Accuracy Analysis of Absolute Positioning by GNSS

Received May 8, 2013/ revised June 26, 2013/ accepted August 13, 2013

Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers

ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ†šǤ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͳʹ͸ͷʹȀ•…‡ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵Ǥ͸Ǥʹ͸Ͳͳ ™™™Ǥ•…‡Œ‘—”ƒŽǤ‘”Ǥ”

GNSS⮎#ⴖ㬚#ⷆᢾ㏟Ⳃⴖ#ⷓ㰓ᦂ#㬲⛛

ଲ૳ఢ

Lee, Yong Chang*

Accuracy Analysis of Absolute Positioning by GNSS

ABSTRACT

The main limiting factors of Precise Point Positioning(PPP) accuracy are errors in broadcast satellite orbits, clock errors, and the others, which are receiver-dependent errors(ionospheric, tropospheric refraction, multipath, and tides, etc.). Therefore, to facilitate high precision PPP, precise orbits/clocks corrections, the receiver-dependent errors corrections have to apply to multi frequency GNSS measurements for an ionosphere free combination and integer ambiguity resolution in real-time. Currently, there are many Analysis Centers, which offer the precise corrections stream computed in real-time using the global or regional GNSS tracking network. The goles of this research considered performances of the real-time static PPP with using RTCM corrections from NTRIP casters. For this, the corrections streams of Analysis Centers received via NTRIP does apply to GNSS data of check points individually, as well as jointly, in accordance with various session lengths. After that, have compared the PPP results from the corrections streams with each other, and with Standard Point Positioning(SPP) results.

Key words : PPP, Integer ambiguity, The precise corrections streams, RTCM, NTRIP

Ⅹ
ಾ

ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥(PPP)᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥᨱ
ᩢ⨆ᮥ
ᵝ۵
ᵝ᫵ᄡᙹ۵
᭥ᖒȅࠥಆ᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥ, ᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ᪅₉, š⊂ᯱ
⪹Ğᨱ
᳦ᗮࡽ
᪅₉(ᱥญ⊖
ၰ
ݡʑ⊖
ḡ ᩑ, multipath, tides ॒) ၰ
ᯕॅŝ
šಉ⦽
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾ
ྙᱽ
॒ᯕ݅. ঑௝ᕽ
ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
⨆ᔢ᜽┅ʑ
᭥⧕ᕽ۵
ᩍ్
ᵝ❭ᙹ᮹

GNSS š⊂
ᯱഭᨱ
ᱶၡ⦽
᭥ᖒȅࠥ
ၰ
᜽ĥ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᪡
š⊂ᯱᨱ
᳦ᗮࡽ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
ᱥญ⊖ḡᩑ
ၰ
༉⪙ᱶᙹෝ
ᝅ᜽e
⧕ᕾ⧕᧝
⦽

݅. ⩥ᰍ, ḡᩎ
ၰ
Ųᩎ
ᝅ᜽e
GNSS š⊂฾ᮝಽ
ᇡ░
ᱶၡ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱽŖ⦹۵
ᩍ్
⧕ᕾᖝ░a
ᯩ݅. ᅙ
ᩑǍ۵
ḡᩎ
ੱ۵
Ųᩎ
GNSS š⊂฾

᮹
⧕ᕾᖝ░ॅಽᇡ░
ᔑ⇽ࡽ
RTCM ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
NTRIPᮝಽ
ᙹᝁ⦹ᩍ
ᝅ᜽eᮝಽ
áᔍᱱᨱ
}ᄥ
ၰ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
⢽ᵡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥(SPP) ၰ
݅

áᔪᨕ
 ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥, ༉⪙ᱶᙹ, ᅕᱶᱶᅕ, RTCM, NTRIP

1. ᩑǍ႑Ğ
ၰ
༊ᱢ

ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥(PPP ; Precise Point Positioning) ᬊᨕ۵
Anderle (1976)᮹
Doppler ᭥ᖒ
š⊂ᯱഭ᪡
ᱶၡȅࠥಆᮥ
ᔍᬊ⦽
Doppler

⊂᭥ᩑǍᨱᕽ
⃹ᮭ
᯦ࠥࡹᨩ݅. ‘ᱶၡ’ᯕ௡
ᱶၡ⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᔍᬊ⦹ʑ
ভྙᨱ
ᇺᩍᲭ݅. ᯝၹᱢᯙ
᭥ᖒᝁ⪙ᱶᅕෝ
⪽ᬊ⦹۵
⢽ᵡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥

(SPP ; Simple-, Single-, or Standard-Point Positioning)᪡۵
ݍญ
PPP۵
ᱶၡ⦽
᭥ᖒ
ȅࠥಆ
ᱶᅕ᪡
᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ, ݡʑ⊖

ၰ
ḡbᄡ࠺
ᅕᱶ༉ߙ
॒ᮥ
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
⨆ᔢ᜽┍
ᙹ
ᯩ۵
⊂᭥
ʑᚁᯕ݅. PPP۵
Zumberg et al.(1997)ᨱ
᮹⦽
ᱶᱢ(Static) PPPᩑǍᨱᕽ
ᯕುᱢᮝಽ
ᱶพࡹᨩŁ
Kouba et al.(2001)ᨱ
᮹⧕
࠺ᱢ(Kinematic) PPPʑᚁᯕ
ᱽ᜽ࡹᨩ݅. ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥
ʑᚁᯕ
ၽ⢽ࡽ

ࠑ͟
ф
ݓ঍ėÂ܁҃ėॡ

—”˜‡›‹‰ƒ†‡‘Ǧ’ƒ–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‰‹‡‡”‹‰

1997֥Ğᨱ۵
š⊂
a܆⦽
᭥ᖒ
ݡᙹ
ၰ
᭥ᖒ
ȅࠥಆ᮹
⣩ḩᱽ⦽,

༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾ(Ambiguity Resolution)ᮥ
᭥⦽
ᗭ᫵᜽e
ྙᱽ

॒ᮝಽ
ݡᇡᇥ
2ᵝ❭
ᙹᝁʑෝ
ᔍᬊ⦽
ᔍ⬥⃹ญ
ᵲᝍ᮹
ᱶᱢ
PPP ʑᚁᯕᨩ݅. ✚⯩, PPP ⧕ᕾᯕ
a܆⦽
ŝ⦺ʑᚁᬊ
ᗭ⥥✙ᭉᨕࠥ

}ၽࡹᨩ۵ߑ
JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)᮹
JIPSY-OASIS Ⳓ(GOAⳒ), Berneݡ⦺Ʊ
⃽ྙᩑǍᗭ(AIUB)ᨱᕽ }ၽ⦽
Bernese GPS, SIO(Scripps Institution of Oceanography)᮹
GAMIT/

GLOBK ॒ᯕ
ݡ⢽ᱢᯕ݅. ੱ⦽, ⋱ӹ݅
NRCan᮹
CSRS-PPP, New Brunswick ݡ⦺᮹
GAPS, JPL᮹
APPS, GMV᮹
magicGNSS, SOPAC(Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center)᮹
SCOUT

॒ŝ
zᮡ
᪉௝ᯙ
PPP ⧕ᕾ
ᕽእᜅࠥ
ၽ⢽ࡹᨩ۵ߑ
ݡᇡᇥ
ᔍ⬥⃹

ญ
ႊ᜾ᨱ
᮹⦽
ᱶᱢ
ၰ
࠺ᱢ
⊂᭥
ʑ܆ᮥ
ᱽŖ⦽݅.

