and minimizing forced surface drainage are suggested to reduce surface drainage outf low. These practices can save water and protect water quality, how- ever, deviation from conventional standard practices might affect the rice yield and further investigations are necessary. It was demonstrated that rainfall affects nutri- ent net outf low and paddy rice culture might be beneficial to water quality protec- tion under normal rainfall conditon.

Key words : paddy field, rice culture, nutrient loading, surface drainage, fertiliza- tion

* Corresponding author: Tel: 02-450-3747, Fax: 446-2543, E-mail: [email protected]

최근에 비점원 오염의 적절한 조절 없이는 수질 개선 은 성취하기 어렵다는 것을 인식하였다

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^65%

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^20%

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벼는 다른 작물과 마찬가지로

¹⁶

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(Lee, 2001).

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(Eom, 2001).

물은 자연생태를 지속시키고

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상으로

²⁰⁰¹

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재료 및 방법

1.

연구지역은 경기도 여주군

⁽³⁷

14′, 127

33′)

²⁰⁰¹

^{(Fig. 1).}

^{70 m}

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^,

¹⁰

1,265 mm

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2.

영농방법은 중부지방 관행 재배법을 따랐으며

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^{Table 1}

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³

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Fig. 1. Layout of the study area and location of sampling stations.

Table 1. Fertilization rates for the treatments.

Treatments N (kg ha^-1) P2O5(kg ha^-1) K2O (kg ha^-1)

EF 165.0 67.5 85.5

SF 110.0 45.0 57.0

RF 77.0 31.5 39.9

Note : EF: Excessive Fertilization SF: Standard Fertilization RF: Reduced Fertilization

술원에서 권고한 시비량을 적용한 표준시비구

^{(SF), 150}

%

^(EF),

^70%

^(RF)

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^{100 m}

30 m

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^{Table 2}

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³

(Table 3).

^{, 5}

²⁹

^{30 cm}

^{15 cm}

¹

⁴

2001

¹⁰

⁷

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3.

각 처리구의 담수심은 각 처리구의 수위변화가 가장 작은 곳에 자기수위계를 설치하여 연속 측정하였으며

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⁴

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^{60 cm}

³

ceramic porous cups

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(tipping bucket rain gauge)

였으며

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Penman-Monteith equation (Hillel, 1998)

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수질 분석은

Standard Methods (APHA, 1995)

(T-N)

(T-P)

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³

^{20 cm}

^Methods of Soil Analysis (ASA and SSSA, 1982)

,

.

3

Allen et al. (1986)

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^SAS

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^0.05

(LSD)

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4.

논에서의 물수지는 담수심의 변화로부터 평가되며 식 은 다음과 같이 표현된다

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W

= W

-1±IR

±IR

±PR

-(DR

±ET

±INF

) (1)

^{, W}

=

^{(mm), W}

=

^(mm), IR

=

^{(mm), IR}

=

(mm), PR

=

(mm), DRj =

(mm), ET

=

^{(mm), INF}

⁼

(mm)

첨자

^j

^j

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논으로의 영양물질 유입은 대기에서의 강하와 관개수 와 같은 자연공급과 무기

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,

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I

±I

±I

±I

= O

±O

±O

(2)

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I

=

^{, I}

=

^{, O}

=

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=

^{, O}

=

논농사로 인한 수질의 효과를 고찰하기 위하여 논으 로부터의 순배출부하량

^(O

)

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O

= O

±O

(I

±I

±I

) (3)

Properties EF SF RF

Sand (%) 42.2 35.1 34.0

Silt (%) 35.8 40.8 45.1

Clay (%) 22.0 24.1 20.9

Textural class Clay loam Clay loam Clay loam Particle density (Mg m^-3) 2.68 2.66 2.67 PH (soil : water = 1 : 5) 5.20 5.09 5.14

CEC (cmolckg^-1) 7.05 7.30 7.65

EC (µs/cm) 2,193 2,833 2,167

Organic carbon (%) 1.62 1.60 1.72

Total N (mg kg^-1) 1,078 1,197 1,463 Total P (mg kg^-1) 284.28 346.01 413.49 P2O5(mg kg^-1) 15.68 24.31 16.91 Note : EF: Excessive Fertilization

SF: Standard Fertilization RF: Reduced Fertilization

Table 3. Agricultural activities during the study period.

Date Agricultural activity Remarks May 25 Ploughing and Phosphorus (100%),

basal fertilization Nitrogen (50%) May 29 Rice transplanting 15×30 cm, four plants/hill June 9 Tillering fertilization Nitrogen (30%) July 17 Panicle fertilization Nitrogen (20%)

October 7 Harvest -

여기서

^{, O}

⁽

⁾

, (±)

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결 과

1.

