Chapter 5 Spatial data standard and metadata 1. Introduction
2. Standard and standardization 2.1 Definition of standards
documents establishing a common language, terminology, accepted practices and levels of performance, as well as technical requirements and specifications, that are used consistently for the development and use of products, services and systems
Technical Specifications
Conventions Guidelines Mandat
ory Volunt
ary
Information System Data
Structures Data Contents Data Values Implementation
Form of the standard
Level of granularity
Perm issive Restrictive
General
Detailed
Legally enforced Used by popular
acceptance
Fig 5-1 A 3-D matrix definition of standards
2.2 Classification of standards
standard can be classified in different ways and different perspectives (Fig 5-2)
2.3 Standards organizations
1) category : international, national, Industry consortia
international : ISO(International Standard Organization) TC211(GIS) CEN(Comite Europeen de Normalization)
national : ANSI(US), NIST(US), 국토지리정보원, 한국정보통신기술협회 industry : OGC(Open GIS Consortium), W3G(World Wide Web Consortium)
s
Standard
Open Standard Proprietary
Standard
Mandatory (de jure) Standard
Voluntary (de facto / Industry)
Standard
Purpose Implementation
Specification Abstract
Specification
Developm ent / Stewardship
Private organisations Standard developm ent
organisations / Industry consortia
Implementation
Popular Acceptance Legislation and
regulations
Is alw ays
High-level description T echnical
details
Public Domain Standard Communal
stew ardship Developer
stew ardship
Is alw ays
Fig 5-2 Classification of standards s
3. Spatial data standards
3.1 Importance of spatial data standards advantage of standards include :
quality assurance and control, accountability in spatial design and implementation,
accessibility and interoperability, best practice in spatial data management, equal opportunity for all spatial data suppliers and users, technological innovations, synergy and scale of economies in the use of spatial data
3.2 Standards for spatial database systems (Fig 5-3) 3.3 Examples of spatial data standards (Fig 5-4 to Fig 5-9)
Spatial Database Systems Standards
Hardware Standards
Software
Standards Data Standards
Desktop Computer / Workstation
Standards
Communications Network and Web
Services Standards
Operation Systems (OS)
Standards
Application Standards
M odelling Standards
Accuracy Standards
Spatial Data Standards
Non-spatial Data Standards
Vector Data Standards
Raster Data Standards Server
Standards
DBMS Standards
Development Environment Standards Professional
Practice Standards
Encoding Standards M etadata
Standards
Transfer Standards Representation
Standards
Query Standards
Interface Standards
Reference Data Sets Object /
Feature Catalogue
Fig 5-3 A typology of standards applicable to spatial DB systems
Standards Council of Standards
(SCC) Canadian General
Standards Board (CGSB)
ISO/TC 211 M ap Library
Catalog
National Standards
M aintains Inter-agency Committee
on Geomatics (IACG)
National Standards
System
Canadian Council on Geomatics
(CCOG) Natural
Resources Canada
OpenGeospatial Consortium
Co-ordinates the developm ent of
References
References References
Accredits Oversees
Is a com m ittee of
M aintains
Partnership
International Spatial Data Standards
Canadian Spatial Data Standards Is a m em ber of
Is a m em ber of
Develops and m aintains Develops and
m aintains
Adopts and endorses
Are included in Advises SCC on
matters relating to
Works under International Standards
Organisations
Represents Canada in
Partnership
Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI)
GeoBase Portal
Oversees
Priv ate sector Geomatics companies Prov incial geospatial
data standards
Adv isory Committee
on ISO
Committee on Geomatics (COG)
Standards Council of Canada Act
Fig 5-4 Standard development in Canada
International Committee on Information Technology
Standards (INCITS)
INCITS Technical Committee L1-GIS
Am erican National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ISO Technical Com m ittee (TC) 211 International Organisation for
Standardisation (ISO)
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Federal Geographic
Data Committee (FGDC)
Is a m em ber of Sets policies for
Is a voting m em ber of
Is an advisory m em ber of Is a Sub-com m ittee of Accredits
Accredits U.S. T AG to
Is member of
Is a com m ittee of
Counties / Cities Participate in standards developm ent
Softw are Vendors
Federal Spatial Data Standards
Standards Developm ent Organisations
Industry Consortia Office of
Management and Budget
Inter-organisational liaison
States
Other Consortia
M em bers of
M em bers of
M em ber of Academic &
research community
Fig 5-5 Standard development in United States
Other Profiles T opological
Vector Profile
Raster Profile
Point Profile
CADD Profile
Digital Line Graphics
TIGER
Shapefiles Digital Elevation
Model
Digital Orthophoto
Quads
NGS Control
AutoCAD
Micro- Station
Profiles Base Standard
Data Products Profiles-Product
Mapping Environment
Spatial Data Transfer Standard
(SDTS)
Other Products
Other Products
Fig 5-6 Implementing the SDTS
SPECIFICATIONS
Harmonisation Standardisation
Integration
USERS
MetadataDiscovery Service
Data Policies
Licensing Framework Coordinating Structures
Geodetic Framework Seamless Data Quality Assurance Certification
Data Model
Catalog Services
Object Access Service Generalisation Services Geoprocessing Services ....