GPS᪡
GLONASS ᭥ᖒ᮹
⩥ݡ⪵, GALILEO ၰ
COMPASS

᭥ᖒ᮹
᧞ḥ, PPP ⧕ᕾ
᦭Łญ᷹᮹
⨆ᔢ
॒ᨱ
঑௝
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹

ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢŝ
šಉ⦽
ᩑǍa
ᩍ్
᮲ᬊᇥ᧝ᨱᕽ
⪽ၽ⯩
ၽ⢽ࡹŁ

ᯩ݅. Zhang et al.(2006)ᮡ
PPP ʑᚁಽ
ኺ⦹᮹
ᮁᗮŝ
ႊ⨆ᮥ
đᱶ⦹

Ł ɚḡ
ᩑǍᨱᕽ
PPP ʑᚁ᮹
⬉ᬊᖒᮥ
᯦᷾⦽
ၵ
ᯩ݅. 2007֥ݡ

ᵲၹʭḡࠥ
PPP⧕ᕾᮡ
ݡᇡᇥ
GPS ᭥ᖒอᮝಽ
ᙹ⧪ࡹᨩḡอ, GLONASS ᭥ᖒ᮹
ᱶၡȅࠥಆŝ
᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ᮹
ᅕᱶsᯕ
ᕽእᜅࡹ

໕ᕽ
GNSS ᭥ᖒॅ᮹
᳑⧊ᨱ
᮹⦽
PPP ⧕ᕾჶᯕ
ᱽ᜽ࡹᨩ݅.

ੱ⦽, Cao(2010)۵
Galileo᮹
᜽⨹᭥ᖒᯙ
GIOVE᪡
GPS᮹
᳑⧊

PPP ⧕ᕾჶᮥ
ၽ⢽⦽ၵ
ᯩ݅. ↽ɝᨱ۵
ᱥ
ḡǍ
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾

ᮥ
ᬕᩢ⦹۵
⧕ᕾᖝ░(AC ; Analysis Center)ᨱᕽ
ᔑ⇽⦽
ᅕᱶᱶ ᅕ(correction streams)ෝ
NTRIP(Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol)ႊ᜾ᮝಽ
ᱥᘂ⦹ᩍ
ᝅ᜽e
ᱶၡᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹

ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢᮥ
᭥⦽
ᩑǍ᪡
BKG(Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie)᮹
BNC(BKG Ntrip Client, http://igs.bkg.bund.

de/root_ftp//NTRIP/software) ၰ
RTKLib (http://gpspp.sakura.

ne.jp) ॒ŝ
zᮡ
ᬕᬊ
⥥ಽəఉ᮹
⨆ᔢᩑǍa
⪽ၽ⯩
ḥ⧪ࡹŁ

ᯩ݅. PPP۵
ๅᬑ
ᝁᗮ⦹Ł
⪽ᬊࠥᨱ
঑௝
⬉ᮉᱢᯙ
⊂᭥
ʑᚁᯕӹ, ᱶ⪶ࠥ
໕ᨱᕽ
ᱥᘂ❭
ᝁ⪙᮹
ᝅ᜽e
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ᕾྙᱽಽ
ᯙ⧕

⊂ḡ⊂ప
ᙹᵡ᮹
᮲ᬊᇥ᧝ᨱ۵
⪽ᬊࡹḡ
༜⦹Ł
ᯩḡอ
ᯕෝ
᭥⦽

ḡᗮᱢᯙ
ᩑǍa
ḥ⧪ࡹŁ
ᯩ݅. PPP᮹
⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥᨱ
ᩢ⨆ᮥ
ᵝ۵

ᵝ᫵ᄡᙹಽ۵
᭥ᖒ
ȅࠥಆ᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥ, ᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ᪅₉
ၰ
š⊂ᯱ
⪹Ğ ᨱ
᳦ᗮࡽ
᪅₉
ၰ
ᯕॅŝ
šಉ⦽
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾ
ྙᱽ
॒ᯕ݅.

঑௝ᕽ, ᝅ᜽e
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢᮥ
᭥⧕ᕽ۵
᳦݅
ၰ
݅ᙹ᮹

᭥ᖒᝁ⪙᪡
š⊂ᯱ
⪹Ğᨱ
᳦ᗮࡽ
ᩍ్
᪅₉᫵ᯙ᮹
ᝅ᜽e
ᔢ┽Ŗ e(SSR ; State Space Representation) ༉ܩ░ยŝ
šಉ
ᱶၡ

ᅕᱶs᮹
ᝅ᜽e
ᱥᘂᯕ
⦥᫵⦹݅. IGS(International GNSS Service) ᨱᕽ۵
ᱥ
ᖙĥ
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾
ᯱഭෝ
᳦⧊
⧕ᕾ⦹ᩍ
ᱥ
ḡǍෝ

ݡᔢᮝಽ
ᱶၡ
᭥ᖒ
ȅࠥಆ, ᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ᮹
ᅕᱶs, ᱥญ⊖
ᅕᱶ༉ߙ

॒᮹
⣩ḩ
⨆ᔢŝ
ᔑ⇽
ᵝʑ
݉⇶
॒
ḡᗮᱢᯙ
ᕽእᜅෝ
⦹Ł

ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽, ǎaӹ
ݡය
₉ᬱ᮹
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾ᮥ
ᬕᩢ⦹Ł

ᯩ۵
݅ᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾᖝ░ᨱᕽࠥ
}ᄥᱢᯙ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
⢽ᵡ☖ᝁȽ᧞

(RTCM)ᮝಽ
ᄡ⪹⦹ᩍ
NTRIPᮝಽ
ᝅ᜽e
ᱽŖ⦹Ł
ᯩᨕ
ᝅ᜽e

ᱶၡᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱥ฾ᮡ
ๅᬑ
ၾ݅. ⊂ḡ⊂పᨱᕽ۵
ᱥญ⊖
ḡᩑ

ᅕᱶ
ၰ
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ᕾᮥ
᭥⧕
ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ
2ᵝ❭
š⊂
ᯱഭᨱ

᮹⦽
ᯕᵲ₉ᇥჶ(DD ; Double Differencing)ᮥ
ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
ᯩḡอ, ᙹᝁʑ
1ݡ
อᮥ
ᔍᬊ⦹۵
PPP᮹
Ğᬑ۵
₉ᇥჶᮥ
ᔍᬊ⧁
ᙹ

ᨧᮝအಽ
᭥ᖒ᮹
ȅࠥಆ
ၰ
᜽ĥ
ᅕᱶ
ᱶᅕ
᫙ᨱࠥ
ᱥญ⊖
ᝁ⪙ḡᩑ ᮹
ᩢ⨆ᮥ
ᅕᱶ⦹໕ᕽ
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾᮥ
ࠥ༉⧁
ᙹ
ᯩࠥಾ
L3

ᝁ⪙᳑⧊(¥_Ð ; ionospheric-free combination)ᮥ
᦭Łญ᷹ᨱ
₥┾

⦹Ł
ᯩ݅. 1ᵝ❭
ᙹᝁʑෝ
ᔍᬊ⧁
Ğᬑ۵
ᄥࠥ᮹
ʑჶᯕ
⦥᫵⦽ߑ

ə࠺ᦩ
ᩍ్
ᩑǍᯱ(Le, 2004; Chen et al., 2005; Choy et al., 2008)ॅᨱ
᮹⧕
݅᧲⦽
⧕ჶᯕ
ၽ⢽ࡽၵ
ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽
Gaber et al.(2002)ŝ
Trimble RTX(2011)ᨱᕽ۵
᭥ᖒ - ᭥ᖒ
e
݉ᯝ₉ᇥჶ (SD ; Single Difference)ᮥ ⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ
PPPෝ
᭥⦽
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ᕾᮥ

ᙹ⧪⦽
ၵ
ᯩ݅. ✚⯩, ༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
ᝅ᜽e
⧕ᕾᮥ
ࠥ༉⦹໑
PPP᮹

⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
⨆ᔢ
᜽┍
ᙹ
ᯩ۵
ᔢ┽Ŗeᅕᱶĥᙹෝ
እ₉ᇥႊᱶ

᜾ŝ
⋝อ
⦥░ยᮝಽ
ᔑ⇽⧁
ᙹ
ᯩ۵
ႊჶᯕ
CNES(Center National d'Etudes Spatiales, France)᮹
Laurichesse et al.(2008;

2009; 2010; 2011; 2012), Juan et al.(2012), Collins et al.(2008) ၰ
Geng et al.(2008)ᨱ
᮹⧕
ᙹ⧪ࡹᨩ݅.

