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Non-native Acquisition of Phonotactic Constraints: A Study of English Pronunciation by Korean Learners

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(1)

Jong-mi Kim (Kangwon National University)

1. Introduction

(2)
(3)

2. Backgrounds

2.1. Enhancement in Phonology

(4)

2.2. Faithfulness

2.3. Non-native Phonotactics

ɯ ɯɾ ɪ ɯ

(5)

ʌ ˺

ʌ ɯ

(6)

3. Evidence from Non-native Phonotactic Constraints

3.1. Avoidance of Neutralization

ʌ ɯ ʌ

ʌ

ʌ ʌ ɯ

l ʌ ʌ ɯ

l l l

l ʌ ʌ ˺

l ˺

l ˺ l ˺

ɯ

(7)

ʌ

ʌ ɯ

ʌ ˺ ʌ

ɯ

˺

3.2. Avoidance of Assimilation

ӕ

ӕ ӕ ɯ

ӕ ӕ ӕ ɯ ӕ

l ӕ ӕ ɯ

l l l

l ӕ

l l

ӕ ӕ ӕ

ɑ

(8)

l

ӕ ӕ

ɯ ӕ ɯ ӕ

ӕ

ӕ ɯ ӕ ӕ ӕ

ӕ ӕ

ɯ

3.3. Preservation of Phonemic Contrasts

ɑ ɛ

ɑ ɑ

l ɑ ɑ

l l

ɯ

ɑ ɑ ɑ

(9)

l

l l l l

ɑ

ɑ ɑ

ɑ ɑ

ɑ

ɑ ɑ

3.4. Progressive Assimilation

ɯ ɯ

ɑ ɑ ɑ

(10)

ɪ

l ɪ

l ɪ ɪ

l l l

l ʧʌ

l ɯ

l l l

ɪ

ɪ

ɪ

(11)

ɪ ɪ

3.5 Preference of Insertion over Deletion

ɯ

l ɯ

l ɯ

l l

l ʌ ʌ

l l l

ɯ

(12)

ɯ ɯ

ʌ ʌ ɯ

ɯ

4. Experiment on Progressive Assimilation

4.1. Subjects

(13)

Table 1. Subjects’ information (native speech, roles, numbers) by group.

4.2. Speech Materials

l l l l

l

l

l

(14)

l l

4.3. Procedure

4.4. Analysis

(15)

Figure 1. Evaluation screen of L2 phonemic quality by native speaker listeners. Native speaker listeners were forced to choose one out of the following four choices in a computer screen after

listening to an L2 learner’s recorded speech for the given sentence.

(16)

Figure 2. Illustration of an incorrectly produced nasal [n] for the target liquid [l] in L2 English word ɛ , spoken by a female Korean learner.

4.5 Results of Listening Evaluations on Non-native English Words Produced

by Native Speakers of Korean

(17)

Figure 3. No regressive assimilation appeared in the phoneme sequences of nl and ln of English produced by Korean native speakers. (n=84 for each word by 42 Korean learners of English). (Note:

[cr] = correct, [al] = allophony, [pr] = progressive assimilation, [re] = regressive assimilation)

(18)

Figure 4. Little regressive assimilation appeared in the phoneme sequences of nl and ln of English words produced by Korean native speakers. (n=50 for each word by 50 Korean learners of English).

(Note: [cr] = correct, [al] = allophony [pr] = progressive assimilation, [re] = regressive assimilation)

(19)

5. Discussion and Conclusion

(20)

5.1. Theoretical implication in Optimality Theory

ɯ

ʌ ʌ

ʌ

ʌ

ʌ ʌ

ɑ ɑ

ɑ

(21)

ɑ

ɑ ɑ

ӕ ɯ ӕ ӕ

ӕ

ӕ ӕ

ɯ

5.2 Theoretical implication in Phonological Markedness

ʌ ʌ ɯ

ʌ ɯ

ʌ

(22)

ʌ

ʌ

ʌ ɯ ʌ

References

(23)

Jong-mi Kim

Received on October 10, 2015

Revised version received on December 15, 2015

Accepted on December 17, 2015

수치

Table 1. Subjects’ information (native speech, roles, numbers) by group. 4.2. Speech Materials l l l l l l l
Figure 1. Evaluation screen of L2 phonemic quality by native speaker listeners. Native speaker listeners were forced to choose one out of the following four choices in a computer screen after
Figure 2. Illustration of an incorrectly produced nasal [n] for the target liquid [l] in L2 English word ɛ , spoken by a female Korean learner.
Figure 3. No regressive assimilation appeared in the phoneme sequences of nl and ln of English produced by Korean native speakers
+2

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