각 처리구에 지하수관개가 처음으로 이루어진 이후 경운을 실시하였으며

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³

^{. Fig. 2}

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부터의 유입수로 유지되었으며

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⁹

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지표유출의 경향은 모든 처리구가 일반적으로 비슷하 였는데

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^{(Fig. 3).}

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처리구별 물수지 분석결과는

^{Table 4}

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^1,070

^{1,232 mm}

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⁴¹

^48%

,

.

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Fig. 3. Surface drainage from treatment plots and rain- fall record.

Table 4. Water balance summary in the treatment plots during the study period.

Plots Inflow (mm) Outflow (mm)

IR1 IR2 PR Total DR INF ET Total

EF 261.87 296.64 511.30 1,069.81 507.24 72.88 488.53 1,068.65

(24) (28) (48) (100) (47) (7) (46) (100)

SF 312.46 357.84 511.30 1,181.60 593.21 77.01 488.53 1,159.45

(27) (30) (43) (100) (51) (7) (42) (100)

RF 380.24 340.14 511.30 1,231.68 648.44 77.52 488.53 1,214.49

(31) (28) (41) (100) (54) (6) (40) (100)

을 위한 필요수량 보다 적었으며 이러한 결과는 부분적 으로 쌀 생산을 위한 관개의 시기가 총 필요수량 만큼 중요하다는 것을 설명한다

^.

세 처리구 모두의 증발산량은 영농기간 초기에는 낮 았으나

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⁸

6.63 mm/days

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^1.23

~

1.41 mm/days

, 8

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2.

유입과 유출에서 전체적인 영양물질 수지 분석 결과 는

^{Table 5}

. SF (Standard Fertilization)

, EF (Excessive Fertilization)

^{, RF (Re-} duced Fertilization)

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^EF

15.4 ton/ha

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SF (13.5 ton/ha) , RF (12.2 ton/ha)

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^{EF, SF, RF}

5.5 ton/ha, 5.2 ton/ha, 5.1 ton/ha

^{(Fig. 4).}

유입부하량과 유출부하량의 차이

(outflow-inflow)

Table 5

, (±)

, (-)

. T-P

T-N

^{Fig. 5}

^{Fig. 6}

. T-P

입의 대부분은 이앙시기의 시비에 의해 공급되었으며

^,

^. T-N

³

, T-P

^.

^.

영양물질의 대부분의 유출은

^{Fig. 6}

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T-N, T-P

^10%

^7%

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,

, T-P

^.

Table 5. Nutrient balance summary in the treatment plots during the study period.

Items Inflow (kg ha^-1) Outflow (kg ha^-1)

Difference

IFER. IIR1 IIR2 IPR Total ODR OINF OHRV Total

EF 29.46 0.23 0.96 0.01 30.65 1.12 0.00 18.49 19.61 -11.03

(96) (1) (3) (0) (100) (6) (0) (94) (100)

T-P SF 19.64 0.27 0.98 0.01 20.89 1.21 0.00 16.34 17.56 -3.34

(94) (1) (5) (0) (100) (7) (0) (93) (100)

RF 13.75 0.33 0.89 0.01 14.97 1.20 0.00 15.61 16.81 1.83

(92) (2) (6) (0) (100) (7) (0) (93) (100)

EF 165.00 2.72 6.89 7.97 182.58 12.64 1.81 126.27 140.71 -41.87

(90) (1) (4) (5) (100) (9) (1) (90) (100)

T-N SF 110.00 3.25 8.09 7.97 129.58 12.73 1.73 115.95 130.40 1.16

(85) (3) (6) (6) (100) (10) (1) (89) (100)

RF 77.00 3.95 9.50 7.97 98.42 14.70 1.97 105.63 122.29 23.80

(78) (4) (10) (8) (100) (12) (2) (86) (100)

( ) : Percentage

Fig. 4. Total (straw, yield, and root) dry weight of rice plants in paddy plots.

3.

일본

(Udo et al., 2000)

(Yoon et al., 2001)

^Fig.

7

^.

^(*)

^{, 600 mm}

^.

, T-N

T-P

^,

, T-N

. Hikone City data

^{800 mm}

T-N

^{800 mm}

^.

^{1,200 mm}

^,

800 mm (May

October)

,

. T-P

^,

(±)

^,

^.

⁸⁰⁰ mm

^,

^.

고 찰

논농사는 많은 양의 관개용수와 영양물질을 필요로 하는데

^,

^.

^,

^,

^.

정량화하였다

^.

Table 4

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^,

^.