ᅙ
ᩑǍ᮹
༊ᱢᮡ
ᱥ
ḡǍᨱ
ᇥ⡍⦽
GNSS ⧕ᕾᖝ░ॅಽᇡ░

ᔑ⇽ࡽ
ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥ᬊ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
NTRIPෝ
☖⧕
ᙹᝁ⦹ᩍ
ᝅ᜽

eᮝಽ
áᔍᱱᨱ
}ᄥ
ၰ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
b
Ğᬑᄥ
PPP᪡
SPP᮹

᭥ᖒᨱ
᮹⦽
ᝅ᜽e
ᱶᱢ
ᱶၡᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
Łₑ⦹Łᯱ

⦽݅.

2. ʑᅙᯕು
ၰ
ᩑǍႊჶ

GNSS ᱥᘂ❭᮹
ᝅ᜽e
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ᕾᮡ
ᱶၡ
⊂᭥ᇥ᧝ᨱᕽ
ๅᬑ

ᵲ᫵⦽
ŝᱽᯕ݅. ✚⯩, PPPᨱᕽ۵
ᯕᵲ
₉ᇥႊᱶ᜾ᮥ
Ǎᖒ⧁
ᙹ

ᨧᮝအಽ
ᱥญ⊖
ᩢ⨆ᮥ
ྕ᜽⧁
Ğᬑ௝ࠥ
༉⪙ᱶᙹ۵
ᝅᙹsᮝಽ

ԉᦥᯩí
ࡽ݅. ↽ɝ
ॅᨕ, ḡᩎ
ੱ۵
Ųᩎ
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾ᮥ

⪽ᬊ⦽
᮲ᬊᩑǍᨱᕽ
እ₉ᇥႊᱶ᜾ᨱ
᮹⦽
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
đᱶʑᚁ
ᇥ᧝

᮹
݅᧲⦽
ၽᱥᯕ
ᯩᨩ݅. ᷪ, ᭥ᖒᝁ⪙᮹
⎵ऽ
ၰ
᭥ᔢ
ᱶᅕෝ
᳑⧊⦹

ᩍ
ʑᔢᅕᱶŝ
šಉ⦽
༉ߙ
ᨧᯕࠥ
እ₉ᇥႊ᜾(zero-difference)ᨱ ᮹⧕ ༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
ᝅ᜽e
đᱶᯕ
a܆⦹í
ࡹᨩ݅. CNES᮹
Laurichesse et al.(2008)ᮡ
እ
₉ᇥ
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ჶᮥ
⪽ᬊ⦽
E(Enhanced)-PPP

⊂᭥ʑᚁᮥ
}ၽ·ၽᱥ᜽⍽
᪅Ł
ᯩ݅. E-PPP᮹
⧖ᝍᮡ
᭥ᔢᯱഭᨱ

ݡ⦽
ᝅᙹ
ၰ
ᱶᙹ
2᳦᮹
༉⪙ᱶᙹෝ
ᝅ᜽e
⃹ญ⦹۵
⋝อ
⦥░ย ᨱ
ᯩ݅. ⋝อ
⦥░ยᮥ
☖⧕
ḡᩎ฾
ੱ۵
Ųᩎ฾ᨱ
ݡ⦽
᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ

šಉ
ᱶᅕ᪡
᭥ᖒȅࠥಆᮥ
ᔑ⇽⦹ᩍ
༉⪙ᱶᙹෝ
đᱶ⦹Ł
ᝅ᜽e

PPP⊂᭥ෝ
ᙹ⧪⦹í
ࡽ݅. Eqs. (1)ⴇ(3)ᮡ
⊂ḡᬊ
ᙹᝁʑ᮹
⎵ऽ ၰ
᭥ᔢᨱ
ݡ⦽
᮹ᔍÑญ
ႊᱶ᜾(1ݡ
ᙹᝁʑ᪡
1ݡ
᭥ᖒ
ʑᵡ)ᮥ

Ǎᖒ⦹ᩍ
E-PPP᮹
⧖ᝍᯕುᮥ
ᱶญ⦽
äᯕ݅. ᩍʑᕽ, Ňì Ɓ۵

ionosphere free ʑ⦹Ñญ᪡
Ųᗮ,ƄÎì Ƅ_Ï۵
GPS ᭥ᖒ᮹
¥Îì ¥_Ï ᝁ⪙
ᵝ❭ᙹ,­ì ¢۵
ݡඹ⊖
ၰ
ᱥญ⊖
ḡᩑ,Ƃƒ^Ɛì Ƃƒ^Ƒ۵
ᙹᝁʑ᜽

ĥ
ၰ
᭥ᖒ᜽ĥ
ᅕᱶప, ƀ_Ý^Ɛì ƀ_Ý^Ƒ۵
᭥ᖒᝁ⪙(*)ᨱ
ݡ⦽
ᙹᝁʑ(Ɛ) ၰ
᭥ᖒ(Ƒ)᮹
bias, §_Îì §_Ï۵
2aḡ
ᱥᘂ❭
᭥ᔢ᮹
༉⪙ᱶᙹᯕ݅.

©Îá Ňâ­ â¢âƁÞ_Ƃƒ^Ɛà Ƃƒ^Ƒßâƀ_©^Ɛ_Îà ƀ_©^Ƒ_Ïâ Ļ_©Îì

©_Ïá Ňâ­ âĹ¢âƁÞƂƒ^Ɛà Ƃƒ^Ƒßâƀ_©^Ɛ_Ïà ƀ_©^Ƒ_Îâ Ļ_©Ï ŁÎÞ^ijÎâ§_Îßá Ňâ­ à ¢âƁÞƂƒ^Ɛà Ƃƒ^Ƒßâƀ_¥^Ɛ_Îà ƀ_¥^Ƒ_Îâ Ļ_¥Îì Ł_ÏÞ^ijÏâ§_Ïßá Ňâ­ à Ĺ¢âƁÞƂƒ^Ɛà Ƃƒ^Ƒßâƀ_¥^Ɛ_Ïà ƀ_¥^Ƒ_Ïâ Ļ_¥Ï ĹáÞ^ƄÎîƄ_Ïß^{Ïì Ł}Îá ƁîƄ_Îì Ł_Ïá ƁîƄ_Ï

(1)

እ₉ᇥႊ᜾ᨱ
᮹⦽
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
ᱶᙹ⪵ෝ
᭥⧕ᕽ۵
Eq. (2), Eq.

(3)ŝ
zᮡ
ࢱ
aḡ
᳦ඹ᮹
ᖁ⩶᳑⧊(MWWL ; Melboune-Wübbena Wide Lane Lc ၰ
NL ; Narrow Lane Ionosphere-free Lc)ႊᱶ᜾

ᮥ
Ǎᖒ⧕᧝⦽݅. GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾
ᯱഭෝ
⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ
MWWLႊ

Ionosphere-free ႊᱶ᜾ᨱᕽ
§_Î ၰ
‘ᱶᙹ
᭥ᔢ
᜽ĥᅕᱶs(integer phase clocks)’ᮥ
ĥᔑ⦽
⬥, ᙹᝁʑ᮹
᳭⢽ෝ
đᱶ⦽݅.