....
....
De liv e r Information Se rv ice s Re que st Information Se rv ice s
ISO 19100 and OGC COM PLIANT
Local Data
Europe an Data National and
Sub-national SDI
DATA RESOURCES
Members of the public NGOs and other Non-Profit Organisations Research and Education
Communities
Commercial/Professional Services
Utilities and Public Services Government and
Administration
Fig 5-7 The INSPIRE spatial infrastructure high level model
User Applications Clients
Middleware
Servers Distributed
Content Repositories
Catalogues
Metadata search
& retrieval for data & services
Service chaining, search, display, access,e-business
Direct data
access ISO 19136 Metadata Update
ISO 19119 ISO 19125 ISO 19128 ISO 19135
ISO 19119
ISO 19128/WMS WFS
Access to transformed data, maps, multi-media
ISO/TS 19103 ISO 19109 ISO 19110 ISO 19115
ISO 19103 ISO 19107 ISO 19108
ISO 19111 ISO 19112 ISO 19113
ISO 19118 ISO/TR 19121 ISO 19123
ISO 19120 ISO 19109
Fig 5-8 The INSPIRE architecture reference model including example ISO19100 standards
ISO Base Standard
Abstract Specification
Implementation Specification
National Standards
(Profiles) Inte rnational Organization
for Standardisation (ISO)
Ope n Ge ospatial Consortium (OGC)
Reference
Deployment Revision
Amendment Amendment
Development
Specific implementation requirement
Implementation and Services
Deployment Revision
National / Re gional Standards
Organisations
(see Figures 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 ) Reference
User Community
Standards Policy Governs
Fig 5-9 A model of a global spatial data standards infrastructure (Fig 5-3)
4. Concepts and methods of metadata
4.1 Definition of metadata
data or information about data
4.2 Importance of metadata
uniformity of data collection, data management, data use, data understanding, data sharing, data achieving and warehousing
4.3 Spatial metadata standards (Fig 5-10) 4.4 Spatial metadata tools (Fig 5-11)
4.5 Process of implementing spatial metadata (Fig 5-12)
ISO 19115 - Metadata
Metadata
Basic metadata elements Language Character Set Hierarchy Standard Name Version Date
Metadata Contact
Content Information
Reference System
Metadata Constraints
Responsible Party
Online Service
Citation
Required Conditional / Optional
CSDGM
CEN 287 Metadata Standard
Other Metadata Standards
Data identification information
Extension information Portrayal catalogue
information Application schema
information Data quality information Spatial representation
Distribution information
Fig 5-10 Organization of ISO 19115 metadata standard
CSDHM ISO 19115 Mapping /
Crosswalk
DATA
Intelligent Extraction
Form / Wizard
Text Editor
XML Parser
Form / Wizard Text
Editor
XML Parser
Portrayal
User Metadata Server
Search Engine
Metadata Metadata
Pre-parse r
Form / Wizard
Text Editor
Data Mining
GSML HTML
Automated metadata collection
Manual metadata capture Manual
metadata capture
Data entry Data entry
Formatting in a markup language Encoding in a text file format
Metadata content correction and maintenance
Using metadata
Fig 5-11 Implementing spatial metadata CSDGM
Fig 5-12 Implementing spatial metadata
5. Data standards and metadata in spatial database systems
5.1 Issues with implementing standards and metadata in spatial DB systems
embedding metadata within the data set : tight couple w/ data, but need to collect each time storing metadata in a separate database or registry : easy to manage w/o affecting the content of
data set, but require more complex procedure in case data set is updated
5.2 Model of using standards and metadata in spatial database design and implementation (Fig 5-13)
Systems Operation Standards
Systems Dev elopment / Management Standards
Enterprise Resource Planning Standards
T echnology viewpoint Application
viewpoint
System s engineering
viewpoint Content
Viewpoint
Workflow / Process viewpoint
Business planning viewpoint Strategic vision
viewpoint
Policy viewpoint
Constraint on Constraint on Govern
Specify
Metadata Data
viewpoint
Constraint on
Used by Govern
Is part of
Fig 5-13 A model of a standards-based spatial DB system