. Bouman and Tuong (2001)

⁵

^{10 cm}

23%

6%

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^.

^,

^.

^,

^,

^.

논에서 물꼬 높이를 높이는 것은 강우의 저류능을 증

가시켜 지표배수를 통한 강우의 유출을 감소시킬 수 있 다

^.

^{4 cm}

^{6 cm}

^{30 cm}

³

56.75%, 99.5%

의 강우 저류 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다

^{(Mishra et}

al., 1998).

^{10 cm}

였는데

^,

^.

.

^,

^.

지표배수의 감소가 수계로의 비점원 영양물질 부하를 저감 시킬 수 있기 때문에 중요한 의미를 가진다

^.

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^{. Table 5}

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^,

^.

이상의 결과로 보면

^,

^,

^,

¹⁾

^{, 2)}

^{, 3)}

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^.

일반적인 개념과 대조적으로 논에서의 수도작은

^Fig.

7

^.

^,

^.

^.

적 요

본 연구에서는 총 유입

^{(1,100 mm)}

paddy field and rainfall.

로부터 유입되었고

^,

^.

⁽⁴⁷

^54%)

^,

⁴⁰

^46%

^.

^.

인과 질소의 영양물질 수지는 유입수의 대부분은 시 비로부터 공급되고

⁽⁷⁸

^96%),

(86

94%)

,

⁽⁶

^12%)

^.

^.

^.

지표배수를 통한 영양물질 손실의 감소는 지표배수를 줄임으로서 효과를 기대할 수 있다

^.

^,

^,

^.

^,

^.

사 사

본 연구

⁽²⁰⁰¹

⁾

⁽

⁾

^.

인 용 문 헌

Allen, S.E., H.M. Grimshaw and A.P. Rowland. 1986.

Chemical analysis, pp. 285-344. In: Methods in Plant Ecology. P.D. Moore and S.B. Chapman (eds.), Black- well Science Publishers, Oxford.

APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19^thEd. pp.4: 99-153. Ameri- can Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

ASA and SSSA. 1982. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2:

Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2^ndEd. pp.

403-430 and 581-624. American Society of Agronomy, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Bouman, B.A.M. and T.P. Toung. 2001. Field water mana- gement to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agricultural Water Manage- ment 49: 11-30.

Cabangon, R.J., T.P. Tuong and N.B. Abdullah. 2002. Com- paring water input and water productivity of trans- planted and direct-seed rice production systems. Agri- cultural Water Management 57: 11-31.

Chae, J.C. 1998. Effect of tillage and seeding methods on percolation and irrigation requirement in rice paddy condition. Korean J. of Crop Science. 43: 264-268.

Counce, P.A., T.C. Keisling and A.J. Mitchell. 2000. A uniform objective and adaptive system for expressing rice development. Crop Science 40: 436-443.

De Datta, S.K., W.P. Abilay and G.N. Kalwar. 1973. Water stress effects in flooded tropical rice, pp. 19-36. In: Wa- ter Management in Philippine Irrigation Systems: Re- search and Operations. International Rice Research In- stitute, Los Banos, Philippines.

Eom, K.C. 2001. Environmentally beneficial function of rice culture and paddy soil, pp. 28-35. In: Rice Culture in Asia. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, and Korean National Committee on Irriga- tion and Drainage, Korea.

Hillel, D. 1998. Environmental Soil Physics, pp. 602-607.

Academic Press, New York.

Hukkeri, S.B. and A.K. Sharma. 1980. Water-use effi- ciency of transplanted and direct-sown rice under dif- ferent water management practices, Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 50: 240-243.

Lee, B.W. 2001. Rice cultural practices in Asia, pp. 36-54.

In: Rice Culture in Asia. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, and Korean National Com- mittee on Irrigation and Drainage, Korea.

Mishra, A., A.K. Ghorai and S.R. Singh. 1998. Rainwater, soil and nutrient conservation in rainfed rice lands in Eastern India, Agricultural Water Management 38: 45- 57.

Udo, A., F. Jiku, T. Okubo and M. Nakamura. 2000. Mass balances of water and nutrients in a paddy field. Jour- nal of Japanese Society of Water Environment 23(5):

298-304 (in Japanese).

Yoon, K.S., K.H. Han, J.Y. Cho, C.H. Choi, J.G. Son and J.K. Choi. 2002. Water and Nutrient Balance of Paddy Field Irrigated from a Pumping Station during Crop- ping Period. Journal of Korean Society of Rural Plan- ning, 8(1): 15-25 (in Korean).

(Received 14 Nov. 2002, Manuscript accepted 20 Jan. 2003)