MWWL Lc : _ƄÞ¥Ïà ¥_Îì ©_Îì ©_Ïß^{á à §}ƕâ ł_Ɛà ł^Ƒ (2)

NL Ionosphere-free Lc :

©Ɓá Ňâ ­ â Ɓ

Þ

ß

(3)

ᩍʑᕽ, ł_Ɛì ł^Ƒ۵
bb
ᙹᝁʑ
rŝ
᭥ᖒ
s᮹
Wide Lane bias ᯕ݅.

2009֥ᇡ░
CNES/CLS IGS⧕ᕾᖝ░ᨱᕽ۵
ᱥ
ᖙĥᨱ
ᇥ⡍⦽

᧞
50ᩍ}᮹
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂ᗭ
ᯱഭෝ
ᔢʑ
ᯕುᨱ
঑௝
⧕ᕾ⦹Ł

ᝅ᜽e
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ᕾ(IAR ; Integer Ambiguity Resolution)ᮥ

᭥⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ(§ƕì §_Î ၰ
‘ᱶᙹ
᭥ᔢ
᜽ĥᅕᱶs’)ᮥ
NTRIPෝ

☖⧕
ᱽŖ⦹Ł
ᯩ݅. ᔍᬊᯱ۵
CNESᨱᕽ
NTRIPᮝಽ
ᝅ᜽e

ᕽእᜅ⦹۵
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
݅᧲⦽
⧕ᕾ
⚕(ᩩ, BNC, RTKLib ॒)ᨱ

ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
PPPᨱ
⪽ᬊ⧁
ᙹ
ᯩ݅. BNC ⚕ᮡ
ǎa
ੱ۵
ݡය
₉ᬱ᮹

⦽ ⬥
ᔑ⇽⦽
RTCM⩶᜾᮹
OSR(Observation space Representation)

ၰ
SSR ᅕᱶs(ქᲝ3)ᮥ
⧕ࠦ, ᄡ⪹
ၰ
༉ܩ░ย⦹໑
}ᄥ
ၰ

Kalman Filteringᮝಽ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
ᝅ᜽e
PPP ⊂᭥
ʑ܆ᮥ

ᙹ⧪⦽݅. ᅙ
ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵
⧕ᕾᖝ░ಽᇡ░᮹
‘݅᧲⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ(ᯕ⦹

“ᅕᱶඹ”௝
⧉)’ ၰ
áᔍᱱ᮹
š⊂sᮥ
Ntripෝ
ๅ}ಽ
BNC ⚕ᨱ ᕽ
ᝅ᜽e
ᙹᝁ⦹Ł
ᯱഭ
⃹ญ⦹ᩡ݅. ᅙ
ᩑǍ᮹
ᙹ⧪
ႊჶᮝಽ

ᬑᖁ, ǎԕᨱ۵
PPPᬊ
ᅕᱶs᮹
ᱽŖ⃹a
ᨧ۵
šĥಽ
ᬑญӹ௝ෝ

⡍⧉⦽
ᱥ
ḡǍෝ
ݡᔢᮝಽ
š⊂฾ᮥ
ᬕᩢ⦹໕ᕽ
GNSS ᭥ᖒ᮹

PPPᬊ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
NTRIPෝ
☖⧕
ᕽእᜅ⦹۵
⧕ᕾᖝ░ෝ
ᖁᱶ⦽

⬥, PPP᮹
⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
á☁⧁
ᙹ
ᯩࠥಾ
ǎԕ
ၰ
ǎ᫙ᨱ
‘áᔍᬊ

ʑᵡᱱ(ᯕ⦹
“áᔍᱱ”ᯕ௝
⧉)’ᮥ
ᖁᱱ⦽݅. b
áᔍᱱᨱ
ݡ⦽
ᝅ᜽

e
SPP᪡
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
⪽ᬊ⦽
PPPෝ
ᙹ⧪⦽݅. ✚⯩, PPPᨱᕽ۵
b
⧕ᕾᖝ░ॅಽᇡ░
ᱥᘂࡽ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
áᔍᱱᨱ
}ᄥ

ၰ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦽݅. áᔍᱱ᮹
Ł᜽ᖒŝෝ
ʑᵡᮝಽ
᜽eݡᄥ
SPPᨱ

᮹⦽
᳭⢽ᖒŝ, b
⧕ᕾᖝ░
ᅕᱶඹ᮹
ᱢᬊ
ႊ᜾ᨱ
᮹⦽
PPP ᳭⢽ᖒ ᖒᨱ
᮹⦽
ᝅ᜽e
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
Łₑ⦽݅.

3. š⊂
ၰ
ᯱഭ⃹ญ

ǎԕ᮹
áᔍᱱᮡ
ᯙ⃽
ᔢ᜽š⊂ᗭ(INCH ; ᭥ᖒʑᵡᱱ
Ł᜽ᖒŝ

X= -3,030,123.316m, Y=4,067,231.024m, Z=3,854,557.431m, ITRF2000, Epoch : 2002-01-01 ᯱᱶ), ǎ᫙۵
NTRIPෝ
☖⧕

PPPᬊ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱽŖ⦹۵
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ݡᇡᇥᯕ
⩥ᰍ, ᮁ౞ᨱ

⠙ᵲࡹᨕ
ᬕᬊ
ᵲᯥᮝಽ
⥥௲ᜅ
CNES᮹
GRAS(-4581690.7960m, Y=556114.9883m, Z=4389360.8851m, ITRF08, Epoch : 2012-11-17 ᯱᱶ) š⊂ᗭෝ
ᖁᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ⧕ᕾᖝ░᪡
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ۵

ᬑญӹ௝ᨱ
aᰆ
ɝᱲ⦽
ᵲǎ
Wuhan᮹
CLK16, ⥥௲ᜅ
CNES᮹

CLK91 ၰ
CLK9B, ࠦᯝ᮹
IGS03ᮥ
ᖁᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. ⩥ᰍ, CLK16ᮡ

GPS᮹
ᅕᱶsอ
ᱽŖ⦹໑
CNES᮹
CLK9B۵
ᝅ᜽e
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹

⧕ᕾᯕ
a܆⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ(IAR ; Integer Ambiguity Resolution)ෝ

š⊂฾ᨱ۵
ᬑญӹ௝
ᙹᬱš⊂ᗭa
⡍⧉ࡹᨕᯩ݅. áᔍᱱᨱ
ݡ⧕

ᝅ᜽eᮝಽ
ᔑ⇽⦽
b
Ğᬑᄥ
ᱩݡ⊂᭥ᖒŝ᪡
Ł᜽ᖒŝ
e᮹
᳭⢽

⠙₉(N, E, U)۵
š⊂ᗭ
ᵲᝍ᮹
3⇶
ႊ⨆
᳭⢽ĥ(Topocentric Coordinates System)ಽ
ĥᔑ⦹ᩡ݅.

Table 1 ၰ
Fig. 1ᮡ
bb
ᅙ
ᩑǍᨱᕽ
ᖁᱶ⦽
áᔍᱱ
2}ᗭ᪡

⧕ᕾᖝ░
4}ᗭ᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ
ᔪᯙ, ⪽ᬊࡽ
᭥ᖒ᮹
᳦ඹ, ᅕᱶs᮹

RTCM ີ᜽ḡ
⩶᜾, š⊂฾, ᬕᬊ
⥥ಽəఉ, ǎa(⧕ᕾᖝ░)໦

॒᮹
ᱽᬱŝ
᭥⊹ᇥ⡍ෝ
ӹ┡ԙ݅. b
⧕ᕾᖝ░۵
ᱥ
ḡǍ᮹
ᔢ᜽š

⊂ᗭෝ
ᖁᄥ⦹ᩍ
Ǎᖒ⦽
ࠦพᱢᯙ
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾ᮥ
ᬕᬊ⦹Ł

ᯩ݅. ✚⯩, ᝅ᜽e
š⊂
ᵲ
ᔍᬊᯱ
⍕⥉░, ⧕ᕾᖝ░
ၰ
áᔍᱱ

ᬕᩢᖝ░
e᮹
☖ᝁ
ၰ
࠺᜽ᱲᗮᯱᙹ᮹
ᱽ᧞
॒
݅᧲⦽
ᯙ░⟹ᯕᜅ

Table 1. Attributes of the four Correction Streams, and the Two Check Points

Mount Point GNSS RTCM MT Network SW Nation

(AC)

INCH GPS

GLO

RTCM 3.0

1004,1005,1007 NGII Trimble GPSNet KOR

(NGII)

GRAS GPS

GLO

RTCM 3.0

(CNES)

CLK16 GPS RTCM 3.0

1059,1060 WUHAN PANDA

BNS

CHN (WUHAN)

CLK91 GPS

GLO

RTCM 3.0

1059,1060,1065,1066 CNES PPP-Wizard

BNS

FRA (CNES)

CLK9B GPS

GLO

RTCM 3.1+IAR

1059,1060,1065,1066 CNES PPP-Wizard

BNS

FRA (CNES)

IGS03 GPS

GLO

RTCM 3.0 1057,1058,1059,1063

IGS Combination

KF-Combination

BNC DEU

Fig. 1. Distribution of Stations Are Chosen as Streams Mount- Point, and Check Points (‘Box’)

Table 2. All Sessions Time Intervals for Data Sampling at INCH, and GRAS (in April 2013)

Streams INCH(Day of Year) GRAS(Day of Year)

CLK16 17(DOY107)20(DOY110) 19(DOY109)20(DOY110)

CLK91 21(DOY111)22(DOY112) 20(DOY110)21(DOY111)

CLK9B 20(DOY110)21(DOY111) 20(DOY110)21(DOY111)

IGS03 16(DOY106)19(DOY109) 19(DOY109)20(DOY110)

CombinedPPP 22(DOY112)24(DOY114) 21(DOY111)

ྙᱽಽ
࠺ᯝ⦽
᜽eݡ᮹
‘࠺ᯝ⦽
š⊂᳑Õ’᮹
ᖅᱶᨱ
ӽᱱᯕ
ᯩᨩ݅.

঑௝ᕽ, ᅙ
ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵
2᜽e᮹
š⊂(epoch 1Ⅹ)ᮥ
1}
ᖙᖹᮝಽ

⦹Ł
b
áᔍᱱᨱ
ݡ⧕
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶඹ
ᄥಽ
bb
10}
ᖙᖹ᮹

š⊂
ၰ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱢᬊ⦹ḡ
ᦫ۵
5}
ᖙᖹ᮹
SPPෝ
ᙹ⧪⦽
⬥,

᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
☖ĥ
⃹ญ⦹ᩍ
⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥ
እƱᨱ
⪽ᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.

Table 2۵
SPP ၰ
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ
áᔍᱱᨱ
}ᄥ
ᱢᬊ

ၰ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦽
PPP ᬊ
š⊂᜽eݡෝ
ᱶญ⦽
äᯕ݅.

4. እƱ
ᇥᕾ

b
áᔍᱱ(INCH, GRAS)ᄥಽ
SPP 5}
ᖙᖹŝ
4᳦(CLK16, CLK91, CLK9B, IGS03)᮹
}ᄥ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ
ၰ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᮹
᳑⧊

(CLK16+CLK9B+IGS03)ᨱ
᮹⦽
PPP 50}
ᖙᖹ, ⅾ
55}
ᖙᖹ ᮹
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᳭⢽᪡
Ł᜽᳭⢽e᮹
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ
⠙₉ෝ
Epoch 1Ⅹษ݅

⦹ᩡ݅. ✚⯩, ᖙᖹ
ᄥ
᜽eᨱ
঑ෙ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ᮹
⠙₉
Ğ⨆ᮥ
Łₑ⦹

ʑ
᭥⧕
b
ᖙᖹᮥ
7}᮹
᜽eݡ(2᜽e×1Ǎe, 10ᇥ×3Ǎe, 30ᇥ

×3Ǎe)ಽ
Ǎᇥ⦹Ł
᜽eݡ
ᄥ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ᮹
⠙₉
⠪Ɂŝ
ᝅ᜽e

⊂᭥ᨱ
⪽ᬊࡽ
GNSS ᭥ᖒݡᙹ(Ns)᮹
ᄡ࠺ᮥ
ࠥ᜽⦹Ł
ᝅ᜽e

᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
Ğ⨆ŝ
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
Łₑ⦹ᩡ݅.

4.1 INCH Ցॷ୥ଭ
ୣ۩౸଍

Fig. 2۵
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭ(INCH)᮹
SPP 5}
ᖙᖹᨱ
ݡ⦽
᜽eݡᄥ

᳭⢽⠙₉(N, E, U)᮹
⠪Ɂŝ
š⊂ᨱ
⪽ᬊ⦽
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒݡᙹ᮹
ᄡ࠺

Fig. 2. Positioning Errors of Single Point Positioning Solution, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 3. Real-Time Position Errors with IGS03, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 4. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK16, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 5. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK91, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 6. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK9B, and Number of Satellites at INCH

ᮥ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅. əฝᨱᕽ
aಽ⇶
‘2᜽e’ ⧎ᮡ
}ᄥ
2᜽e
š⊂ᨱ

ݡ⦽
5}
ᖙᖹ᮹
⠪Ɂ, ‘1ⴇ10’ᨱᕽ
‘20ⴇ30’ʭḡ۵
10ᇥ
eĊ,

‘30ⴇ60’ᨱᕽ
‘90ⴇ120’ʭḡ۵
bb
30ᇥ
eĊᮝಽ
᜽eݡᄥ
⠪

Ɂᇥ⡍ෝ
ӹ┡ԙ݅. ᜽eᯕ
Ğŝࢉᨱ
঑௝
⠙₉a
qᗭ⦹۵
Ğ⨆ᮥ

ᅕᩡŁ
b
᜽eݡ᮹
5}
ᖙᖹ
š⊂
࠺ᦩ, ⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ۵
14.5ݡ,

᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb
N=0.849m, E=1.431m ၰ
U=1.135mಽ SPPᨱ
᮹⦽
᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉(ö^ć§^Ïâž^Ïâ®^Ï)۵
2.014mಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅. Fig. 3ⴇFig. 6ᮡ
4᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹ(IGS03, CLK16, CLK91, CLK9B)ෝ
⪽ᬊ⦹ᩍ
bb
10}
ᖙᖹ᮹
PPPෝ
ᙹ⧪⦹Ł
SPP᪡

࠺ᯝ⦽
ႊ᜾ᮝಽ
ᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. 4᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ
ᱢᬊ⦽
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭ᮹

᳭⢽
⠙₉۵
᜽eĞŝᨱ
঑௝
Ŗ☖ᱢᮝಽ
qᗭ⦹۵
Ğ⨆ᮥ
ᅕᩡ݅.

Fig. 3ᨱᕽ
IGS03ᮡ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
14.3ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ

bb
N=0.617m, E=0.601m ၰ
U=0.954mಽ
᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵

1.285mಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. CLK16ᮡ
GPS᭥ᖒอ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱽŖ⦹အ ಽ
Fig. 4᪡
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ۵
8.0ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb

N=0.301m, E=0.550m ၰ
U=0.427mಽ
᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.759m ಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅. CLK91ᮡ
Fig. 5᪡
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
14.9ݡ,

᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb
N=0.189m, E=0.386m ၰ
U=0.311mಽ

᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉a
0.531mෝ
ᅕᩡ݅.

CLK9B᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig. 6ŝ
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ, 14.4ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉

Fig. 7. Time Series of Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with CLK9B, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 8. Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with a Combination of IGS03, CLK16, and CLK9B, and Number of Satellites at INCH

Fig. 9. Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with a Combination of IGS01, CLK21, CLK22, CLK51, CLK80, and CLK91, and Number of Satellites at INCH

᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=0.138m, E= 0.417m ၰ
U=0.275m, ᳭⢽᮹

᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.518mಽ
᭥
4᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ
}ᄥᱢᮝಽ
ᱢᬊ⦽
PPP

⧕ᕾ
ᵲ
እƱᱢ
Ɂᯝ⦹Ł
aᰆ
᧲⪙⦽
⊂᭥ᖒŝෝ
ᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

CLK9B۵
༉⪙ᱶᙹෝ
ᝅ᜽eᮝಽ
⧕ᕾ⧁
ᙹ
ᯩ۵
ᱶᅕෝ
ᄥࠥಽ

⡍⧉⦹Ł
ᯩḡอ, CLK91ᨱ
እ⧕
ᬵ॒⯩
᧲⪙⦽
⊂᭥ᖒŝ۵
⪶ᯙ⧁

ᙹ
ᨧᨩᮝӹ
IGS03, CLK16ᨱ
እ⧕
ᬑᙹ⦽
⊂᭥đŝෝ
ᅕᩡ݅.

Fig. 7ᮡ
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭᨱ
CLK9B ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
ᔑ⇽⦽

Epoch 1Ⅹ
eĊ᮹
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ
ᄥ
⠙₉ᇥ⡍ෝ
᜽ĥᩕಽ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ

݅. Figs. 3ⴇ6ᨱᕽ
N, E, U ᳭⢽ᖒᇥ᮹
⠙₉a
✚⯩, 50cmᯕԕᨱ

ࠥݍࡹ۵
⠪Ɂ
ᗭ᫵᜽eᮥ
Łₑ⦹໕
IGS03᮹
Ğᬑ, Uᖒᇥ᮹
⠙₉

ෝ
ᱽ᫙⦽
Ğᬑ௝ࠥ
90ᩍᇥᯕ
ᗭ᫵ࡹᨩŁ
CLK16ᮡ
30ᇥ, CLK91

ᮡ
10ᇥ
Ḣ⬥, CLK9B᮹
Ğᬑ
20ᩍᇥ
॒ᮝಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. GPS᭥ᖒ อ
ᔍᬊ⦽
CLK16ෝ
ᱽ᫙⧁
Ğᬑ௝ࠥ
⠪Ɂ
14ݡ
᭥ᖒᮥ
⪽ᬊ⦽

݅ෙ
3᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹᨱᕽ
50cm ⠙₉
ᯕԕ᮹
ࠥݍ
ᗭ᫵᜽eᯕ
݅᧲⦹

í
ӹ┡ӹŁ
ᯩ݅. ᬱᯙᮝಽ
⧕ᕾᖝ░a
ᬕᩢ⦹۵
š⊂฾ᨱᕽ
áᔍ ᱱ
ᵝᄡ᮹
š⊂ᗭ
ၡࠥ, ⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ
ᔑ⇽
᦭Łญ᷹, NTRIPෝ
☖⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᮹
ᝁ⪙ḡᩑ, áᔍᱱ ⪹Ğᨱ
᳦ᗮࡽ
᪅₉᮹

ᅕᱶ
ᙹᵡ, ༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
đᱶᙹᵡ
॒᮹
₉ᯕಽ
ᔍഭࡹӹ
ᯕ
ᇡᇥᨱ

ݡ⦽
᳡
޵
ᖙᇡᱢᯙ
ᩑǍa
᫵฾ࡽ݅. Fig. 8ᮡ
3᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹ (CLK16, CLK9B, IGS03)ෝ
᳑⧊(ᯕ⦹, ‘3᳦
᳑⧊’)⦹ᩍ
ᯙ⃽š

⊂ᗭᨱ
ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
10}
ᖙᖹš⊂᮹
᜽eݡᄥ
᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
ࠥ᜽⦽

äᯕ݅. ᦥᬙ్, Fig. 9۵
5aḡ
ᅕᱶඹෝ
ᄥࠥಽ
⇵a⦹ᩍ
6᳦᮹

ᅕᱶඹ(IGS01, CLK21, CLK22, CLK51, CLK80, CLK91)᳑⧊

(ᯕ⦹
‘6᳦
᳑⧊’)ᮥ
Ǎᖒ⦹Ł
ᱢᬊ⦽
ⅾ
3}
ᖙᖹ(2013֥
DOY68 ⴇDOY71 ʑe
ᵲ
ᝅ᜽)᮹
᜽eݡᄥ
᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅

(Lee, (2013)). ᩍʑᕽ, IGS01, CLK22, CLK51ᮡ
GPS᭥ᖒอ᮹

ᅕᱶᱶᅕᯕ݅.

3᳦
᳑⧊᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig. 8ŝ
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ, 12.4ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉ ᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=0.342m, E=0.664m ၰ
U=0.560m, ᳭⢽᮹

᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.934mಽᕽ
ᦿᕽ
IGS03᮹
⊂᭥đŝ᪡
ᮁᔍ⦽
⠙₉ෝ

ᅕᩡ݅. ၹ໕, 6᳦
᳑⧊᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig. 9᪡
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ

14.5ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=0.149m, E=0.383m ၰ
U=

0.217m, ᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉a
0.465mಽ
3᳦
᳑⧊ᨱ
እ⧕
ᬵ॒⯩

⨆ᔢࡽ
đŝෝ
ᅕᯕ໕ᕽ
ᯙ⃽
š⊂ᗭᨱ
ᱢᬊ⦽
ᱩݡ⊂᭥
᳭⢽ᖒŝ

ᵲ
aᰆ
᧲⪙⦽
đŝෝ
ᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

ᅕᱶඹ᮹
3᳦
᳑⧊ᯕ
}ᄥ
ᱢᬊᨱ
እ⧕
᳭⢽⠙₉a
Ⓧí
ӹ┡ӽ

äᮡ
ᔢᯕ⦽
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
᳑⧊⦹۵
ŝᱶᨱᕽ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᮹

י⬥(over aged), ȅࠥಆ
ᱶᅕ᮹
ŝݡ
᪅₉
॒ᨱ
঑ෙ
ᬱᯙᮝಽ
ᔍഭࡹ

ӹ
⨆⬥, ↽ᱢ᮹
ᅕᱶඹ
᳑⧊
ᖁᱶᮥ
᭥⦽
⇵a
ᩑǍa
᫵฾ࡽ݅.

4.2 GRAS Ցॷ୥ଭ
ୣ۩౸଍

Fig. 10ᮡ
GRASš⊂ᗭ᮹
SPP 5}
ᖙᖹ
ݡ⦽
᜽eݡᄥ
᳭⢽⠙

₉(N, E, U)᮹
⠪Ɂŝ
š⊂ᨱ
⪽ᬊ⦽
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒݡᙹ᮹
ᄡ࠺ᮥ

ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅. ᜽e
Ğŝᨱ
঑௝
⠙₉a
qᗭ⦹۵
Ğ⨆ᮥ
ᅕᩡŁ

Fig. 10. Positioning Errors of Single Point Positioning Solution, and Number of Satellites at GRAS

Fig. 11. Real-Time Position Errors with IGS03, and Number of Satellites at GRAS

Fig. 13. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK91, and Number of Satellites at GRAS

Fig. 12. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK16, and Number of Fig. 14. Real-Time Position Errors with CLK9B, and Number of 5}
ᖙᖹ
࠺ᦩ, ⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ۵
14.2ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb

N=0.626m, E=0.572m ၰ
U= 1.208mಽ
SPPᨱ
᮹⦽
᳭⢽᮹

᳦⧊⠙₉۵ 1.476mᯕ݅.

Figs. 11ⴇ14۵
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭ᪡
࠺ᯝ⦽
ႊ᜾ᮝಽ
4᳦᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ

GRAS š⊂ᗭᨱ
}ᄥ
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
bb
10}
ᖙᖹ᮹
PPPෝ
ᙹ⧪⦹Ł

᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅. GRASš⊂ᗭ᮹
᳭⢽⠙₉
qᗭᮉᮡ

4᳦
༉ࢱ
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭᨱ
እ⧕
᧲⪙⦹í
ӹ┡ԍ݅. Fig. 11ŝ
zᯕ

IGS03ᮡ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
13.3ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb

N=0.439m, E=0.464m ၰ
U=0.907mಽ
᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵

1.109mಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. Fig. 12᪡
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
8.2ݡᯙ
GPS᭥

ᖒอ᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕᯙ CLK16ᮡ
᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=0.266m, E=0.737m ၰ
U=0.499mಽ
ᖙ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.929mෝ

ᅕᩡ݅. CLK91᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig. 13ŝ
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
14.5ݡ,

᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᮡ
bb
N=0.099m, E=0.137m ၰ
U=0.193mಽ

᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.257mಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. CLK9B᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig.

14᪡
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹa
14.5ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=

0.083m, E=0.143m ၰ
U=0.218mಽ
᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.274m ᯕ݅. GRASᨱᕽ
CLK9B۵
IGS03, CLK16ᨱ
እ⧕ᕽ۵
᧲⪙⦽

⊂᭥đŝෝ
ᅕᩡᮝӹ
CLK91ᅕ݅
ⓑ
⠙₉ෝ
ᅕᩍ
ᯙ⃽ŝ۵
ᔢၹࡽ

đŝಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. ᦥᬙ్, N, E, U ᳭⢽ᖒᇥ᮹
⠙₉a
50cmᯕԕಽ

ࠥݍࡹ۵
⠪Ɂ
ᗭ᫵᜽eᮡ
IGS03᮹
Ğᬑ
120ᇥ
ᯕᔢ, CLK16ᮡ

60ᇥ, CLK91 ၰ
CLK9B᮹
Ğᬑ۵
10ᇥ
Ḣ⬥
॒ᮝಽ
INCH᪡

Fig. 15. Time Series of Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with CLK91, and Number of Satellites at GRAS

Fig. 16. Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with a Combination of IGS03, CLK16, and CLK9B, and Number of Satellites at GRAS

Fig. 17. Position Differences of the Real-Time PPP Solution with a Combination of IGS01, CLK21, CLK22, CLK51, CLK80, and

Fig. 18. Comparison of the Average Position Differences Derived From Various Corrections Streams for 0min. to 10min. at INCH.

Fig. 19. Comparison of the Average Position Differences Derived From Various Corrections Streams for 0min. to 10min. at zᯕ
݅᧲⦽
᜽eᇥ⡍ෝ
ᅕᯕ۵ߑ
ə
ᬱᯙ
ੱ⦽
INCH᪡
ᮁᔍ⦽

äᮝಽ
ᔍഭࡽ݅. Fig. 15۵
GRASš⊂ᗭᨱ
CLK91 ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ

ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
ᔑ⇽⦽
Epoch 1Ⅹ
eĊ᮹
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ
ᄥ
⠙₉
ᇥ⡍ෝ

᜽ĥᩕಽ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅.

Fig. 16ᮡ
ᝅ᜽eᮝಽ
ᅕᱶඹ᮹
3᳦
᳑⧊ᮥ
GRASš⊂ᗭᨱ

ᱢᬊ⦹Ł
10}
ᖙᖹᄥಽ
ᔑ⇽⦽
ᱶၡᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
᜽e ݡᄥಽ
ࠥ᜽⦽
äᯕ݅. Fig. 17ᮡ
6᳦
᳑⧊ᮥ
ᝅ᜽e
ᱢᬊ⦽
ⅾ

3}
ᖙᖹ᮹
᜽eݡᄥ
᳭⢽⠙₉ෝ
ӹ┡ԙ݅. 3᳦
᳑⧊᮹
Ğᬑ۵

Fig. 16ŝ
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ
12.6ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹
⠪Ɂᯕ
bb

N=0.212m, E= 0.277m ၰ
U=0.530m, ᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙₉۵
0.634m ಽᕽ IGS03, CLK16ᨱ
እ⧕
᧲⪙⦽
đŝಽ
ӹ┡ԍ݅. ✚⯩, 6᳦

᳑⧊᮹
Ğᬑ۵
Fig. 17ŝ
zᯕ
⠪Ɂ
᭥ᖒ
ᙹ
14.5ݡ, ᳭⢽⠙₉᮹

⠪Ɂᯕ
bb
N=0.102m, E=0.205m ၰ
U=0.225m, ᳭⢽᮹
᳦⧊⠙

₉a
0.321mಽ
ᯙ⃽š⊂ᗭ᪡
zᯕ
3᳦
᳑⧊ᨱ
እ⧕
ᬵ॒⯩
⨆ᔢࡽ

đŝෝ
ᅕᩡ݅.

4.3 ࣪୨୨࣪઩
ݗࠛ
ਏԩ۩࣢
ୣ۩౸଍

Figs. 18 and 19۵
áᔍᱱ(INCH, GRAS)ᨱ
ݡ⦽
4᳦᮹
}ᄥ ᅕᱶᱶᅕ, 3᳦
᳑⧊
ၰ
6᳦
᳑⧊ᨱ
᮹⦽
PPP ⊂᭥đŝ᪡
SPP

Fig. 20. Comparison of the Average Position Differences Derived From Various Corrections Streams for 10min. to 20min. at INCH.

Fig. 21. Comparison of the Average Position Differences Derived From Various Corrections Streams for 10min. to 20min. at

⊂᭥
đŝෝ
1Ⅹⴇ10ᇥ
᜽eݡ, Fig. 20 ၰ
Fig. 21ᮡ
10ᇥ
1Ⅹⴇ20 ᇥ
᜽eݡಽ
ӹ٥ᨕ
ᅕᱶඹ
ᱢᬊႊ᜾ᨱ
঑ෙ
áᔍᱱ
᳭⢽⠙₉᮹

š⊂
᜽᯲ᨱᕽ
10ᇥ
࠺ᦩ, ᖙ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ(N, E, U)᮹
᳭⢽⠙₉a

༉ࢱ
50cm ᯕԕಽ
ᙹಕࡹ۵
᜽eݡ۵
ᨧᨩḡอ, N, E ࢱ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ อᮥ
Łಅ⧁
Ğᬑ, GRAS š⊂ᗭ᮹
CLK9B, CLK91 ၰ
6᳦

᳑⧊
⧕ᕾᨱᕽ
a܆⦹ᩡ݅. GRASš⊂ᗭ᮹
Ğᬑ
š⊂
Ⅹၹᇡᨱ

CLK16 ၰ
IGS03 ᖒŝᨱᕽ
᳭⢽⠙₉a
Ⓧí
ӹ┡ԍ۵ߑ
ᬱᯙᮝಽ ۵
CLK16᮹
⊂᭥đŝa
GPS᭥ᖒอᮥ
ᔍᬊ⦽
ᖒŝಽ
᭥ᖒ
ݡᙹa

ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ
᯲݅۵
ᱱ, ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᮹
י⬥(over aged), ȅࠥಆ
ᱶᅕ᮹

ŝݡ
᪅₉
॒ᨱ
঑ෙ
äᮝಽ
ᔍഭࡽ݅. N, E ࢱ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥอᮥ

Łಅ⧁
Ğᬑ, š⊂
10ᇥ
Ḣ⬥ᇡ░
20ᇥʭḡ᮹
᜽eݡᨱᕽ
SPPෝ

ᱽ᫙⦽
ݡᇡᇥ᮹
ᅕᱶඹa
1m ᯕԕ᮹
⊂᭥a
a܆⦹ᩡ݅. CLK9B, CLK91 ၰ
6᳦
᳑⧊᮹
Ğᬑ, ࢱ
š⊂ᗭᨱᕽ
Ŗ☖ᱢᮝಽ
ᖙ
᳭⢽ᖒᇥ (N, E, U)ᯕ
༉ࢱ
50cmಽ
ɝᱲࡹ۵
ᝅ᜽e
⊂᭥a
a܆⦹ᩡ݅.

⥥௲ᜅ
CNESᨱᕽ
ᱽŖ⦹Ł
ᯩ۵
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ(CLK9B, CLK91)۵

݅ෙ
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶඹᨱ
እ⧕
ᱥℕ
᜽eݡᨱᕽ
ᬑᙹ⦽
⊂᭥ᖒŝ

ෝ
ᅕᩡ݅. ✚⯩, CLK9B۵
CLK91 ၰ
݅ෙ
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶඹ᪡

۵
ݍญ
ᝅ᜽e
༉⪙ᱶᙹ᮹
⧕ᕾᯕ
a܆⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
RTCM

݅ෙ
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕᨱ
እ⧕ᕽ۵
᧲⪙⦹ӹ
CLK91 ݡእ
⨆ᔢ

ࡽ
᳭⢽ᖒŝෝ
⪶ᯙ⧁
ᙹ
ᨧᨩ۵ߑ
ᯕ۵
ᦿᕽ
Łₑ⦽
ᩍ్
aḡ

ᅖ⧊ᱢ
ᬱᯙ
॒ᮝಽ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕ᮹
ᝁ⪙ḡᩑ(י⬥⪵)ᨱ
ʑᯙࡽ
äᮝಽ

ᔍഭࡽ݅. ੱ⦽
6᳦
᳑⧊
ၰ
3᳦
᳑⧊ᖒŝෝ
Łₑ⧕
ᅕ໕
š⊂

ᰆᗭa
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
š⧁
ᩢᩎ
᫙ᇡ
ੱ۵
ᗭ᫙ḡᩎᨱ
᭥⊹⦽
Ğᬑ,

✚ᱶ
݉ᯝ
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᱢᬊ⦹۵
ä
ᅕ݅
⧕ᕾᖝ░e᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ

᳑⧊⧁
Ğᬑ
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢᮥ
ࠥ༉⧁
ᙹ
ᯩᮭᮥ
⪶ᯙ⦹ᩡ݅.

5. đ
ು

ᱥ
ḡǍෝ
ݡᔢᮝಽ
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾ᮥ
ᬕᬊ⦹۵
⧕ᕾᖝ░ॅ

ಽᇡ░
݅᧲⦽
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
ᝅ᜽e
ᙹᝁ⦹ᩍ
ǎԕ·᫙
áᔍᱱᨱ
}ᄥ

ၰ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⦽
b
Ğᬑᄥ
ᱶၡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥(PPP)᪡
⢽ᵡ݉ࠦ⊂᭥

(SPP)᮹
ᱶᱢ
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
᜽eݡᄥಽ
Łₑ⦽
đŝ, ℌṙ, ⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶᱶᅕෝ
NTRIPᮝಽ
ᙹᝁ⦹Ł
áᔍᱱ᮹

GNSS š⊂ᯱഭᨱ
ᝅ᜽e
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ
b
ᅕᱶඹ
ᄥಽ
᳭⢽⠙₉᮹

Ğ⨆ŝ
ᝅ᜽e
ᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
Łₑ⧁
ᙹ
ᯩᨩ݅.

ࢹṙ, ✚ᱶ
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
š⧁
ᩢᩎ
᫙ᇡ
ੱ۵
ᗭ᫙ḡᩎᨱ
᭥⊹⦽

š⊂ᱱᨱ
ᩍ్
⧕ᕾᖝ░᮹
ᅕᱶඹෝ
᳑⧊
ᱢᬊ⧁
Ğᬑ, ᝅ᜽e

ᱩݡ⊂᭥
ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢᨱ
ʑᩍ⧁
ᙹ
ᯩᨩ݅.

ᖬṙ, CNES᮹
CLK9Bෝ
INCH áᔍᱱᨱ
ᱢᬊ⦽
↽Ⅹ
10ᇥʭ ḡ᮹
PPP۵
SPP ݡእ
N, E, ၰ
Uᖒᇥᨱᕽ
bb
57.3%, 43.5%, ၰ
40.9%, CLK91ෝ
GRASᨱ
ᱢᬊ⦽
Ğᬑ۵
bb
54.8%, 22.0%, ၰ
53.2%᮹
⨆ᔢࡽ
⊂᭥ᱶ⪶ࠥෝ
ӹ┡ԕᨕ
‘እ₉ᇥ
༉⪙ᱶᙹ
⧕ჶ’

ᨱ
᮹⦽
ᝅ᜽e
ᱶၡᱩݡ⊂᭥᮹
ᱶ⪶ࠥ
⨆ᔢ
a܆ᖒᮥ
⪶ᯙ⧁

ᙹ
ᯩᨩ݅.

⨆⬥, ǎԕ
ၰ
ᵝᄡḡᩎ᮹
GNSS ᔢ᜽š⊂฾ᮥ
⪽ᬊ⦽
ᱶၡᱩݡ

⊂᭥ᬊ
NTRIP Caster᮹
ᬕᬊᯕ
ʑݡࡽ݅.

qᔍ᮹
ɡ

ᅙ
ᩑǍ۵
2011֥
ᯙ⃽ݡ⦺Ʊ
ᯱℕᩑǍḡᬱእᨱ
᮹⧕
ᯕ൉ᨕḥ

ᩑǍԕᬊᮝಽ
ᯙ⃽ݡ⦺Ʊ᮹
ᩑǍḡᬱᨱ
qᔍऽพܩ݅.

References

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12-14, 1976, Vol. 1, pp. 47-75.

Cao W., Hauschild, A., Steigenberger, P., Langley, R. B., Urquhart, L., Santos, M. C. and Montenbruck, O. (2010). “Performance evaluation of integrated GPS/GIOVE precise point positioning.”

Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting 2010, San Diego, California, USA, 25-27 January 2010, pp. 710-722.

Chen, K. and Gao, Y. (2005). “Real-time precise point positioning using single frequency data.” Proceedings of the ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, Long Beach, CA, 13-16, September, pp. 1514-1523.

Choy, S., Zhang, K. and Silcock, D. (2008). “An evaluation of various ionospheric error mitigation methods used in single frequency PPP.” Positioning, Vol. 1, No. 13, 2008, pp. 62-71.

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Juan, M., Hernandez-Pajares M., Sanz, J., Ramos-Bosch, P., Aragon-Angel, A., Orus, R., Ochieng, W., Feng, S., Jofre, M., Coutinho, P., Samson, J. and Tossaint, M. (2012). “Enhanced precise point positioning for GNSS users.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 50, No. 10, October 2012, pp. 4213-4222

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Laurichesse, D., Mercier, F. and Berthias, J. P. (2010). “Real Time PPP with undifferenced integer ambiguity resolution, experimental results.” Proceedings of the ION GNSS 2010, September 2010, Portland, Oregon, pp. 2534-2544.

Laurichesse, D., Mercier, F., Berthias, J. P. and Bijac J. (2008).

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747-755.

Laurichesse, D., Mercier, F., Berthias, J. P., Broca, P. and Cerri, L.

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Trimble, Germany (2011). “Introducing ambiguity resolution in web-hosted global Multi-GNSS precise point positioning with trimble RTX-PP.” ION GNSS 2011, pp. 1115-1125.

Zhang, X. H. and Anderson, O. B. (2006). “Surface ice flow velocity and tide retrieval of the amery ice shelf using precise point positioning.” Journal of Geodesy, Vol. 80, pp. 171-176.

Zumberge, J. F., Heflin, M. B. and Jefferson, D. C. (1997). “Precise point positioning for the efficientand robust analysis of GPS data from large networks.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.

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